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Policies Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What was the education system like in the late 1800s?

A

There were no state schools and the very rich could pay to go to private schools. Some churches gave education to the poor

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2
Q

In what year did school become compulsary?

A

1880 for between 5 and 13

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3
Q

When was the tripartite system introduced?

What law introduced the tripartite system?

A

1944

1944 Education Act

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4
Q

3 Types of School in Tripartite System

A

Students were allocated to 3 types of school based on the 11+ test.

Grammar schools offered access to higher education and academic careers

Secondary modern schools offered access to manual work

Technical schools were only avaliable in a few places

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5
Q

How does the tripartite system reproduce class inequality?

A

It channels the two social classes into two types of schools as rich people do better on the test

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6
Q

How does the tripartite system reproduce gender inequality?

A

Girls were required to do better on the 11+ test to get into grammar school

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7
Q

When was the comprehensive school system introduced?

A

1965

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8
Q

What did Comprehensive School System aim to do?

A

Aimed to make education meritocratic, fixing inequality in tripartite system.

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9
Q

What was abolished as a result of the intro of Comprehensive School System?

A

> 11+ abolished, all pupils attending local comprehensives

> Not all areas went comprehensive, so they’re still grammar skls in UK.

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10
Q

How do functionalists see the comprehensive system?

AO3 - Education before 1998 Key Sociologists ?

Ford Criticisms of Functionalist View on Comprehensives?

A

1
> Fulfils essential functions, e.g. social solidarity & meritocratic role allocation.

> Mertiocratic as they give pupils longer to develop & show abilities.

> Promote integration bringing all social classes, together in 1 school.

2
> Ford (Functionalist view on Comprehensives)

3
Due to streaming, little mixing of social classes in skl.

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11
Q

How do marxists see the comprehensive system?

A

Legitimising class inequality and reproducing class underachievement as there’s still streaming

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12
Q

When were marketisation policies first introduced?

A

1988

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13
Q

When were academies introduced?

A

2010

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14
Q

What is the aim of marketisation?

A

Increase competition and parental choice

Reduced direct state control over education

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15
Q

Explain the Role of the Tory & Democrat Coalition Gov in 2010 on Education

A

Took marketisation further, e.g. creating academies and free schools

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16
Q

Outline Policies Promoting Marketisation

simple card

A

Incl. league tables, open enrolment, formula funding, opting out of LEA, free schools, academies, business sponsorship.

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17
Q

Marketisation Key Sociologists

A

> New Right (View of Marketisation)
David (View on Parentocracy)
Ball and Whitty (Reproduction of Inequality)
Barlett (Cream Skimming and Silt Shifting)
Gewirtz (Parental Choice)
Ball (Myth of Parentocracy)

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18
Q

What is parentocracy?

A

Where parents are given more choice over schools due to marketisation

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19
Q

Outline Policies Promoting Marketisation

2 marker card maybe idk lol

A

> Formula funding - Receive same £ funding each pupil
Specialist schools - ICT, LANGUAGES = WIDEN parental choices
Allowing parents and other to set up free skls

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20
Q

David view on Parentocracy

A

Describes parentocracy ‘rule by parents’ power shifts away from skls to parents. It encourages diversity among skls , gives parents more choice

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21
Q

Explain Ball & Whitty’s idea of Reproduction of Inequality due to marketisation

A

Policies like league tables & funding formula reproduce class inequalities between schools.

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22
Q

What does School’s desire for high league table ranking, encourage according to Barlett?

A

cream-skimming

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23
Q

Define Cream Skimming

A

‘Good’ schools can be more selective, recruiting best M/C kids, as result, these kids gain advantage

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24
Q

Define Shilt Shifting

A

‘good’ skls avoid taking less able pupils as they may damage their league table position.

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25
Q

According to Barlett what is the overall effect of League Tables?

A

produce unequal skls that produce social class inequalities

26
Q

What are 2 Marketisation Policies reproducing Inequality?

How does the funding formula lead to inequalities between schools?

