Pocket Prep 5 Flashcards

Question

What is the difference between a counseling group and group therapy? A counseling group is more likely to address deeper issues Group therapy is less clinical and less likely to address pathology Group therapy is more clinical and more likely to address pathology The terms are equivalent

Answer 1

Correct answer: Group therapy is more clinical and more likely to address pathology Although certain terms are often used interchangeably, there is a difference between group therapy and a counseling group. In general, group therapy is more clinical and more likely to address a pathology. A clinical treatment modality of some kind is almost guaranteed in actual group therapy. A counseling group may or may not use a clinical approach; these groups are more likely to address items related to personal growth and development than the deeper issues explored in group therapy.

Answer 2

Correct answer: The psychodrama technique Jacob Moreno is known for developing the technique of psychodrama in the early 20th century. This therapeutic approach, outlined in Moreno's The Theater of Spontaneity, focuses on the current moments and interactions. The goal of psychodrama is to reorganize the individual's perceptions and allow for insight and reality testing. The psychodrama includes a stage, and group members are assigned roles, such as representations of people and the audience.

Answer 3

Correct answer: Psychoanalytic theory Sigmund Freud is known as the father of psychoanalytic theory, in which the client is seen as the product of his or her childhood. Proponents of psychoanalytic theory believe that certain personalities exist because of the conflicts between impulses and the restraint of these impulses. Techniques often used in psychoanalysis include dream interpretation and free association as means of accessing the unconscious drives and motivations of clients.

Answer 4

Correct answer: A client with a traumatic past Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic technique pioneered by Francine Shapiro in which eye movements are used to "rewire" traumatic memories in an individual. It seems to be most appropriate for persons who have disturbing episodes of trauma in their past that bring on present anxiety. Clients with thought disorders, intractable depression, and alcohol problems would not be considered good candidates for EMDR.

Answer 5

Correct answer: Having a family member arrange the family spatially The therapeutic technique of family sculpting refers to a form of psychodrama or role-playing, in which a family member illustrates an important idea about a family through the physical arrangement of family members in a therapeutic context. Having a family member arrange the family spatially would be a good example. The technique does not involve explicit changes suggested by family members, and it would not use descriptive art to illustrate an ideal.

Answer 6

Correct answer: Humanistic Virginia Satir is widely known for her development of the humanistic model of family counseling. Satir believed that family members often take on one of five styles of communication: placater, blamer, superreasonable, irrelevant, and congruent communicator. Satir saw herself as a coach and teacher of families, and worked intimately with families by joining with them and sharing in the experience of being a family member.

Answer 7

Correct answer: A psychoeducational group for teenagers who are at risk of developing depression Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention groups may all address similar problems but do so in different ways. Primary groups emphasize preventing problems and developing healthy behaviors. For example, educational groups about the causes and symptoms of depression. Secondary groups focus on reducing the severity of a specific problem and include preventative and remedial elements, such as adjusting to a loss. Tertiary groups involve rehabilitation and focus on returning individuals to healthy functioning.

Answer 8

Correct answer: To help individuals in therapy become whole beings Fritz Perls' Gestalt therapy comes from existential ideas about genuineness, personal congruence, and responsibility. The goal of Gestalt therapy is to help individuals in therapy become whole (gestalt) beings and reduce the fractionation of identity and personality as they get their needs met in the environment. The goal of Gestalt therapy is not to help individuals in therapy deal with past trauma, progress to self-actualization, or repair dysfunctional relationships.

Answer 9

Correct answer: To experience it fully without evaluation In Linehan's dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), distress tolerance is one of the modules taught to clients. It teaches that the proper response to a painful current situation is to experience it fully without evaluation or intellectualization. Although describing a situation is important at a later stage of one's experience, and change is essentially the point of any therapeutic mode, distress tolerance does not encourage further engagement than total and unequivocal awareness.

Answer 10

Correct answer: Gestalt therapy Gestalt therapy is based on existential principles, and the goal of individuals in therapy is to integrate all of their needs to become a whole person. Clients are encouraged to attend to their emotions and to relive experiences. Counselors working from a gestalt approach often use the two-chair technique, role playing, and dream work.

Answer 11

Correct answer: Token economy There are several techniques counselors can use to modify behavior. A token economy uses points, or other types of reinforcements, to reward individuals who exhibit desired behaviors. These points can then be used to purchase goods and privileges.

Answer 12

Correct answer: Their attractiveness and power Many factors are involved in the configuration and clinical process of group work. Group cohesion tends to take place in the same way across groups, regardless of culture, composition, or focus, at least as far as what attracts group members to a group. In general, people want to be part of groups where other group members are identified as having attractiveness and power. Group members tend to identify with these individuals and increase group cohesion. Group members are often less attracted to goals, relationships, and coping skills.

Answer 13

Correct answer: Ending the business of the group Groups can go through discrete stages: an initial stage of acquaintance, followed by a stage of conflict, then a stage where productive work is done, and finally a termination stage when the group's main function is to end the business of the group. It is not the time to form new connections, address new issues, or engage in conflict resolution.

Answer 14

Correct answer: Rogerian factors are not linked with positive outcomes in research Carl Rogers, considered the founder of the humanist school of psychotherapy, suggested that factors such as unconditional positive regard and congruence were necessary conditions for effective psychotherapy. However, the research does not show that these specific factors are necessarily linked with positive outcomes for clients in any presentation.

