Pollination Flashcards
Define pollination.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of a flower from the same species
Define self-pollination.
Self-pollination involves the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma on the same plant
What does self-pollination lead to?
Self-fertilisation
What type of pollination leads to self-fertilisation?
Self-pollination
What can self-fertilisation be said to be?
An extreme form of inbreeding
Describe the resulting seeds of self-fertilisation.
They may be less sturdy and vigorous
Give an example of a type of plant which often self-pollinates.
Cereals
Define cross-pollination.
Cross-pollination involves the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma on a different plant
What does cross-pollination result in?
Cross-fertilisation
Describe the resulting seeds of cross-fertilisation.
Show variation and vigour
List the methods of pollination.
2
Wind pollination
Animal pollination
Why do plants rely on wind or animals for pollination?
2
As they cannot move from place to place
Therefore, in order to get the male gametes to reach the female gametes they must rely on wind or animals
Write a note on wind pollination.
3
Wind was the original form of pollination
It is very wasteful of pollen
E.g. conifers, grasses, oak, hazel and alder
What was the original form of pollination?
Wind pollination
Give some examples of plants which are pollinated by wind.
5
Conifers
Grasses
Oak
Hazel
Alder
Write a note on animal pollination.
5
Animals provide a more advanced form of pollination
They are more precise in carrying pollen directly to a stigma, therefore, less pollen is wasted
Insects are the most common animal pollinators
Bats and birds can also carry pollen
Examples of insect-pollinated plants = orchids, dandelions, primroses, snapdragons, daisies and buttercups
Which form of pollination is more advanced?
Animal pollination
Why is animal pollination considered to be the more advanced form of pollination?
As less pollen is waster - animals are more precise in carrying pollen directly to a stigma
What group of organisms are the most common animal pollinators?
Insects
Give two examples of animals other than insects which can carry pollen.
Bats
Birds
Give some examples of insect-pollinated plants.
6
Orchids
Dandelions
Primroses
Snapdragons
Daisies
Buttercups
On what parts of the plant are adaptations for either wind or animal pollination displayed?
(4)
Petals
Pollen
Anthers
Stigmas
How have the petals been adapted for wind pollination?
4
Petals are small (or absent)
They are not brightly coloured (green)
They have no scent
They have no nectaries
How have the petals been adapted for animal pollination?
They are large
They are brightly coloured
They are scented
They have nectaries (contain nectar, i.e. sugary water)
What do nectaries contain?
Nectar
What is nectar?
Sugary water produced by the nectaries of a flower
How has the pollen been adapted for wind pollination?
5
There is large amounts of pollen
The pollen is light
The pollen is small
The pollen is dry
The pollen is smooth
How has the pollen been adapted for animal pollination?
4
Small amounts
Heavy
Large
Sticky
How have the anthers been adapted for wind pollination?
3
They are large
They are outside the petals
They are loosely attached to filament
How have the anthers been adapted for animal pollination?
3
They are usually small
They are inside the petals
They are firmly attached to filament
How have the stigmas been adapted for wind pollination?
3
They are large
They are feathery
They are outside the petals
How have the stigmas been adapted for animal pollination?
3
They are usually small
They are sticky
They are inside the petals
