Political Authority, Opposition And The State Of The Russia In Wartime Flashcards
Why did Russia go to war in 1914
Long-term reasons; German is growing strength was starting to become concerning to many other powers. They had sturdy industry and a strong military
Russia considered itself the caretaker of the Slavic people, an ethnic group that included the Serbians
Short term; France 1907, and alliance was formed between Russia and Britain to deal with the threat presented
Who was Rasputin
Rasputin was born at poor peasant in Siberia. He was an important figure at the Russian cart in 1906
He helped heal Nicholas II haemophilia Sun to survive.
He was Nicholas the second is spiritual advisor
He had extraordinary healing powers and was a holy man
Rasputin was murdered in 1916 by prince Felix Rasputin had predicted by event and the downfall of the autocracy
How did the tsar treat Rasputin
Rasputin lived in a large city apartment and he gained influence among the church hierarchy through his relationship with the Empress.
How did people target Resputin and who
The Dumas targeted Rasputin because he was a public image of a confident trickster and corrupt libertine.
What was Rasputin’s relationship with the Empress
Letters from the Empress To Rasputin suggested she was a spiritually dependent woman upon him
What did Rasputin advise Nicholas not to do
Rasputin wrote letters pleading Nicholas to not enter the war.
Could rasputins murder have affected the fall of the autocracy
No, the decline of the autocracy had been too long in the making. Rasputin was just a catalyst in the process.
Why was the tsars decision to go to war A popular one? What happened in the empire to show support
It was a wave of anti-German sentiment. People join the war thinking Russia would win quickly but 3 to 4 months turned to 4 years
Why did the battle of Tannenburg prove to be a significant turning point in the war effort
As it left 300,000 dead or wounded thousands were taken prisoners. The spirit of a national solidarity was damaged this was a big shock to Russia as they realised the win wasn’t going to be as easy as they suspected
Why did the liberals zemstva oppose the military zones
As military zones suspended all civillian authority- the liberal zemstva saw this as intensive to the needs of the people as they had a major part to play in winning the war
What did the zemstva do to help the people? What was for all Russian union of zemstva and cities
The zemstva established a union of zemstva to provide medical facilities which the state seemed to neglect. 1915 the zemstva and multiple Dumas joined together to form the all Russian Union known as the zemgor to help the right to help tsars government in the war effort
Why did the Duma’s is cause problems for Nicolas in 1915
As the Dumez soon turned into a liberal focus for discontent rather than working with the organisations. Nicholas blamed it for stirring trouble
What events in September 1915 calls Nicholas to make what would be a fatal decision
Defeat in Glacia let Nicolas to take on the role of commander in chief on the Russian army to travel to the front line. He didn’t have the military experience to turn the war around it was a disaster.
It provided a realisation to the people that the tsar was no longer God on earth.
How could it be argued that the war undermined Nicholas the second position as tsar
The pressure of the water let Nicolas to try take control of every position in the Empire. Including making himself commander-in-chief of the Russian armies front line. Nicholas fear of opposition led him to trust nobody explaining why he might of been trying to get overly involved with aspects of the Empire he wasn’t needed for. Even though Nicholas the second try to keep his Power by refusing the progressive block suggestion his role and position of tsars was undermined when Rasputin’s influence meant the change of many ministers.
What were the military issues in wartime
- Soldiers were sent to fight without suitable weaponry and basic warm clothing and fitted waterproof footwear.
- 1914-the military only had two rifles for every three soldiers Andy 1915 it was not unusual phone Russian artillery to be limited to 2 to 3 shelves per day.
- most of the army was all peasants who were untrained. By 1916 1.5 million was not in the right state of mind
- loss to Glacia caused the tsar to go out to the front Line
What were internal problems within Russia during wartime
- Spending on the water rose from 500 million in 1914 to 14,500 in 1918
- The song -Spending on the water rose from 500 million in 1914 to 14,500 in 1918
- The tsar leaves to be the front line not dealing with political problems
- Health care was a Ignored across the empire
- taxes on vodka lead to peasants making there own this lost money for the government which could have been spent on the war
- Nicholas the second cared more about his own son then children starving
- Rasputin’s influence undermined the tsar
What were the short-term factors and long-term factors of February 1917
Short-term factors Outbreak of World War I Rising strikes on 25 February 25,000 strikers First world war defeats Bread rationing
Long-term factors
Collapse of Tsardom
Emancipation give peasants more freedom creating more opposition
1905 revolution
Social revolutionaries and social Democrats
The great famine
Russification mistreated the people
What for the events of 14 February 1917
Around 100,000 workers from 58 different factories go on strike in Petrograd. News that bread will be rationed on 1 March call queues and violent acts, even police who was trying to keep order were attacked
Events of 22 February 1917
20,000 workers are locked out of the ironworks time management after pay talks collapse. Workers in all the factories go on strike in support
Events of 23 February 1917
90,000 workers strike and 50 factories closed. The workers join a traditional much of women from Petrograd to the city centre along with military students and women from the bread queues. The city falls into chaos with around 240,000 out on the streets, order is restored by desperate police force in the early evening although the day sees no loss of life
What are the events of the 24 February 1917
200,000 workers are on strike and the crowd over to czarist status, people with red flags and shout revolutionary slogans calling for an end to Tsardom
What are the events of Saturday, 25 February 1917
250,000 people are on strike and Petrograd is a virtual standstill all the major facilities and shops are closed. No loose papers. No public transport. View escalate as police chief charge to control the masses. A band of civilians killed by soldiers and some Cossacks refuse to attack the strikers
Events of 26 February 1917
The Duma president sends the tsar a telegram
“The situation is serious. The capital is in a state the government is paralysed, the transport service has broken down, the food and the fuel supplies are completely disorganised. There is a while shooting in the streets. Troops are firing at each other. It is urgent that someone Farm is a new government. There must be no delay. Hesitation is fatal. “
Nicholas doesn’t even bother to reply his only response is to tell the Duma to stop meeting
Events of 27 February 1917
There is our orders Major General commander of the Petrograd military distinct to restore order by military forces.