Answer 15

Correct answer: Nuclear families make the best family counseling clients Family counseling can include nuclear family units, extended family, and anyone who impacts the family unit. There is no evidence to show that nuclear families are more successful than or preferable to other types of families. Family counseling goals typically include increased communication, improved dysfunctional patterns, and the use of relationships to heal and stabilize the family.

Answer 16

Correct answer: Victim, persecutor, and rescuer Karpman's ideas about why drama-intense relationships continue can be helpful for counselors working with clients. The Drama Triangle forms when three individuals take on the roles of victim, persecutor, and rescuer. Karpman's theory suggests that conflict arises when one person takes on the role of victim or persecutor, and others step in to fill other roles due to each person's unmet psychological needs.

Answer 17

Correct answer: Object relations theory Object relations theory is based on psychoanalytic concepts, including the belief that early childhood is incredibly relevant to how clients operate within relationships in the present day. Object relations theories teach that, in the first three years of life, infants have the opportunity to develop significant relationships with primary caretakers that will shape their interactions with people throughout their lives.

Answer 18

Correct answer: Women's development In the early 1990s, Judith Jordan and others presented the self-in-relation theory, a developmental theory of women. Central concepts of this theory are that people grow into relationships throughout life, positive relationships include mutual respect and empathy, engagements need to be authentic in order for relationships to grow, and mature functioning is characterized by meaningful connections, among other points. The self-in-relation theory is currently known as relational-cultural theory.

Answer 19

Correct answer: Cognitive and behavioral counseling Cognitive and behavioral counseling comes from the behaviorist school of psychology, which suggests that behavior is learned and can be shaped. Thus, techniques such as operant and classical conditioning would belong to this school. Existential counseling, transactional analysis, and person-centered counseling do not use conditioning techniques.

Answer 20

Correct answer: Yes, as she is ascribing her negative motives to others Defense mechanisms are ways the mind attempts to preserve homeostasis and prevent inner conflict as much as possible. These take various forms, one of which is projection, or assigning one's distasteful or undesirable motives or ideas to others. Projection does not involve ascribing the opposite motive to others and has nothing to do with the effect one's motives have on those of others. Defense mechanisms are largely unconscious rather than conscious.

Answer 21

Correct answer: Rewarding The behaviorist school of counseling and psychotherapy deals extensively with rewards and punishments to shape behaviors. In practice, it seems that reward is more effective in altering behavior than punishment, which can induce aggression and confer only temporary benefits at best. Circumstances differ, and both reward and punishment can be effective in the short-term; however, positive strategies such as rewards are seen as more so.

Answer 22

Correct answer: A person modeling competence in a desired behavior The school of neobehaviorism, connected with the work of Albert Bandura, suggests that human beings are both producers and products of conditioning. Bandura and this school stress the importance of social learning as an influence and driver of human behavior. In a therapeutic context, this might manifest as a person modeling competence in a desired behavior. The other choices do not deal with social learning and are more concerned with internal processing, which is uncharacteristic of neobehaviorism.

Answer 23

Correct answer: Six to eight members Clinical groups function best when there is a balance of time available for all who wish to contribute, as well as avoiding too much or too little clinical focus on individuals. The ideal size is generally considered to be six to eight members.

Answer 24

Correct answer: Homicidal and/or suicidal clients Paradoxical interventions can be described as therapeutic modalities that run counter to the expectations of the client. One example is prescribing the symptom, in which the client is asked to exaggerate the symptom from which they are suffering to help the client understand their level of control. Paradoxical interventions can be controversial, as they seek to disrupt productively what the client likely expects from treatment. However, these modalities should not be used with homicidal and/or suicidal clients. This is true both in terms of the specific pathology presented and the acuity of these two presentations; paradoxical interventions assume that the client is not acutely ill and a danger to self or others. Paradoxical interventions can be used with the other client types listed. Reference:

Answer 25

Correct answer: Controlling noise and stimulation Milieu therapy is a modality based on the idea that environmental change can benefit an individual's functioning. As it can involve fundamental changes to a person's environment as a route to better functioning, it is more characteristic of inpatient treatment. One example would be controlling the level of noise and stimulation experienced by an individual. Discussing past relationships, addressing sleeping and eating habits, and doing group assessments of shared pathology are not milieu interventions.

Answer 26

Correct answer: Carl will act in an extremely masculine way Defense mechanisms exist to protect the conscious mind from undesirable unconscious thoughts or stimuli. One of these is reaction formation, in which the opposite of the inner feeling is outwardly expressed. In this case, since Carl is insecure about his masculinity, he will act it out to the extreme to protect himself. If Carl were to accuse others of his insecurity, he would be projecting; if he were to avoid the topic, he would be either in repression or denial.

Answer 27

Correct answer: The group will have higher group cohesion In forming treatment groups, phenomena can be observed that will either contribute to or subtract from the group's therapeutic process. High group cohesion is considered desirable, as this will enable greater dialogue and cooperation among members. In fact, when a group with high group cohesion comes under attack, the group will likely develop even higher group cohesion.

Answer 28

Correct answer: strategic family therapy Strategic family therapy focuses on the power and control expressed through family communication patterns, and techniques are frequently direct suggestions or assignments. Relabeling is used by counselors who can reframe the meaning of a situation. Some strategic family counselors will prescribe a symptom or put clients in a therapeutic double bind as a way of forcing them to either give up the problematic behavior or acknowledge control over it.

