POLITICAL & CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS 1815-1848

Question 1

“Sweet is the lore which Nature brings;
Our meddling intellect
Mis-shapes the beauteous forms of things:
We murder to dissect.

Enough of Science and of Art;
Close up those barren leaves;
Come forth, and bring with you a heart
That watches and receives.”

The stanzas above best reflect the values of

A. The Scientific Revolution 
B. Realism 
C. Romanticism 
D. Humanism 
E. Pietism

Answer 1

C. Romanticism

Question 2

All of the following were instrumental in the emergence of Italy as a modern nation-state EXCEPT

A. Mazzini 
B. Napoleon III 
C. Cavour 
D. Francis II 
E. Garibaldi

Answer 2

D. Francis II

Question 3

“The three classes, being associated and united in interest, would forget their hatred. . . . Labor would put an end to the drudgery of the people and the disdain of the rich for their inferiors, whose labors they would share. There would no longer be any poor, and social antipathies woulddisappear with the causes which produced them.”

The quotation above typifies which of the following?

A. Utopian socialism 
B. Marxism 
C. Utilitarianism 
D. Social Darwinism 
E. Stalinism

Answer 3

A. Utopian socialism

Question 4

Which of the following individuals in nineteenth-century Great Britain was the most outspoken advocate for legal and political equality for women?

A. Queen Victoria 
B. John Stuart Mill 
C. William Gladstone 
D. Florence Nightingale 
E. Jane Austen

Answer 4

B. John Stuart Mill

Question 5

“Each individual, bestowing more time and attention upon the means of preserving and increasing his portion of wealth than is or can be bestowed by government, is likely to take a more effectual course than what, in this instance and on his behalf, would be taken by government.”

The quotation above best illustrates which of the following?

A. Fascism 
B. Mercantilism 
C. Syndicalism 
D. Classical liberalism 
E. Utopian socialism

Answer 5

D. Classical liberalism

Question 6

Most nineteenth-century liberals would have agreed with which of the following statements?

A. A parliamentary republic with universal suffrage is the best form of government.
B. Traditional political and social institutions must be preserved at all cost.
C. Free trade is more beneficial to a nation’s prosperity than is economic protectionism.
D. Governments should forcibly seize the means of production from capitalists and large landowners.
E. Multiethnic empires must be broken up based on the principle of national self-determination.

Answer 6

C. Free trade is more beneficial to a nation’s prosperity than is economic protectionism.

Question 7

What did the Conservatives believe?

Answer 7

They looked to the throne, the king, the monarchy, landed wealth, and the established church ( no new religions).
They looked toward the Congress system, a trust in the balance of powers, a trust in existing borders.
They wanted to preserve the peace, preserve society and preserve the system.
They were aristocrats, large landowners,

Question 8

A British conservative, the Father of Modern Conservatism

Answer 8

Edmund Burke

Question 9

What did Edmund Burke believe?

Answer 9

That change could only be peaceful and beneficial if it was gradual. His issue with the French Revolution was that it was too fast and upended all society at once.

Question 10

What were the views of Metternich?

Answer 10

He believed in thwarting change, push back against it, and prevent it in all its forms

Question 11

Prince Klemens von Metternich, the Austrian representative at the Congress of Vienna, is most closely associated with which of the following?

(A) Utopian socialism
(B) Nationalism
(C) Romanticism
(D) Liberalism
(E) Conservatism

Answer 11

E

Question 12

How is 19th century liberalism defined?

Answer 12

free land, free labor, freedom, freedom of the press, religious freedom and toleration, proponents of abilitionism, that government should stay out of capitalism

Question 13

How did John Stewart Mill in his writing “On Liberty” go further in his call for freedom?

Answer 13

He said that women should have the right to vote.

Question 14

Which of the following individuals in nineteenth-century Great Britain was the most outspoken advocate for legal and political equality for women?