A

Funding Formula
League Tables

Popular middle class schools attract more pupils so gain more funding. They spend this on better facilities and teachers. Unpopular schools have less money so they lose money and can’t deliver the same quality of lessons

27
Q

What does Gerwitz believe impacts Parental Choice of Schools?

A

It mainly benefits m/c who have the economic and cultural capital puts them in a better position to choose ‘good’ skls

28
Q

outline the 3 Types of Parents does Gerwitz outline?

A

> privileged-skilled choosers - upper middle class take full advantage of the choices opened to them - cultural capital and economic capital (move children paying extra travel costs)

> Disconnected-local choosers - w/c choices restricted due lack of economic and cultural capital

> semi-skilled choosers - mainly w/c but were ambitious for their children but yet lack cultural capital.

29
Q

Which sociologists discuss the myth of parentocracy?

A

Gewirtz
Leech and Campos
Ball

30
Q

What does Gewirtz argue about the myth of perentocracy?

A

Middle class parents can take advantage of the system

31
Q

What do Leech and Campos argue about the myth of perentocracy?

A

m/d are able to move into areas of a more desirable skls

32
Q

Explain Ball’s Idea of the Myth of Parentocracy

A

marketisation gives the appearance of a ‘parentocracy’

33
Q

Explain 3 New Labour Policies Introduced to Decrease Inequality (1997-2010)

A

EMA: £ to L/income backgrounds to encourage to stay post 16 education.

Education action zones ; labelling area as EAZ and providing them with additional resources

The aim higher programme to raise the aspiration of groups who are under-represented in higher education

34
Q

A03 Criticisms of New Labour

A

Despite EMA labour introduced tuition fees for higher education.

35
Q

Explain Benn’s Criticisms of New Labour? ‘new labour paradox’

A

Contradiciton bet labour policies to tackle inequlaity and its comminment to marketisation - ‘new labour paradox’

36
Q

Identify three policies that may promote the marketisation of education (6 Marks)

A

> Introduction of Academies, encourages parentocracy as have own curriculum so parents can pick one that suits them

> Publication of league tables and ofsted inspection reports rank each school based on exam results, giving parents info they need to choose the right school.

> Specialist schools like in IT, Sport etc widen parental choice, as Schools may have specialist sport facilities

  • e.g equipment that may adhere to a child’s interest in sport
37
Q

What are 2 Types of Marketisation

A

Marketisation

Privatisation

38
Q

Impact of Conservative-Coalition Government of 2010 on Education

A

> Quickened move away from education system based on comprehensives run by local authorities.

> Influenced by New Right ideas on reducing role of state in education through marketisation & privatisatio

39
Q

3 Changes to Curriculum under Conservative- Coalition Policies Gov

A

> Intro of EBACC
Coursework removed from majority of subjects
Most GCSE exams at end of YR11.

40
Q

Explain Differences Between Labour and Coalition Governments in relation to Academies

A

> All skls encouraged to be academies, funded by central gov, leaving LEA control.

> Some academies are privately owned chains, funded by state.

> Academies given control over curriculum

41
Q

What are Free Schools?

A

> Funded by state.

> but set up and ran by parents, teachers, faith org or local authority.

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of free schools?

A

Less likely to take in working class students

43
Q

Allen Criticisms on Free Schools

A

Research from Sweden where 20% of schools are free schools shows they only benefit kids from highly educated families.

44
Q

Explain Ball’s Idea of Fragmented Centralisation

A

> the comprehensive system is being replaced by a patchwork of diverse provision, private providers = greater inequality in op

> Education, now more centralised, gov can make school be academies & allow free skls to be set up.

45
Q

What are 2 Coalition Policies Aimed at Reducing Inequality

A

> FSM

> The pupil premium-Money is given to schools who take children from disadvantaged backgrounds

46
Q

What are Ofsted Findings on Pupil Premium

A

> 2012 is not spent on those it is supposed to help.