Answer 29

Correct answer: It psychologically protects the group member from painful feelings Counselors who are leading groups must frequently handle resistance, which is any behavior that impedes progress. There is a wide variety of resistant behavior, such as being disrespectful toward the group counselor, coming late to sessions or leaving early, refraining from talking during the session, changing the subject, denying that one has problems, and many other behaviors. The one thing that resistant behaviors have in common, however, is that they all protect the group member from painful or uncomfortable feelings. The task of the group counselor is to address the resistance in a way that will draw the group member back into the group process in a helpful, therapeutic way.

Answer 30

Correct answer: Knowing the best ways to work with cultures of all types Group counselors should have a group of core skills that allow them to work effectively with group members. Among other skills, they should be able to manage and direct the group within certain time constraints, prevent members from blocking discussion, and help the group set goals. While group counselors should understand that cultural differences are a factor that affects how individuals relate to each other, no counselor is expected to know everything about every culture. It is more important for counselors to have an attitude of openness to learning about each individual's values and beliefs.

Answer 31

Correct answer: Person-centered Person-centered group work is based on the work of Carl Rogers and the principles of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness. Counselors leading groups based on person-centered theory are often non-directive and tend to act more like members than leaders. Because these groups are less structured, there is considerable focus on listening and reflection.

Answer 32

Correct answer: To prevent intimacy Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA) rests on a theory of human interaction that assesses the communicative roles in which people communicate and act with each other. Not all interactions are transparent or geared for mutual benefit; a game is a mechanism one party uses in a transaction to prevent intimacy. The point of a game in this context is not to falsify interaction, preserve the self, or promote success in a contest.

Answer 33

Correct answer: To teach coping skills and ways of modifying behavior Cognitive behavior groups, which help group members find ways of identifying and changing behaviors, aim to eliminate problems and teach self-management skills. Leaders of cognitive behavior groups teach coping skills and methods of modifying behavior. Techniques used include contracts, reinforcement, and modeling.

Answer 34

Correct answer: Negative feedback loops Cybernetics is the study of methods of feedback control, both negative and positive. Negative feedback loops are patterns of interaction that maintain stability and homeostasis within the family system. Positive feedback loops are patterns of interaction that can facilitate change. Equifinality refers to different individuals reaching the same goal through different methods or routes. Interdependence simply refers to the fact that family members rely on and are influenced by each other.

Answer 35

Correct answer: People are generally poor at forecasting their emotional reactions to life circumstances In general, people are poor at forecasting their emotional reactions to life circumstances. People tend to overestimate the impact of events on their overall emotional life. For example, rather than a lifelong adjustment to happiness in a positive direction, the emotional boost from getting married lasts about two years.

Answer 36

Correct answer: Executive leadership Irvin Yalom, a well-known figure in the field of group counseling, believed that certain leadership functions were present in the field of group counseling. These leader functions include emotional stimulation, in which counselors encourage healthy expression of emotions; caring, which is characterized by warmth, acceptance, genuineness, and concern; meaning attribution, in which the group leader provides a cognitive perspective to group members' experiences; and executive leadership, which is characterized by the group leader structuring the group and ensures that the group is moving in a specific direction. During the executive leadership stage, the emphasis is placed on managing the group as a social system.

Answer 37

Correct answer: Adlerian Adlerian groups aim to help people explore basic life assumptions, recognize strengths, encourage the acceptance of responsibility, and develop social interests. Cognitive behavioral groups are a type of task group that aims to teach members how their thoughts impact their behaviors and feelings. Self-help groups are informal groups without a designated leader and usually serve as a support group. A T-group is an experiential group meant to help members change various aspects of their lives.

Answer 38

Correct answer: Learning effective parenting skills Group couples counseling is frequently more content-oriented than process-oriented. The goals of many couples counseling groups are to improve communication between parents and their children, resolve conflicts, and learn new parenting skills. Sometimes parents of children with mental health problems attend psychoeducational groups to learn more about that specific diagnosis and how it can affect an individual's life. The remaining answer options are incorrect because they are not topics addressed in group couples' counseling. Childhood trauma is best addressed in individual counseling due to the strong affective component of this type of work. Counseling is typically contraindicated when physical violence is occurring in the home; the best approach is for the aggressor to seek his or her own individual counseling (or perhaps participate in a group specifically for individuals who are violent to their partners). Group couples' counseling is contraindicated for crisis situations, as crisis intervention is counselor-led rather than a process that integrates feedback from group members.

Answer 39

Correct answer: Depression usually stems from early childhood trauma Aaron Beck is the main contributor to the field of cognitive therapy. He identified the concept of automatic thoughts in clients and their contribution to negative cognitive shifts. Beck believed that depression was caused by biological, genetic, personality, and stress factors. While Beck might agree that early childhood trauma could contribute to a current depressive state, this was not something articulated in his theories.

Answer 40

Correct answer: The here and now Gestalt therapy is known for its focus on the psychological and physical "here and now." Generally, Gestalt therapy is more concerned with the confrontational present rather than one's internal conflict, cognitive processing, or relational competence. Gestalt believed that by increasing one's awareness of self and surroundings, as well as an understanding of these factors, greater psychological freedom can be achieved.

Answer 41

Correct answer: Taking elements from various schools Eclectic counseling draws from various schools and integrates them into a personal style unique to that practitioner. Concentrating on the end result of the process, focusing on the relationships between thoughts and emotions, and skill training are all examples of techniques that might belong to specific schools of counseling or psychotherapy.