(A) Queen Victoria
(B) John Stuart Mill
(C) William Gladstone
(D) Florence Nightingale
(E) Jane Austen

Answer 14

B

Question 15

Most nineteenth-century liberals would have agreed with which of the following statements?

(A) A parliamentary republic with universal suffrage is the best form of government.
(B) Traditional political and social institutions must be preserved at all cost.
(C) Free trade is more beneficial to a nation’s prosperity than is economic protectionism.
(D) Governments should forcibly seize the means of production from capitalists and large landowners.
(E) Multiethnic empires must be broken up based on the principle of national self-determination.

Answer 15

C

Question 16

An intellectual who studied German folk culture, which studies convinced him that every person belong to his own people (or volk) and these people possessed a people’s spirit, or a volksgeist, that gave them a belonging identity.

Answer 16

Johann Gottfried Herder

Question 17

What were the three types of socialism that came as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 17

1 - socialist parties who wanted to use the government to solve the problems of the working class, alleviate problems, correct sanitation and improve public housing
2 - utopian socialists who sought to separate themselves from society to form new communities that would create a new system by which people could relate and build a new society.
3 - anarchists who believed society was too far gone and wanted to attack and destroy it and build a better system

Question 18

What do socialists see as the main problem?

Answer 18

Private property - capitalism

Question 19

A Utopian socialist who sought to build a new community. He created phalanxes which were farming communities (communes)

Answer 19

Charles Fourier

Question 20

What was meant by the Harmonian man?

Answer 20

A person who would work without being compelled to.

Question 21

What was an example of a Fourier Phalanx farm in America, and who were some of its famous supporters?

Answer 21

Brooke Farm in Massachusetts, and Nathaniel Hawthorne and Ralph Waldo Emerson were supporters.

Question 22

The British movement of intellectuals and thinkers whose goal was to try and figure out a way to push British society towards more socialist lines.

Answer 22

Fabian Society.

Question 23

Which of the following had NOT emerged as a distinct school of thought by 1848 ?

(A) Fascism
(B) Utopian socialism
(C) Laissez-faire capitalism
(D) Royal absolutism
(E) Nationalism

Answer 23

A

Question 24

Which of the following is true of the French Revolution of 1830?

(A) It strengthened the power of the working class.
(B) It overthrew the Bourbon Monarch Charles X
(C) It produced a constitutional monarchy based on universal adult male suffrage.
(D) It was suppressed by Charles X with the aid of Austria and Russia.
(E) It strengthened the power of the Roman Catholic Church in France.

Answer 24

B

Question 25

In France, the revolutions of 1830 and 1848 and the Commune of 1871 primarily took what form?

(A) Peasant revolts directed at aristocratic landowners
(B) Army mutinies, soon joined by sympathetic civilians
(C) Parisian insurrections, with armed civilians barricading streets
(D) Uprisings organized by underground societies in multiple cities
(E) Coups d’état carried out by small groups of professional revolutionaries

Answer 25

C

Question 26

The National Workshops were established in France in order to

(A) compete with cheap goods being produced in America
(B) mass produce military weapons
(C) produce quality wines for the European market
(D) reduce high urban, especially Parisian, unemployment
(E) promote Protestant social reforms

Answer 26

D

Question 27

Charles X of France passed a number of acts that sparked another revolution. What were they, and what was this revolution called?

Answer 27

These acts stripped away power promised by Louis to the people. This concluded in the July Ordinances, which
dissolved Parliament. As a result, the people of France broke into revolution, known as the July Revolution, replacing Charles X with Louis-Philippe Orleans in what is known as the July Monarchy

Question 28

When the French citizens revolted again in 1848, who did they elect, and what reforms were made?

Answer 28

They temporarily formed a provisional government
led by two men, Lamartine, a political republican who advocated freemarket, and Blanc, a
social republican, who advocated socialism. Blanc created a system known as the National
Workshops that provided employment to the masses in France, in order to address the problem of unemployment.

Question 29

When the National Assembly of 1848 threw out the National Workshops, what happened?