Soldiers are ordered onto the streets of the city centre and start shooting. Police headquarters are attacked and prisons open. The Duma hold a meeting and set up a 12 man provisional committee to take over the government. Revolutionaries also plan to take over the government.
Events of 28 February 1917
Nicholas the second leaves his military headquarters and starts to make his way back to Petrograd. He sent a telegram to the Duma president offering to share power with the Duma. The leadership replies “the measure you propose I have to let the time for them has gone there is no return”
What was the impact of the two weeks in February
The events of February show the large amount of opposition that Nicholas the second faced. It showed the mess of the czarist autocracy and look on organisation of the government. Furthermore it showed how it is affecting the people-no transport no food no fuel. Turning the only blame to one person, Nicholas the second. People are sick of listening to his poor suggestions and take situations into their own hands, showing the vulnerability of the Sanicle us and the little impact he has on the people.
Which people made up the provisional government
A cross section of the influential elite.
Which people made up the Petrograd Soviet
The mass of workers, soldiers and peasants regarding the provisional government as a self appointed committee of the welfare with similar traditional beliefs associated with tsardom making a democratic organisation
Who was Alexander kerensky
A lawyer Set in the 1912 duma, sitting with the left-wing Socialist. In February 1970 he joined the social revolutionaries and came a valuable link in the dual power. He was both a representative of the social revolutionaries on the Petrograd Soviet and He was minister of justice in the provisional government.
What were the provisional government’s promises to the Petrograd Soviet
- General amnesty for political prisons
- basic civil liberties
- the abolition of legal disabilities based on class, religion, and nationality
- The right to organise trade union and strikes
- That a constituent assembly would be elected
What was a soviet
Peasants who sees the land and try to control their own affairs by factory workers. And all Russian Congress of Soviets met in Petrograd in June from 350 towns
What was order number one
Said that soldiers and workers should obey the provisional government but only when the Soviet agreed with the provisional government
What did order number one promise
- All units to elected deputy to the Soviet and agree to the political control of the Petrograd soviets
- all weapons to be controlled by elected soldiers.
- No titles to be used for offices
- Officers not to address soldiers in the TY form
What happened to Nicholas the second
He never returned to Petrograd. His train was diverted by rebellious Railway workers and faster stop elsewhere 200 miles south of his destination. The sound was under pressure by the chief of general staff to resign.
What were the initial terms of the tsars abdication
That’s his brother would become tsar. But Mikhail refuse the throne
Who was Kornilov what did he do
I general. He ordered six troops to match on Petrograd intending to crush the Soviet and establish a military dictatorship. This attempt failed when kerensky panicked. The supply lines of a cock and other leaders arrested.
Why was there a little support left for the provisional government in 1917
Who supplies the chaotic in the towns and although the government granted an eight hour day real wages found rapidly in 1917 as prices rise and in January 1970 prices were 300% of 1914 levels. By October there were 755%
Why did wanna continue to be a problem
Support from the countryside was lost
What were the three main reasons why the provisional government did not work
The war-the wall left people unhappy due to the lack of food prices rose dramatically
Workers conditions-workers were working longer hours for less money
SOviets- The soldiers would not listen to the provisional government unless the Soviet agreed. The provisional government had to appeal the Soviets.
What was the aim of the provisional government
There is a bus to carry the country and make the political decisions until a new government was re elected in the election. There was a temporary government because of abdication of the tsar. They wanted to win the ball, restore order in towns and countryside, and discipline deserters
What are the aims of Petrograd Soviet
They were the government for the people. They want a basic civil liberties, the right to organise trade union is and to strike and the abolishing of legal disabled he is based on class religion and nationality. They wanted to stop war
What were the peasants hopes and expectations
How did the provisional government respond to this
The peasants wanted a Democratic Republic, action against the upper-class, enter nonpresent holdings and transfer the land to the peasants, regulation of the grain markets the benefit producers and to end The old system of local Administration is where peasants were controlled by the land captains.
- In April 1918 the provisional government set up land committed to find the needs of the population
- The provisional government set up a state monopoly i’m green with food committee is fixed prices of 60% above the tsars levels
What were the hopes and expectations of the working class
What did the provisional government do to respond to this
Improvements in living and working conditions, eight hour day, wage rise, security of employment and supervision of management
The provisional government set up council chambers in fact we committed but this got a negative response work is felt that the provisional government only wanted to remain status quo in the factories
The provisional government refused the eight hour day and unemployment increased
What were the hopes and expectations of the army and how did the provisional government respond
Where it was peace in the war
Reform of the system of control
Peasants conscripted wanted land
The provisional government pushed on the eastern front in hope of Russian victory, Russia suffered a heavy defeat on the Germans in 1917 the provisional government refused hope and peace and triggered open public demonstrations in the street
What are the hopes and expectations of the nationalities
What did the provisional government do to respond
Great to self-rule
Share in the concessions grained by Russian peasants and workers
The provisional government recognised Poland as an independent country but all the nationalities were forced to wait for the decision of the constituent assemble
What were the strengths and weaknesses of the provisional
Strengths-they were temporary. This solves problems of Tsars issues quickly. They recognise Poland as independent and improve working and living conditions by rising wages
Weaknesses-dominated by Landowners. Other countries had to wait for independence. they continue to support World War I. They refuse the eight hour day. Cost inflation. Discipline deserters. And threatened to sack factory owners because of strikes