Answer 42

Correct answer: To purge emotions Catharsis is a term first used by Freud and Breuer to describe the highly emotional reactions of patients in psychoanalysis. It is still used to describe the purging of emotions that sometimes occurs as a result of the therapeutic process. The result is a feeling of relief. The point of catharsis is not to express unconscious desires, address relational needs, or block negative thoughts.

Answer 43

Correct answer: cohesive When a group is cohesive, group members enjoy coming to the group, feel as if they belong, and feel included. Cohesion occurs in groups made up of members who make self-disclosures, are vulnerable with each other rather than putting up defenses, and make commitments to each other. Cohesive groups are also usually good working groups, and any attacks on the group lead to greater cohesion.

Answer 44

Correct answer: A client acts out being rejected by their family The technique of psychodrama is associated with various schools of therapy, most notably Gestalt. It involves a client acting something out in the therapeutic environment for the purpose of exploring the feelings involved and creating an understanding of the client's perspective.

Answer 45

Correct answer: The therapist is joining the family and adopting their style Within structural family therapy, a therapist is often called upon to "join" or adopt the style of the family in order to better understand it, diagnose its issues, and participate more meaningfully in addressing those issues. This process is sometimes called mimesis. Mimesis does not refer to family members copying each others' style or having the family enact a completely different style.

Answer 46

Correct answer: A dietitian and a psychologist addressing a patient's needs Case integration refers to treatment involving different, non-overlapping services to a single client, (e.g., a dietitian employed to address nutrition and a psychologist employed to address potential psychopathology). Case integration involves a single client and does not involve professionals providing overlapping services.

Answer 47

Correct answer: Rational emotive behavior Rationale emotive behavior groups require a highly active and directive group leader, which may be too forceful for some clients. In these groups, the leader confronts illogical thinking and aims to make constructive changes, leading to a greater acceptance of self. The group leader often assigns homework and encourages role-playing and exercises in self-discipline.

Answer 48

Correct answer: Co-leaders should engage in power struggles from time to time to demonstrate conflict resolution skills Co-leadership is often a helpful technique for both group members and leaders. Group members can benefit from feedback from two leaders instead of one, co-leaders can act out role plays and model behaviors, and co-leaders can give each other feedback about their involvement with the group. When possible (and appropriate), it is helpful for one co-leader to be male and the other female, particularly if there is a combination of genders in the group. However, co-leaders should refrain from having power struggles. This could fragment the group, and it models unhelpful ways of working out differences.

Answer 49

Correct answer: Recruiting and screening Corey identified six stages of a group. These include formation, when the group counselor screens and selects group members; orientation and exploration, which focus on cohesion and trust between group members; transition, which deals with handling resistance and conflict; working, when the group becomes more productive and less dependent on the leader; consolidation and termination, when group members prepare for the outside world; and postgroup activities, which include evaluation and follow-up referrals for other services.

Answer 50

Correct answer: Structural family therapy Salvador Minuchin's structural family therapy involves the therapist "joining" or blending with a family in order to discover its patterns. When the therapist has this intimate knowledge of the systems within a family, changes can be responsibly recommended. This kind of intervention is not a feature of strategic family counseling, brief strategic therapy, or solution-focused therapy.

Answer 51

Correct answer: A homework assignment assigned after the first session Solution-focused brief therapy (SBFT) uses here-and-now techniques and active client involvement to achieve measurable gains in client success within a brief and limited timeframe. One technique within SBFT is a formula first session task (FFST), which involves a homework assignment given to the client after the first session. An FFST is not achieved within the session and is something for the client to do.

Answer 52

Correct answer: Psychodrama Psychodrama is a technique developed by Jacob Moreno that is used by group counselors to work through conflicts by reorganizing individuals' perceptions and increasing insight. Psychodrama usually includes a director, a protagonist, an auxiliary ego, and an audience.

Answer 53

Correct answer: A group teaching people with schizophrenia about medication A psychoeducation group is designed to help a specific population with information they can use (in this case, people with schizophrenia who can benefit from an understanding of medication). A group helping substance abuse clients address their trauma is more clinical, like group therapy. A group training executives to be better speakers is more like a t-group (or training group). A group that instructs walk-in clients about local resources sounds like a structured group, which is issue-focused rather than client-focused.

Answer 54

Correct answer: To help clients understand relationships A Johari window is a four-quadrant diagram separated by areas of knowledge that are known/not known to self/others. Its purpose is to help clients understand relationships by improving communication and the flow of information. A Johari Window is not a tool for goal-setting, calling attention to maladaptive patterns, or negating transference or countertransference.

Answer 55

Correct answer: A client learning to challenge their irrational thoughts In many types of cognitive therapy, cognitive restructuring is a primary activity. This involves learning about one's irrational thoughts, learning to challenge those irrational thoughts, and then going on to replace them with rational thoughts. This technique centers on a client's thoughts and character and is not about relationships, adaptation, or trauma.

Answer 56

Correct answer: Brief therapy more clearly addresses pathology Although they are often seen as similar, crisis intervention and brief therapy are designed to accomplish different things for different clinical groups. For the most part, brief therapy (like actual therapy of any kind) is more addressed to pathology and symptoms, using clinical tools and modalities to reduce both. Crisis intervention is mainly addressed to those experiencing normal reactions to a crisis, with the objective of helping them manage a natural progression from stress to efficacy. There is no explicit relationship between crisis intervention and brief therapy in terms of timing.