Answer 29

The people revolted, and, looking to the former glory of France, installed Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, relative of Napoleon Bonaparte, the throne.

Question 30

What changes did Louis Napoleon Bonaparte make?

Answer 30

President Louis Napoleon Bonaparte rebuilt central Paris, installing new apartments, straight, long, and wide streets, sewage, and sanitation. He also widened the streets in
Paris, in an attempt to subvert future revolution, since in the past, revolutionaries in France had used the streets to barricade themselves.
Emperor Napoleon III is often referred to as the socialist emperor because he gave many socialized programs to the citizens. He gave hospitals, socialized medicine, the right to
unionize and strike, shorter hours, injured worker homes, a revamped prison system, and more.

Question 31

What was Emperor Napoleon III’s downfall?

Answer 31

Napoleon III was also militarily inept. He chose to get involved in wars which he didn’t have to, trying to live up to the glory of Napoleon I. He was defeated in his involvement in the Italian unification movement where he sent troops to Rome to protect
the Pope, in his involvement with the Mexican Empire from 1862-1867, and in the FrancoPrussian War from 1870-1871, during which he was actually captured by the Prussians.

Question 32

The British Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884 accomplished what?

Answer 32

the right to vote for more and more men.

Question 33

What did the British Factory Act of 1833 change?

Answer 33

Prohibited employment of children under 9 and limited the working hours of children.

Question 34

What did the British Mines Act of 1842 establish?

Answer 34

Prohibited women and children from working underground

Question 35

These laws placed taxes on imported goods to protect Britain’s own goods. They forced the British people to buy the more expensive and lower quality British grain by putting a tariff on French grain, which tended to be less expensive and higher quality. The goal was to keep British money in Britain, rather than being spent on importing French grain.

Answer 35

Corn Laws

Question 36

In Britain who were the Tories and the Whigs?

Answer 36

Tories - the landed gentry

Whigs - represented the working class, merchants, factory owners

Question 37

What was the Peterloo massacre that happened in Britain in 1819, and what led up to it?

Answer 37

The Whigs opposed to the Corn Laws, but because the Tories controlled Parliament, they were unable to stop the passage of the Corn Laws. The expensive price of British grain necessitated a rise in wages, and factory owners such as David Ricardo were forced to pay higher wages so that their workers could afford
the food. Ricardo thus concluded that the Corn Laws simply redistributed wealth from the industrialists to the landowners.
In 1819, 80,000 people gathered in Manchester demanding the repeal of the Corn Laws. British soldiers opened fire, killing 11 demonstrators, in what became known as the Peterloo
Massacre. As a result, the Anti-Corn Law League was established in Manchester, and used pamphlets, mass demonstrations, and torchlight parades to protest the Corn Laws.

Question 38

What event led to the repeal of the Corn Laws?

Answer 38

The Irish Potato Famine

Question 39

This was a group of workers in Britain who opposed the effects of the mechanisation of industry, particularly in textiles. The advent of large scale spinning and weaving machines
meant that textiles could be produced at lower costs than previously, undercutting the prices of the traditional cottage industry of handloom weavers.
Their attacks began in 1811 and were targeted at the machinery of factory and workshop owners. Their campaigns were often closely targeted at specific forms of machinery and, despite the modern connotations of the name, the group were not
opposed to progress in principle.
The name of the group is derived from a fictional leader used
as a focal point for demonstrations and to distract attention from the real leaders of various protests.

Answer 39

Luddites

Question 40

A group of rioters who opposed the mechanization of agriculture.

Answer 40

Swing rioters

Question 41

An alternative, and often more effective, method of action,
was the organization of workers where rights could be secured through collective bargaining and the threat of strikes. What were these organizations called?

Answer 41

trade unions

Question 42

In Britain, this group was the first large-scale working class political movement who wrote reform goals in a charter.

Answer 42

Chartism - The London Working Men’s Association

Question 43

What were the reforms listed in the new Charter written by the London Working Men’s Association?

