Policy Implementation Flashcards
Policy Implementation is…by(3)
putting policies into practice by
1. training actors
2. changing preexisting systems
3. monitoring & enforcing
To implement policies each perspective focuses on (4)
- Models of bureaucracy
- Characterisation of implementation
- Models of implementation
- Monitoring & Enforcement
Rational Perspective
Bureaucracy
Mechanical (Weber)
· formalisation: based on rules & regulations and civil servants fulfilling their tasks
· standardisation: similar cases are addressed with the same schemes to promote equality
· centralisation: hierarchical system, everything is centralised and steered.
Rational Perspective
Characterisation of Implementation
Top-down approach
· politics (goals & decisions) vs administration (carrying on tasks)
· perfect administration: civil servants knowing what to do because they have the resources and ability to do so
Rational Perspective
Model of Implementation
Administrative
high certainty on knowledge and consensus on government intervention, goals & means
·however successful policy implementation depends on resource availability
Rational Perspective
Monitoring & Enforcement
Single Loop Learning
only the top has the information to change the policy, policy redesign is unlikely to happen
· command & control
Political Perspective
Bureaucracy (2)
Street Level (Lipski): civil servants are in the frontline, implement policies directly however these can be modified depending on the circumstances (fairness & equality) -> policy discretion
Organic: actors’ ability (& professionalisation) to adapt to circumstances because there are shared responsibilities and mutual dependencies for policy to be successfully implemented
Political Perspective
Characterisation of implementation
Bottom up
citizens having a prominent role when implementing policies allowing for policy redesign
Political Perspective
Models of implementation
Political
· high certainty of intervention but low consensus on goals
· success depends on negotiation & political power based on advocacy coalitions & pooling resources
Political Perspective
Monitoring & Enforcement (2)
Polycentric because there are many actors involved, this allows for focused monitoring & effective implementation & redesign
Naming & Shaming: implement policies when organisations’ promises are not fulfilled
Cultural Perspective
Bureaucracy
Symbolic
collaborate among actors to agree on how and what to implement to prevent symbolic implementation
· government loses its capacities & influences
Cultural Perspective
Characterisation & Model of Implementation
Symbolic
seldom policies are effectively implemented and what is expected from the policy is difficult to achieve
· policy redesign
Cultural Perspective
Monitoring & Enforcement
Double Loop Learning
focuses on providing and receiving feedback for policy redesign focused on
· learning
· target groups
· enhancing dialogue
Institutional Perspective
Bureaucracy
System Level
· change in path dependencies leading to institutional redesign
· ICT has greater prominence
· increase in autonomy and interdependency
Institutional Perspective
Characterisation of Implementation
Institutional
path dependencies influence how policies are implemented, thus, being more reluctant to change