Answer 57

Correct answer: A client's sense of responsibility for their life The school of existential therapy focuses on the client's sense of responsibility for their life and the anxiety that emerges as one moves through the process of life. Its interventions hand responsibility to the client, who must consciously own their choices, beliefs, and direction in life. Existential therapy does not deal as much with subjective experience (except where it implicates present responsibility), thought disturbance, or mood.

Answer 58

Correct answer: Emotional stimulation should be carefully monitored to ensure group members are capable of dealing with strong feelings in ways that are not harmful In terms of group leadership, emotional stimulation refers to the extent to which feelings, values, and/or beliefs are expressed by group members. In certain situations that include individuals who are at risk of harming themselves or others, such as inpatient psychiatric groups, leaders should pay close attention to the amount of emotional stimulation that is present, in order to ensure that group members are not overwhelmed by strong feelings.

Answer 59

Correct answer: "If things could be different overnight, how could you tell the difference?" In solution-focused brief therapy (SBFT), the miracle question is sometimes employed as a therapeutic tool. The client is asked this question related to the current circumstances they want to change, with the purpose of creating space for a solution in that client's imagination. For example, the question "If things could be different overnight, how could you tell the difference?" encourages the client to visualize what not having the current problem would be like. The other questions listed focus too much on the past or other people. SBFT deals with one's possibility of immediate and productive change.

Answer 60

Correct answer: The structure of TA groups, and contracts that can be adjusted for different cultural values Transactional Analysis (TA) groups focus on a combination of action and affect, and the leader is regarded as the diagnostician and teacher. This role of the leader as the instructor creates a structure that many multicultural group members like. One technique commonly used in transactional analysis groups is the contract, which can be adjusted for all types of beliefs and values. Transactional analysis gives a narrow (rather than broad) understanding of human nature, is both action- and affect-oriented, and does contain some concepts that may be difficult for multicultural clients to understand.

Answer 61

Correct answer: One cannot be both anxious and relaxed at the same time Joseph Wolpe contributed the theory of reciprocal inhibition, which states that a person cannot be both anxious and relaxed at the same time. This suggests that if a person with anxiety practices relaxation, they become less anxious. This theory is the foundation of systematic desensitization, part of which is the reduction of anxiety through positive pairing with anxiety-provoking stimuli. The other statements, though generally true, do not define Wolpe's theory of reciprocal inhibition.

Answer 62

Correct answer: They are based on constructivist theory Brief therapy and narrative therapy have in common a basis in constructivist theory, which is the idea that, to some degree, reality is constructed socially. The practice implication is that by addressing this social construction or personal narrative, positive change can be enacted. Narrative theory may not be highly limited in scope. The two therapies do not necessarily involve a rigorous examination of the past. They may or may not involve the study of cognitive patterns.

Answer 63

Correct answer: A group for survivors of sexual abuse, led by a survivor Self-help groups are support systems to help with psychological stress of some sort and are typically not led by a professional. A self-help group that addresses issues faced by those with a history of sexual abuse could foster invaluable support for survivors by offering a safe space for group members to share with others who have had similar experiences. Alcoholics Anonymous is one of the most well-known self-help groups.

Answer 64

Correct answer: The brain's ability to reorganize itself Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to reorganize itself. This can take place in many ways, from the construction of new neural pathways to the production of neurotransmitters. In this context, neuroplasticity does not refer to the ability of the brain to recover from physical injury, recognize others, or change in response to others.

Answer 65

Correct answer: An educational group about alcoholism Groups can sometimes be arranged to help those with a certain issue. If a well-known problem is present, prevention groups can be used as a strategy for either avoiding or mitigating harm. A primary prevention group would be something like an educational group about the risks of alcohol. Primary in this case means that the harm or condition has not yet taken hold, and there is an opportunity to avoid it altogether. The other options deal with people who already have issues related to alcoholism.

Answer 66

Correct answer: The Father Eric Berne described three ego states in his work on transactional analysis (TA). These are the Parent (who has internalized all of society's rules and expectations), the Adult (who is rationally operating in the world), and the Child (who contains spontaneity and desire). The interaction of these ego states is TA's primary focus. The Father is not one of the ego states described by Berne.

Answer 67

Correct answer: enmeshed Enmeshment occurs in families that have diffuse boundaries and the separation between family members is unclear. In this example, the mother and son have difficulty distinguishing themselves from one another, which seems to be a significant barrier to the marital relationship and the father-son relationship. The counselor can urge the mother to encourage her son to be more independent and to express his own feelings, opinions, and beliefs without fear of judgment

Answer 68

Correct answer: Sublimation Defense mechanisms are means by which the mind protects itself from inner conflict resulting from unwanted desires, motives, or emotions. Sublimation means that the person takes unwanted energy and channels it into more productive or prosocial activity, such as someone taking their work anxiety and working out in a gym. Projection is the assignment of one's own undesirable issues to others, denial is the rejection of facts that cause stress, and reaction formation is taking unwanted feelings and acting out the opposite. None of these would be considered positive in the same way as sublimation would be.

Answer 69

Correct answer: "Why do you want to change?" Motivational interviewing is a technique whose purpose is to actuate client change by finding within the client their real reason for the desire to change. An essential part of the process is to identify and deal with sources of ambivalence, as part of the function of ambivalence is to prevent the discomfort of change. The other statements do not put the burden of identifying motivation on the client, which is the core of MI.