> 1 in 10 headteacher said it sig changed how they supported pupils from dis backgrounds

47
Q

Explain 3 Coalition Government ‘Austerity’ Programme

A

> spending on Edu cut

> EMA abolished

> Uni tuition triples £9,000

48
Q

Define Privatisation of Education

A

> Opening up parts of education to private businesses e.g. staff training, finances, management and exams.

> As a result education becomes source of profit for capitalists

49
Q

Privatisation of Education Key Sociologists

A

> Ball and Youdell (Endogenous/Exo Privatization)

> Ball (Large Scale School Building Projects)

> Pollack (Blurring Public/Private Boundary)

> Buckingham and Scanlon (Privatisation and Globalisation of Educational Policy)

> Molnar (Cola-isation of Schools)

> Ball and Beder (Limited Benefits to Schools through Private Sector Involvement)

> Ball (Education as a Commodity)

> Hall (Marxists view on Coalition Gov Policies)

50
Q

1 Explain Ball & Youdell’s Idea of Endogenous Privatization

2 Explain Ball & Youdell’s Idea of Exogenous Privatization

3 Explain the Significance of Setting up Academies in relation to Privatisation of Education?

4 Explain the significance of Running of Exam Systems ​in relation to Privatisation of Education

A

1
> Schools operate like priv businesses.

> Manage own affairs, competing w/ other schools for pupils,

> Use target setting & league tables to measure progress.

2
> Private businesses design, manage & deliver education (e.g. private chains of academies)

> Private companies take responsibility for exam system

> ICT companies e.g. Apple providing online curriculum content

3
Led to priv business running schools.

> Academies can get funding from businesses.

> Managed by people w/ expertise in business not teaching.

4
Edexcel is run by US testing giants Pearson
> Paying examiners & writes textbooks.

51
Q

What is the effect of senior officials leaving to work in the private sector?

Explain the Idea of the Cola-isation of Schools

A

1 Pollack: It allows companies to buy insider knowledge and side-step local authority

2 > Private sector penetrating education indirectly

> Sells to pupils through vending machines in skls.

> Developing brand loyalty, through logos, sponsorships & voucher schemes.

52
Q

Explain Hall’s Marxist view on Coalition Gov Policies

A

> Academies are example of handing over public services to private capitalists, e.g. educational businesses

> Claim we can drive up standards is a myth used to legitimate turning of education into source of private profit.

53
Q

Policies to Tackle Inequality Key Sociologists

A

> Mirza (Coalition Policies aimed at Reducing Inequality)

> Gillborn (Social Inclusion)

54
Q

Explain the Significance of Policies on Gender, in relation to Girls

A

> 19th c Females were largely excluded from HE,

> In tripartite system 1944 girls had to achieve a higher mark than boys in 11+ to get into grammar skls

> Policies e.g. GIST been introduced to reduce gender differences in subject choice.

55
Q

Explain the Significance of Policies on Ethnicity

A

> Assimilation Policies in past focused on need for BAME to assimilate into mainstream British culture, to raise their achievement.

> multicultural education (MCE)
value of range of cultures - black history month

56
Q

A03 Policies to Tackle Inequality Key Sociologists

A

> Stone (Criticisms of MCEP)
Critical Race Theorists (Criticisms of MCEP)
New Right (Criticisms of MCEP)

57
Q

Explain Critical Race Theorists Criticisms of MCEP

A
  • MCEP Fails to tackle institutional racism.
58
Q

Explain New Right Criticisms of MCEP

A

continues cultural divisions, taking view that it should promote shared national identity that BAME get be assimilated.

59
Q

3 Outline Coalition Policies aimed at Reducing Inequality

A

> Detailed monitoring of exam results by ethnicity

> Amending Race Relations act placing legal duty on schools to promote racial equality

> English as an additional language programme.

60
Q

Explain Mirza’s View on Coalition Policies aimed at Reducing Inequality

A

Edu policy has soft approach focusing on culture, behaviour & home, instead of tackling poverty & racism.

61
Q

Explain Gilborn’s View on Social Inclusion

A

Assessment and streaming continue to disadvantage minority ethnic group pupils.

sociology education (21 decks)

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