Political stability Flashcards
Did all monarchs use propaganda?
Yes - to a varying degree
How did Henry VII use propaganda to maintain political stability? (propaganda theme)
- Developed the image of the Tudor Rose which showed the unity of the houses of York and Lancaster
- Claimed descent from King Arthur
- Used paintings to show his physical presence and therefore his strength and power - this image was repeated on coins
- Built lavish palaces such as Nonsuch to reflect his authority
Why was it harder for Edward and Mary to portray their power in propaganda? What did Edward do anyway? (propaganda theme)
Edward being a child,
Mary being a woman.
However Edward’s face did appear on coins and became more militaristic as his reign continued signifying his increasing authority and power
Who used propaganda the most? (propaganda theme)
Elizabeth I
Where did Elizabeth tour during the summertime? (and why?) (propaganda theme)
much of Southern and Central England, undertaking royal progresses and staying with leading nobles so that she was seen by the people
How did pageants depict Elizabeth? (propaganda theme)
As the instrument of stability
How many landlords did Wolsey charge with enclosing land?
24
How did paintings depict Elizabeth? (propaganda theme)
- as wise and a strong leader (particularly after the defeat of the Spanish Armada
- represented as Astraea (Greek goddess of innocence and virginity) - giving the impression Elizabeth was her equivalent
“Despite the number of rebellions, disorder was still the exception not the rule”. True or false? (monarchy theme)
True
Why did the monarch have ultimate authority? (monarchy theme)
They were appointed by God
Why did the monarch’s authority increase further after the protestant reformation? (monarchy theme)
Subjects no longer held obedience to the pope in spiritual matters - only God and the king/queen
What hierarchical structure further reinforced the belief in obedience to the ruler - (this was increasingly upheld in propaganda) (monarchy theme)
The great chain of being
What rewards did the monarchs use to keep the political elites subservient? (patronage theme)
- Order of the Garter (ultimate sign of honour by the king)
- peerages
- knighthoods
- grants of monopolies
- grants of land
the possibility of gaining rewards attracted many to court and encouraged loyalty
However, how may patronage cause instability? (patronage theme)
If patronage was only given to one faction, it could cause unrest and rebellion - such happened under Elizabeth when she bestowed numerous rewards on the Cecil family, sparking the earl of Essex to rebel (1601)
Why was retaining the loyalty of the nobility so important? (patronage theme)
The monarch had no army of their own and relied on nobles raising troops to put down unrest
“Throughout the period, the church upheld the Tudor monarchy” true or false (patronage theme)
True - even if some clergy and monks were involved in unrest
Why did the church play a central role in peoples lives? (and did this change significantly?) (the church and obedience theme)
People were expected to go on Sundays, it carried out baptisms, marriages, burials etc. - also provided charity and healthcare
This didn’t change much even with the reformation - there was overall much continuity in the form of worship, the role of religion and even within the parish clergy
What did regular attendance at church allow priests to do? (the church and obedience theme)
Remind people of their duties and obligations, or to encourage resistance
Inform bishops of any rumours of trouble and assist in implementing policies - The parish clergy became important in the administration of the Poor Law
Who appointed bishops? (the church and obedience theme)
The crown
Who did church leaders threaten to excommunicate? (the church and obedience theme)
Anyone who fought against Henry VII’th at East Stoke (1486)
Which religious policies were especially causes of conflict? (religious policies theme)
Henry 8th dissolution of smaller monasteries, Edward’s dissolution of the chantries + introduction of the 1549 prayer book
What did Elizabeth declare which ended up being highly effective in creating religious stability (religious policies theme)
The Elizabethan Church Settlement - declared her Supreme Governor and established moderate protestantism
What did most Catholics accept and what evidences this?
The Oaths of Supremacy and Uniformity - the lack of support for the Northern Earls (1569) showed the policy’s success
“The Tudors had a consistent economic policy” True or false?
False! The state generally only intervened when there was an issue - Mostly short term fixes
300 Statutes were passed to improve what during the Tudor period?
Trade and Industry
How many statutes were passed to improve trade and industry during the Tudor period?
300 - justices of the peace were expected to enforce
How did Henry VII and Henry VIII pay for wars?
By collecting a huge one-off sum of money in taxes
How did Edward IV raise money for wars?
Debased coinage to raise funds
How did both Edward IV and Mary I raise money for wars?
Sell off crown lands and negotiate loans from European bankers
How did both Mary I and Elizabeth raise money for wars?
Cut back on expenditure, make administration more efficient and avoid war for as long as possible
What were used to charge those guilty of enclosing land?
Plaintiffs
How many landlords did Wolsey charge with illegal enclosures?
24
When were commissioners sent by the crown to investigate illegal enclosures?
1488, 1517 and 1565
How did the Tudor government deal with enclosures?
Laws were passed against unlawful enclosures
Commissioners were sent to investigate illegal enclosures in 1488,1517 and 1565
Plaintiffs were used to charge those guilty of enclosing land
Wolsey charged 24 landlords with illegal enclosures
Privy council took action on enclosures in the wake of pilgrimage of grace (1536)
How did Elizabeth I deal with rising unemployment?
In 1563, Elizabeth I issued a Statute of Artificers stating that nobody could practice a craft without doing a one year apprenticeship first and employers could not hire workers for less than one year (emergence of workers rights?)
Justices of the peace set a maximum wage for every occupation meaning employers could hire more workers
Why was unemployment such an issue for the Tudor government?
The rising population and fluctuating trade markets meant that levels of unemployment rose during the 1500s, particularly during the slump of the cloth trade in the 1520s,1550s and 1590s
How did Edward IV deal with the increase in poverty and beggars?