Answer 43

1. Universal male suffrage
2. Annual election of House of Commons
3. Secret ballots
4. Equal electoral districts (to prevent ”rotten boroughs”)
5. Abolition of property requirements for the House of Commons
6. Salaries of members of the House of Commons

Question 44

What is capitalism?

Answer 44

A medium of exchange for property or services that are valued, with limited government involvement.

Question 45

What was republicanism in Britain in the 19th century?

Answer 45

advocated liberty, fraternity, and equality, and was in favor of Constitutions, Parliaments, and democracies. It opposed the monarchy, aristocracy, and the church. Republicans tended to be students, writers, members of the intelligentsia, and also workers.
Republicans were supporters of the French Revolution and its ideals.

Question 46

What was liberalism in the Britain in the 19th century?

Answer 46

Liberalism, or classic liberalism, at the time advocated free trade, laissez faire, constitutions, parliaments, and no violence. It didn’t advocate democracy, but rather constitutional monarchy. Liberals tended to be middle class merchants and professionals.

Question 47

What was conservatism in Britain in the 19th century?

Answer 47

Conservatism rose as a reaction to the liberal ideas that began with the violence, terror, and social disorder of the French Revolution. It was supported by the traditional ruling
class, as well as by the peasants. Conservatives believed in order of the society and state, based on faith and tradition. Metternich was the champion of Conservatism and tried to
preserve its ideals and the Old Regime through the Congress System. Conservatives were opposed to the Enlightenment and its effects, and were anti-revolution, anti-democracy, and
anti-nationalism. They preferred tradition, gradual reform, and the maintenance of the Old Regime.

Question 48

What was socialism in the 19th century?

Answer 48

Socialism is the theory or system of social organization in which the means of productions and distribution of goods are owned collectively or by a central government authority. Socialists fought to protect the interests of the workers rather than capitalists, and argued that wealth is unfairly distributed and
that thus workers deserve a larger share.

Question 49

This person believed that the elite of society lacked the skills necessary to be valued so highly. He believed that rewards should be in proportion to one’s social contribution, and that society should be run by qualified technocrats, or a technically skilled
elite.

Answer 49

Henri de Saint-Simon

Question 50

a French merchant, whose experiences of the French Revolution led him to believe that free market capitalism in general, and speculation in particular, was damaging to the welfare of all. His solution was to suggest a planned economy, based around
idea communities known as phalanstries , where 1,620 people would live in a single building surrounded by 5,000 acres of land. By centralizing production, efficient agriculture and
industry could be achieved. Although his plans were never put into practice, his utopian socialism was an important influence on later thinkers.

Answer 50

Charles Fourier

Question 51

A Welsh manufacturer who, in his mills at New Lanark in Scotland, proved that investing in the welfare of employees could be profitable. He provided his workers with schools and free accommodation. By doing this, he was rewarded with a hardworking and loyal workforce, and his mills were some of the most profitable and productive in Britain.
He was later to invest his profits in the community of New Harmony in the United States of America. The community was heavily reliant upon his leadership and quickly
foundered. Although his communities did not long outlast his lifetime, his thinking was highly influential amongst later socialists, and the term communist was originally coined to
describe his followers.

Answer 51

Robert Owen

Question 52

Probably the most important socialist thinker of the nineteenth century was this German
writer whose rise to prominence began in the Year of Revolutions, 1848, with the publication of The Communist Manifesto

Answer 52

Karl Marx

Question 53

What were the main beliefs of Karl Marx?

Answer 53

He sought to incite the violent revolution
of the proletariat (working class) against the bourgeois (middle and upper classes).
This revolution would be caused by what he described as a historic class struggle between these two groups. After this revolution, he argued for the formation of a classless society,
in which no private property, religion, or government existed.

Question 54

The idea that the best form of government does the most good

for the greatest number of people.

Answer 54

Utilitarianism

Question 55

Who were two prominent Romantic artists of the time?

Answer 55

Francisco de Goya

Ferdinand Delacroix