Answer 70

Correct answer: Eight When forming groups, counselors should be careful to consider the number of group members to invite. For adult groups with only one leader (rather than co-leaders), the optimum size is eight. This gives group members the opportunity to build relationships with all other group members without feeling overwhelmed by the number of people.

Answer 71

Correct answer: Fusion with mother Object relations theory is based on psychoanalytic concepts, as it asserts that relationships that we form early in life affect our interpersonal interactions with others in the present. There are four stages of development that should be navigated in the first three years of life: fusion with mother (first three to four weeks), symbiosis (third to eighth month), separation/individuation (begins the fourth or fifth month), and constancy of self and object (occurs by the 36th month).

Answer 72

Correct answer: Adlerian Adlerian group counselors aim to help group members explore life assumptions, recognize their own strengths and accept responsibility, and increase self-esteem. The Adlerian group approach has been shown to be successful when used in parent-education models in schools. The Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP) program, developed by Don Dinkmeyer, is one such program.

Answer 73

Correct answer: "You only live once." Defense mechanisms are ways in which the psyche protects itself from unwanted thoughts or inner conflict. These take many forms; in this case, rationalization would most likely cause Denise to respond with "You only live once." Rationalization creates an acceptable reason for behavior that the mind can fall back on when questioned by itself or others. "You're the one spending all your money" sounds like projection, which is ascribing one's motives to others. "I don't spend that much money" could signal denial.

Answer 74

Correct answer: A psychoeducational group providing information about play therapy Psychoeducational groups focus on providing education and information to group members and building skills. These groups can be preventative, remedial, or simply there to provide information to interested parties. For parents curious about the purpose of play therapy, this group may be an excellent way to gain information, get answers to questions, and connect with other parents.

Answer 75

Correct answer: Action Prochaska suggested a model of change that is widely used in treatment contexts. It consists of five stages. In the first stage, precontemplation, a person does not know or understand their need to change, as when James was cued by his family member. In the second stage, contemplation, a person is ambivalent about changing, just as James was ambivalent about starting his program. In the next stage, preparation, resources and knowledge are gathered to help institute change. In the fourth stage, action, concrete action is begun toward change. In the last stage, maintenance, those changes are maintained.

Answer 76

Correct answer: A stage when members trust each other and often achieve success Group development takes place in five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. During the forming stage, members establish goals for the group but continue to focus on themselves. The storming stage is typically marked by conflict as members work out personality differences. During the norming stage, members accept differences between each other and begin to work together. The performing stage is when members trust each other and often achieve success. The final stage, adjourning, is when group members celebrate their successes and assess their work.

Answer 77

Correct answer: Practicing positive statements Donald Meichenbaum contributed the idea of cognitive behavior modification, which involves thought replacement of negative thoughts with positive ones. In keeping with this idea, stress inoculation is practiced by an individual practicing positive statements under stress with the aim of reducing negative thoughts and controlling responses to stress. Taking charge of one's own medication, connecting with others who have similar issues, and roleplaying successful interactions with peers may all be helpful but are not characteristic of stress inoculation.

Answer 78

Correct answer: There is a lack of norms among group members There are many advantages to group counseling, including the opportunity to experience social support, peer confrontation, and new behaviors; having a safe place to practice new skills; and getting exposure to an experience that more nearly replicates the participants' everyday world. In addition, group norms develop over time, providing members with a chance to practice their skills in a subset of the "real" world. Reference:

Answer 79

Correct answer: To understand the structure of a family's systems A genogram is a structural diagram of a family, with various symbols used to denote gender, status of being alive or dead, divorce, and many others. This most often goes back at least three generations. The point of this is to illustrate and understand the structure of a family's systems, which might otherwise not be apparent. Genograms do not address genetic patterns, nor are they simply meant to deal with communication. They are not diagnostic but informational.

Answer 80

Correct answer: Individual, Interpersonal, Organization, Community The Group Work Grid refers to R. K. Coyne's four levels of intervention: Individual, Interpersonal, Organization, and Community populations. Individual: To prevent, correct, or enhance individual personal or task functions; the focus being helping an individual. Interpersonal: To prevent, correct, or enhance interpersonal or task functions; the focus being on interpersonal interactions. Organization: To prevent, correct, or enhance organizational or task functions; the focus being on organizational behavior. Community: To prevent, correct, or enhance task functions at the community level; the focus being on the larger interactions within communities These are different from the various models of group development, such as Gerald Corey's stages (initial, transition, working, and termination) or Bruce Tuckman's

Answer 81

Correct answer: Men complete suicide more, and women attempt suicide more The phenomenon of suicide appears differently in women and men. It appears that men complete suicide more (generally because of the use of more lethal means), but women seem to attempt suicide more often than men.

Answer 82

Correct answer: risky shift phenomenon Risky shift phenomenon occurs when a group makes decisions that are riskier and less conservative due to group discussions. This is a common occurrence in groups, as shared risk makes the individual risk less. Studies also show that extensive discussion about a particularly risky course of action tends to lessen perceived risk.

