Past Questions Flashcards

1
Q

State any two functions of the sepals.

2/3

A

Protects the flower while it is in the bud

Photosynthesis

Attracts the insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the part of the carpel on which the pollen grain lands.

A

Stigma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the process by which a megaspore mother cell develops into a mature embryo sac.
(9)

A

Megaspore mother cell divides by meiosis

To form four haploid nuclei

Three of these degenerate

The remaining cell is the embryo sac

The haploid embryo sac divides by mitosis three times to form eight haploid nuclei

Five of these degenerate

The remaining three are the female gametes

Two form the polar nuclei in the embryo sac

One forms a thin cell wall and becomes the egg cell

Egg cell is at one end and polar nuclei are in the centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the role played by the generative nucleus nucleus in the process of fertilisation.
(3)

A

Divides by mitosis to form two haploid nuclei (sperm nuclei)

One sperm nucleus joins with the egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote

The other sperm nucleus joins with the two polar nuclei forming the triploid endosperm nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain why self-pollination could prove to be a disadvantage for plants.
(5)

A

Resulting seeds are less sturdy and vigorous

There is less genetic variation so all plants could be wiped out by a disease

There is a lack of diversity - less able to adapt in new environments

Vigour of species decreases over time

No new useful characteristics introduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

State one advantage of self-pollination to horticulturists.

3

A

There is no genetic variation

They know what plants will result - know what they are getting

They know the plants will retain desirable characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the role of meiosis in the production of the male gametes.

A

Diploid microspore mother cell divides by meiosis to produce four haploid microspores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the structure from which the male gametes are eventually formed

A

Generative nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain the process of double fertilisation.

3

A

The generative nucleus divides by mitosis to form two haploid nuclei (sperm nuclei)

One sperm nucleus joins with the egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote

The other sperm nucleus joins with the two polar nuclei forming the triploid endosperm nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where does double fertilisation take place?

A

Embryo sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does the stigma hanging outside the plant in wind-pollinated plants aid in pollination?

A

By hanging outside the flower the stigma can catch pollen floating in the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does the feathery stigma in wind-pollinated plants aid in pollination?

A

The feathery structure of the stigma increases the surface area for pollen to land on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

State one reason cross-pollination is more beneficial to plants than self-pollination.
(2)

A

Seeds are more vigorous

Seeds show variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain the link between hay fever and pollen,

A

Hay fever is an allergic reaction to pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In the flowering plant, at what stage during the development of the male gametes does meiosis occur?

A

During the division of the diploid microspore mother cell by meiosis to produce four haploid microspores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the generative nucleus?

A

To divide by mitosis to form the male gametes

(forms two sperm cells which are used during double fertilisation, one fuses with the egg to form the diploid nucleus and the other fuses with the polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the growth regulators produced by seeds?

A

Stimulates the growth of fruit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Suggest any one reason reproduction by means of seeds may be advantageous to a plant in nature.
(1/2)

A

Seeds can be widely dispersed which reduces competition

Seed can survive adverse conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the formation of an egg cell from the a megaspore mother cell in a flowering plant.
(9)

A

Megaspore mother cell divides by meiosis

To form four haploid nuclei

Three of these degenerate

The remaining cell is the embryo sac

The haploid embryo sac divides by mitosis three times to form eight haploid nuclei

Five of these degenerate

The remaining three are the female gametes

Two form the polar nuclei in the embryo sac

One forms a thin cell wall and becomes the egg cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

State any two reasons why seedless fruit might be produced by a plant.

A

Due to genetics - natural or special breeding programmes

Spraying plants with growth regulators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Suggest any one way seedless fruit may be favoured by consumers.
(2)

A

They don’t have to pick out the seeds

There is more fruit, e.g. seedless oranges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain why the dispersal of seeds increases their chances of survival.
(2)

A

It minimises competition

It avoids overcrowding

23
Q

State any two reasons why dormancy can be beneficial.

2/5

A

Allows the plant to avoid the harsh conditions of winter

It gives the embryo time to develop fully

It provides times for the seed to be dispersed

It maximises the growing season for young seedlings

It helps the survival of the species - duration of dormancy varies - dormant seeds can replace matured plants that die off

24
Q

Explain why oxygen is necessary for germination.

