Political Ideologies and Cultures Flashcards
What is an ideology?
Political ideas around a core concept, decontested by a social group.
What does freeden say about ideologies?
Not all ideologies are full and distinct.
What does Karl Mannheim make a distinction between?
Particular ideologies - views about a single or few individuals belonging to an ideology.
Total Ideologies - total perspection of the group and its conceptual apparatus.
What are Michel Freeden’s 5 full traditional ideologies?
1) liberalism
2) conservatism
3) socialism
4) fascism
5) anarchism
4 ontological dimensions for comparing an ideology?
1) vertical because of social hierarchy
2) horizontal because of opposition in self interests
3) spacial because of culture
4) historical because concept meaning changes
The three main methods for comparing ideologies?
1) political scale
2) political compass
3) morphological comparison
How to compare using the political scale?
Qualitative and Quantitative using variables.
How to compare using the Political Compass?
Qualitative/ Quantitative typology, on indicators. Inspired by Lipset and Rokkan’s cleavage theory.
How to compare using Morphological Comparison?
quantitative/qualitative syncretic method using indicators.
What does Georg Simmel say about culture?
“the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history”
What do Avishai Margalit and Joseph Raz say about culture?
It is a process. Describe “encompassing groups” - shapes to a large degree their tastes and opportunities, and which provides an anchor for their self-identification and the safety of effortless secure belonging.
What does James Tully say about culture?
They are continually contested, and never frozen.
How does Gabriel Almond define political culture?
A pattern of orientations toward political actions in which every political system is embedded.
what does Lucian Pye say about political culture?
the set of attitudes, beliefs and sentiments which give order and meaning to a political process and which provide the underlying assumptions and rules that govern behavior in a political system.
How did Gabriel Almond divide political culture?
- system culture: the distributions of attitudes
toward the national community, the regime, and the authorities. - process culture: attitudes toward the self in politics and towards other political actors
- policy culture: policy expectations and the role of government