Answer 83

Which of the following is false about the phenomenon of group cohesion? Group members are more likely to identify with members that are perceived as powerful Attacks on a cohesive group result in less cohesion Attacks on a cohesive group do not necessarily result in a change in group cohesion Attacks on a cohesive group result in greater cohesion

Answer 84

Correct answer: Countertransference is the extra feelings brought into the therapeutic relationship by the therapist Sigmund Freud identified the notion of transference, which is the way in which patients tend to bring extra feelings into the therapeutic relationship, usually transferring these from another relationship such as a parent. Countertransference is the extra feelings a therapist brings into the therapeutic relationship. These notions are current and have not been disproven by research.

Answer 85

Correct answer: Receives a lot of attention, is dependable and responsible Alfred Adler postulated a range of attributes according to the birth order in a family. Oldest children, according to this view, get a lot of attention, tend to be dependable and responsible, and are achievement-oriented. Youngest children tend to be pampered and go their own way, only children tend to deal with adults well and want center stage, and middle children can feel left out and see life as unfair.

Answer 86

Correct answer: Take responsibility for their behaviors and formulate a plan for change Reality group counseling focuses on group members taking responsibility for their behaviors and increasing control over their lives. Techniques used in reality group counseling include honest self-examination, evaluating behavior, formulating a plan for change, and following through with this plan.

Answer 87

Correct answer: To put a different perspective on an existing problem or situation It is often helpful in psychotherapy to challenge a client about a given problem or situation. One way to do this is reframing (i.e., to put a different perspective on an existing problem or situation). One example might be taking a client's belief that others dislike him and offering the perspective that perhaps others do not know how to engage with him. The technique is not explicitly meant to shift to another's perspective, nor does it deal with family structure or deny psychopathology.

Answer 88

Correct answer: An adult who maintains the high stakes of childhood relationships in adult relationships Protective systems as a concept in family therapy deal with the failure of child role models. As the child ages, the high stakes of childhood relationships are preserved in adult relationships with undue anxiety about failure and danger. The concept does not refer to age-peer relationships among children or protecting the family system.

Answer 89

Correct answer: Thought disorder The technique of biofeedback, which helps a person rewire neural networks related to autonomic response, is useful to help with migraine headaches, anxiety, and phobias, among others. It is less useful for cases of actual brain disease or psychosis, such as those present in thought disorders.

Answer 90

Correct answer: The client Motivational interviewing is a technique aimed at helping a client discover and utilize their reasons for change. The client is the source of change within MI. The aims are to identify, describe, and deal with ambivalence in a person who is in some stage of a change process. In MI, the source of change is not the therapist, the environment, or a reward/punishment strategy.

Answer 91

Correct answer: A client in crisis Group therapy is a highly versatile modality that can be used effectively for a wide variety of populations. Some benefits of group therapy go beyond specific treatment for a given mental illness or condition, such as affiliation and non-expert feedback. However, clients in a state of crisis would be the least likely of those listed to benefit from a group process. Clients in crisis are generally highly concerned about their own issues of crisis, which will need to be resolved before the client can be an effective member of a therapeutic group. The other groups listed would be normal candidates for group work, depending on the treatment context.

Answer 92

Correct answer: Schizophrenia According to object relations theory, which is based on psychoanalytic concepts, a child must pass through four broad stages of development in order to function normally. If normal progression through these stages does not occur, the individual is at increased risk for attachment disorders and personality disorders such as borderline and narcissism.

Answer 93

Correct answer: Person-centered The person-centered approach focuses on the importance of the counselor showing unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding toward the client. The focus is on the client's current feelings and the client's process of becoming and moving toward self-actualization. Carl Rogers is the primary founder of this approach.

Answer 94

Correct answer: They place more emphasis on the ego than the id Neo-Freudians are psychoanalysts who have moved away from Freud's emphasis on the id as the main psychological force. More emphasis is placed on the ego, which is controlled by the reality principle. Like Freud, Neo-Freudians still believe in the power of unconscious desires and drives, focus on childhood experiences, and emphasize both psychodynamic and sociodynamic forces.

Answer 95

Correct answer: Mindfulness Linehan's DBT helps individuals with a variety of presentations deal with unacceptable feelings and impulse control. It is divided into four modules: Mindfulness, with the hope of helping a client experience their own emotions fully Distress tolerance, accepting and tolerating the moment non-judgmentally Interpersonal effectiveness, helping a client deal with conflict and relationships Emotional regulation, helping a client increase positive emotions

Answer 96

Correct answer: To induce change to the family system Feedback loops, in the language of family therapy, are the product of interlocking systems within the larger family system. There are two kinds of feedback loops: a positive-feedback loop, which induces change in the family system, and a negative-feedback loop, which is the family system in its natural (likely pathological) state attempting to preserve homeostasis and prevent change. The function of positive feedback loops is not to facilitate certain family interactions.

Answer 97

Correct answer: Loss of empathy and interest in clients Compassion fatigue is a phenomenon common to counselors who see difficult client issues and a lack of progress. It is most commonly evidenced by a loss of empathy and interest in clients. Compassion fatigue is not marked by inappropriate feelings toward clients, being hyper-engaged with clients, or having greater countertransference with clients.

Answer 98

Correct answer: It results in psychological differences between siblings Alfred Adler was one of the first thinkers to identify and detail the importance of birth order among siblings in the same household. Generally, according to Adler, birth order results in a different psychological environment for each child and different psychological attributes among siblings to meet the needs of a changing family over time. Birth order is not seen, in this perspective, as being responsible for sibling rivalry, and the phenomenon may or may not result in distress for younger siblings.

