Poisonous Shrooms Flashcards
‘What is NAMA
- mushroom poisoning case registry
- data on aroudn 4000 incidents
What country has started state supported ID services
France
What can affect a mushrooms toxicity (besides species)
- individual susceptibility (honey fungus 1/10 get sick)
- Habitat induced differences
Which groups of poisonous mushrooms are associated with fatalities
- Amanitin (causes 95% of fatalities, 50% of serious poisonings)
- Gyromitirin
- Orellanine
Which genera are associated with Group 1 amanitin poisoning
-Basidiocarps of Amanita, Galerina, Lepiota
What toxins are associated with group 1 Amanitin
- Amatoxins - 8 AA molecuels, 9 different amatoxins
- Phallotoxins - 7 AA molecules, 7 different phallotoxins
Describe the toxin MOLECULES in Amanitin
- cyclopeptides
- AA in double ring
Meixner test
- Squash mushroom in newspaper
- Dry
- add concentrated HCL
- Watch for color change (blue)
- High levels of amatoxin induce color change in 1-2 minutes
Stages of symptoms after consuming A. virosa and A. phalloides
- Latent period (6-24 hrs)
- Violent vomiting, diarrhea lasting 24 hrs
- Breif remission of symtoms (honeymoon period)
- Collapse of organs, leading to coma and death 6-8 days after consumption
Bastien treatment
- Dr. Bastien ate deathcap, took 65g of A. phalloides and survived
- intravenous vitamin C, 2 capsules nifuroxazide, 2 tables of dihydrostreptomycin
- controls fluid and electrolyte balance
- successfully treated 15 cases
What species is associtated with Group 2 Gyromitrin poisoning
- Gyromitra esculenta
- false morel, some consider edible
Gyromitra esculenta poisoning
- 2 -4% of all fatal mushroom poisonings
- gyromitrin becomes hydrolized to rocket fuel
Symptoms of gyromitrin poisoning
- appears after 2-12 hrs
- bloated feeling followed by nausea, diarrhea, cramps
- Faintness, loss of muscular control
- coma and death after 2-7 days
Treatment for gyromitrin poisoning
-pyroxine hydrochloride
What species are associated with Group 3, Orellanine posioning
- Cortinarius orellanus
- C. orellanoides
- C. rainierensis
Symptoms of Group 3, Orellanine poisioning
- latent period 10-17 days
- intense thirst, burning drying of mouth
- nausea, vomiting
- kidney failure, 100-200g is enough to cause complete kidney failure
What happened in Poland in 1957
- 132 people poisoned by Orellanine
- 19 died
What species is associated with Group 4, Coprine poisoning
- Coprinus atramentarius
- toxin only poisonous when mixed with alcohol 5 days before/after consumption
Symptoms of Group 4, Coprine poisoning
- similar to hangover
- hot flushes
- metallic taste
- headache
What species are associated with group 5 Muscarine poisoning
- Clitocybe dealbata
- Inocybe geophylla
What does muscarine poisoning do
- stimulates exocrine glands
- PSL syndrome
Symptoms of Group 5 muscarine poisoning
- construction of pupils
- blurred vision
- muscle spasms
- slow heart beat
What species is associated with Group 6, Ibotenic Acid-Muscimol poisoning and symptoms
- Aminita muscaria
- muscle spasms, deep sleep
- hyperactivity, altered perception of reality
What species are associated with Group 7 Psilocybin-Psilcon poisoning
- Psilovybe, Panaeolus, Conocybe
- psychoactive principles are indole alkaloids
What species are associated with Group 8 Gastro-intestinal irritants
- Grab bag group
- Not fully understood
- few fungi clearly identified
What are the 4 basic patterns of poisoning?
- toxins that cause extensive cell destruction, overt symptoms only following delay (amanitin, orellanine, MMH)
- toxins causing symptoms either as soon as absorbed or when appropriate substrate enters system (coprine)
- toxins acting on CNS causing symptoms immediately (muscimol, psilocybin)
- undetermined toxins acting in alimentary canal
