Mixed bag, Stomach Fungi

Question 1

Homobasidiomycetes

Answer 1

• 13,500 known species
• traditionally distinguished on macromorphology of the spore bearing surface (hymenophore)
• if exposed = hymenomycetes
• if enclosed = gasteromycetes

Question 2

What is the difference between heterobasidiomycetes and homobasidiomycetes?

Answer 2

• hetero - jelly, smut, rust
  septate basidia
  large, irregularly shaped sterigmata and spores, capable of self-replication
• homo - most mushrooms, other Agaricomycetes aseptate basidia
  small, regular shaped sterigmata and spores
  can’t self-replicate
  evolution marked by extensive convergence and parallelism - gilled mushrooms evolved at least 6 times

Question 3

Describe basidiospores in gasteromycetes

Answer 3

• mature inside basidiocarp
• not discharged forcibly (loss of ballistospory)
• possess distinct outer covering enclosed fertile region (fleshy)

Question 4

Gleba

Answer 4

-the encolsed fertile region of gasteromycetes

Question 5

Peridium

Answer 5

-distinct outer covering of basidiocarps in gasteromycetes

Question 6

Gasteromycetes

Answer 6

• saporobes or mycorrhizal

- most produce basidiocaprs abve ground

Question 7

What is the most notable mycorrhizal species of gasteromycetes?

Answer 7

• Pisolithus (dyeball)
• can help trees grow in poor conditions
• important mycorrhizal partner with Pinus
• Used in reforestation projects

Question 8

What 5 orders of Gasteromycetes did Alexopoulos et al consider?

Answer 8

Lycoperdales
Tulostomatales
Sclerodermatales
Phallales
Nidulariales

Question 9

Lycoperdales

Answer 9

• puffballs and earthstars
• basidiospores with long sterigmata
• hymenium only observed at immature stage

Question 10

Tulostomatales

Answer 10

• puffballs on a stick

- begin life underground

Question 11

Sclerodermatales

Answer 11

• earthballs
• splits at maturity to reveal dark glebal mass
• thick, tough, persistent peridium

Question 12

Phallales

Answer 12

• stinkhorns
• majority are saprobes, some mycorrhizal
• Basidia with 6-8 basidiospores
• gleba autodigests when exposed

Question 13

Nidulariales

Answer 13

• birds nest and cannon-ball fungi
• dispersed by raindrops
• basidicarps are hollow, cup like structures at maturity containing peridioles
• decompose cellulose

Question 14

What has the Hibbett et al 1997 study about?

Answer 14

first general phylogenetic framework for homobasidiomycetes
used DNA
13 of 20 species of gilled mushrooms found in single well-supported lineage “eugarics”
eugarics also include some non-gilled taxa
sister group is Boletales - Scleroderma is a Bolete