A

It is needed in aerobic respiration

25
Give two reasons seeds require water to germinate. | 2/3
To activate enzymes To act as a medium for reactions to take place To activate the cytoplasm
26
Which part of the plant develops from the plumule?
Shoot
27
Suggest a suitable temperature range for germinating seeds. Explain your answer.
25-35 degrees This is the optimum temperature for enzymes - optimum enzyme function
28
What part of a flowering plant develops into a seed?
The ovule
29
What part of a flowering plant develops into a fruit?
The ovary
30
Explain how seedless fruits are grown commercially? | 2
Large amounts of a growth regulator e.g. auxins are sprayed onto the flower of a plant The fruits may then develop without fertilisation or the production of seeds occurring
31
What is the protective coat of a seed called?
Testa
32
Name the part of the embryo that will give rise to the root.
Radicle
33
Explain the role water plays in germination, | 4
To activate enzymes To act as a medium for reactions to take place To activate the cytoplasm Splits the testa open to break dormancy and begin germination
34
What are the adaptations of plants for wind-pollination? | 4
Petals - small/absent, green, no scent, no nectaries Pollen - large amounts, light, small, dry, smooth Anthers - large, outside petals, loosely attached to filament Stigmas - large, feathery, outside petals
35
Name the cell found in the ovule of flowering plants that divides by meiosis
Megaspore mother cell
36
The pollen tube contains two male gametes, describe what happens to each of them. (2)
One sperm nucleus joins with the egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote The other sperm nucleus joins with the two polar nuclei forming the triploid endosperm nucleus
37
What is the function of the endosperm?
It is a food store - stores food
38
State the products of double fertilisation. | 2
Diploid zygote Triploid endosperm nucleus
39
Describe in detail the development of the pollen grain from the microspore mother cell. (3)
Diploid microspore mother cell divides by meiosis to produce four haploid cells (tetrad) Tetrad of four haploid cells breaks up to form four separate haploid cells/pollen grains Each haploid cell/pollen grain divides by mitosis to produce two haploid nuclei - tube and generative nuclei
40
Describe the events that happen to a mature pollen grain following pollination up to double fertilisation. (8)
Pollen tube grows down through the style towards the ovule (grows towards chemicals released from the ovule) Pollen tube growth is controlled by the tube nucleus Pollen tube reaches the micropyle (opening to the ovule) Tube nucleus degenerates Generative nucleus divides by mitosis to form two haploid male gamete nuclei - sperm nuclei Both sperm nuclei enter the embryo sac One fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote One fuses with the polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm nucleus
41
What is meant by the term monocotyledonous?
Plants in which the seed has only one cotyledon - seed leaf
42
Name two biomolecules stored in the endosperm or cotyledon tissue (3)
Lipids - fats or oils Protein Carbohydrates - starch
43
Give one way knowledge of seed dormancy has been useful to humans. (4)
Know how to store seeds Know when to sow seeds Know how to maximise the growing period Know seed treatment before planting - soak in water, physical damage, exposure to light or dark, exposure to cold temperatures
44
Suggest why the dry mass of plant tissue is the preferred unit of measurement,
Because water content could vary between seeds
45
Explain why the dry mass of the endosperm decreases over time (2)
Food is transferred to the embryo Respiration
46
Would you expect the total dry mass of the seed to remain the same over a period of 21 days?
No as the seed will lose mass due to respiration
47
Name the site of production of the pollen grain.
Anther
48
Name two methods of cross pollination.
Wind pollination Animal pollination
49
Give an account of the role of the petals in sexual reproduction in flowering plants.
Attracts pollinators such as insects
50
Give an account of the role of the anther in sexual reproduction in flowering plants
This is the site of pollen production/manufacture/release
51
Give an account of the role of the stigma in sexual reproduction in flowering plants,
This is where pollen lands - pollen sticks to the stigma
52
Name one structure through which the pollen tube grows to reach the embryo sac
Style
53
Following fertilisation, a food store develops in one of two structures. Name one of these structures.
Endosperm Cotyledon