Punished vagabonds,
“genuine” poor receive alms, hospitals set up to care for the poor
How did Elizabeth I deal with the increase in poverty and beggars?
1572 passed an act to help “deserving” poor and punish vagabonds
1576 provided materials to enable poor to make crafts to sell
What was the role of parliament during the early Tudor period?
It was not an integral part of administration and often met infrequently with its only purpose to discuss bills proposed by MPs and vote on the crown’s financial grants.
Why did Tudor monarchs realise that parliament could be a useful tool?
Useful tool in preventing disruption and in dealing with rebels and conspirators. - By the end of the period, membership was a status symbol among the gentry.
What were Bills of Attainder used for?
It was an act of legislature with the ability to declare someone guilty of a crime, often without a trial. (I assume similar to Russia show trials)
Once land had been seized under a bill of attainder only parliament could return them and only 1/3 attainders enacted were reversed
What was the purpose of regional councils in Tudor England?
Regional councils were useful in maintaining stability as they were effective in regions far from London where the monarch’s will was harder to enforce due to the power of local families.
Why was the privy council developed?
The privy council was developed due to Henry VIII’s need for advice after POG and further grew under Elizabeth. Under Elizabeth, the privy council passed her church settlement, worked on crushing unrest in Ireland, and organized JPs.
What role did regional councils play in Tudor England?
Regional councils received their orders from a council in London but also became administrative and judicial bodies.
What was the Council of the North and how did it change over time?
The Council of the North was a Yorkist creation dominated by Yorkist families such as the Percys. The council was remodeled after the pilgrimage of grace to increase royal control. After the Northern Earls rebellion, Elizabeth appointed her cousin to the council of the north, and there was no further unrest despite the area’s support for Catholicism.
What was the role of the council of Wales?
The council of Wales didn’t play a particularly important role as there were no powerful landowners in the area; therefore, there were no rebellions.
Why was the council of Ireland the most unsuccessful council?
The council of Ireland was the most unsuccessful council. The government had to work with clan chiefs to achieve stability, whereas the use of English governors created unrest.
What was the role of the nobility in Tudor England?
The nobility played a fundamental role in the maintenance of political stability, acting as both the upholders of law and order in the localities, but also having the power and influence to undermine royal authority.
How did the nobility help maintain law and order in the localities?
The nobility acted as upholders of law and order in the localities by enforcing the monarch’s laws and punishing those who broke them.
How could the nobility undermine royal authority?
Challenging royal policies, pursuing their own interests, and sometimes engaging in rebellions or conspiracies against the monarch. (Ie Northern Earls, Northumberland, Essex etc)
Were all members of the nobility equally powerful in Tudor England?
No, not all members of the nobility were equally powerful in Tudor England. Some were very influential due to their wealth, land, and connections, while others had less influence and were more dependent on the monarch’s favor.
How did Tudor monarchs try to control the nobility?
Tudor monarchs tried to control the nobility through various means, such as granting or withholding favors, appointing royal officials to oversee their actions, and using the law to punish those who challenged royal authority.
What was the role of nobles as landowners in Tudor England?
Lord Lieutenants in Tudor England acted as the crown’s representatives in the counties, commanding the local militia and responsible for justice. They also commanded the loyalty of the local gentry.
Which nobles aided Henry VII during Lambert Simnel rebellion 1486?
Henry had the support of a Duke, five earls, a viscount and four barons
Which nobles aided Henry VII during Perkin Warbeck rebellion in 1497?
The Earl of Devon, Lord Daubeney and Lord Willoughby de Broke
Which nobles aided Henry VIII during Amicable Grant rebellion 1525?
The Duke of Norfolk and the Duke of Suffolk
Which nobles helped Henry VIII during Pilgrimage of Grace rebellion 1536?
The Earl of Shrewsbury, Duke of Norfolk
Which noble supported Edward IV/The Duke of Somerset in Western Rebellion 1549?
Lord Russell
Which nobles supported Edward IV/The Duke of Somerset in Kett’s rebellion 1549?
Marquis of Northampton, Earl of Warwick
Which nobles supported Elizabeth I during the Northern Earls Rebellion 1569?
Earl of Sussex, Lord Hundson, Earl of Warwick
Which nobles supported the English government during Irish rebellions 1536-1601?
Lords Grey, Mountjoy and Essex
“Monks and clergy were never involved in rebellion”, true or false?
False - Robert Welsh was a Cornish vicar - partially led Western Rebellion
“The church was the centre of the community” True or False?
True
Who appointed bishops?
The monarch
Who anointed the monarch with holy oil at their coronation?
Bishops
Clerics were often used as advisors, for example Thomas Wolsey. Which monarch did Wolsey advise?
Henry VIII
Under who’s reign did the role of clerics as advisors decline?
Elizabeth I
The pope threatened excommunication to rebels who fought against Henry VII in which of his rebellions?
Lambert Simnel 1487,
Yorkshire 1489.
Who were encouraged to inform bishops of any rumors of trouble?
Parishioners
Who established the Enclosure Commission?
Lord protector somerset
Did the Enclosure Commission provoke unrest?
yes
How many landlords did Wolsey charge with illegal enclosures?
24
By the end of the Tudor Dynasty, what became a status symbol for the Gentry?
Membership of Parliament
Which priests were involved in rebellion during the Tudor period?
Robert Symonds (Lambert Simnel) + Robert Welsh (Western Rebellion)
Provide instances where the Tudor government responded with military action to rebellion:
Cornwall: 25,000 men
Yorkshire: 8000 men
East Stoke: 12,000 men
Silken Thomas: 2,300 men sent to Ireland largest number in 150 years