Answer 99

Correct answer: To change the client's relationship with their negative thoughts Mindfulness is gaining popularity in many counseling approaches; it consists of two parts. One part of mindfulness is to focus and pay close attention to one's own current emotions, thoughts, sensations, and experiences. The second part is for the therapist to take a nonjudgmental attitude toward what the client is experiencing both internally and externally. The purpose of these two parts of mindfulness is to change the client's understanding of and relationship with their negative thoughts.

Answer 100

Correct answer: The explanations people offer for events influence future expectations for success and failure There are many theories regarding individuals' motivation and understanding of their own behaviors. Attribution theory refers to the way that explanations individuals offer for their outcomes influence their expectations of future success and failure. This also influences how motivated individuals may be to succeed. The belief that rewards are contingent on our own actions refers to an internal locus of control, while the belief that the future is determined more by chance than by being contingent on certain events refers to an external locus of control. The fact that the expectations people have for themselves are often higher than what they are able to accomplish does not describe attribution theory.

Answer 101

Correct answer: To notify the possible target of violence A "duty to warn" is when a professional becomes aware that a person in their care has made a credible threat to harm someone else. Although state requirements vary along with organizational procedures, the point is to notify the possible target of violence that this violence might occur. This warning is not about confidentiality for patients and does not have anything to do with inter-agency relationships or treatment decisions.

Answer 102

Correct answer: It is helpful to elicit client responses Though it can be uncomfortable for clients and therapists and should be carefully applied, the use of silence in therapy sessions is a widely known and useful counseling practice. There are several benefits to silence, including allowing for greater control of the session's emotional level, giving control to the client, and forming a space in which a client has time to find the best response to a therapeutic direction or idea. Silence can be mildly uncomfortable but should not be threatening if properly used. There is no directive as to which clients are more or less able to benefit: it is a tool to be carefully applied like any other with a variety of clinical presentations.

Answer 103

Correct answer: Transition Group work is generally conceptualized to follow a four-stage process. In the first stage, orientation, the group is formed and acquainted. The next stage, transition, is when interpersonal dynamics are worked out and conflict is most likely to occur. When this is resolved, the working phase can begin. When the work is complete, it is appropriate to measure progress in the termination stage.

Answer 104

Correct answer: Suicidal patients and those with borderline personality disorder Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) is a treatment modality first used to address suicidal patients and those with borderline personality disorder. It has a substantial evidence base and is now used to treat a variety of other issues. DBT involves skills training, individual treatment, and a high degree of contact with the therapist. It is considered a cognitive behavioral method.

Answer 105

Correct answer: "What are you going to do to address this problem?" Choice theory asserts that the most important driver of patient wellness is the patient's behavioral choices in the here and now. Like other therapeutic orientations that focus on the responsibility taken and used by the client, choice theory is mainly concerned with the present and not with the past exploration of causal elements of present issues. The other statements do not suggest a present orientation focused on patient choices in reality.

Answer 106

Correct answer: To help a person explore their feelings about another The empty chair technique is used often in various models of therapy. It involves an empty chair in which the client imagines another person to be. That person will be someone that the client will benefit from "talking to" in this manner and can aid in clarifying and exploring feelings about another. The technique does not involve switching roles and is more geared toward the exploration of a relationship than overcoming fear or addressing trauma.

Answer 107

Correct answer: A client with a fear of flying imagining a plane crash in the therapist's office Implosive therapy is a behaviorist technique meant to desensitize a client to a feared stimulus. One example would be a client with a fear of flying imagining a plane crash in the safe environment of a therapist's office. This would likely be followed by more iterations with the goal of reducing experienced distress. Implosive therapy generally does not involve others, nor would it usually ask a client to critically examine their life choices. It would most likely not ask a client to relive a crisis unless that crisis was in some way a current source of fear or distress.

Answer 108

Correct answer: A group that only meets for four sessions Group counselors can choose from one of three main styles of leading groups: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire. Autocratic leaders are typically direct and set clear goals and boundaries for groups. This type of leadership works best when time restraints are an issue, when membership frequently changes, or when the group needs to coordinate with other groups. Democratic leaders allow members to express their ideas and aim to encourage discussion and participation. Laissez-faire leaders allow group members to be in charge of all decision-making and it works best when group members are very motivated.

Answer 109

Correct answer: Education, rehearsal, application Meichenbaum developed a three-stage stress inoculation technique that is meant to help one know and reduce one's own stress. The first stage, education, helps the client understand how they respond to stress through inner dialogue. The second, rehearsal, is when new strategies of self-talk are used. The third, application, is when the new self-talk is used in practice.

Answer 110

Correct answer: Increase self-understanding and explore a full range of feelings Person-centered groups typically encourage openness and an exploration of a full range of feelings. Techniques include active listening and reflection rather than structured techniques found in other types of groups. The focus of person-centered groups is on increasing self-understanding and personal insight.

Answer 111

Correct answer: Imagining being in a dark room Systematic desensitization deals with a person's systematically reduced anxiety when exposed to a certain stimulus. It is generally seen as proceeding through four stages. Relaxation training to gain control of one's responses Construction of anxiety hierarchy to gain intellectual knowledge of one's fear Imaginative desensitization to explore one's fear in safe circumstances In vivo sensitization to gain control over the feared stimulus The progression is necessarily stepwise and iterative. In this case, the first two steps have been done, so the next step would be the imaginative exercise of imagining being in a dark room. Going into a dark room would be the last stage. Learning how to control responses and thinking of what is most fearful about a dark room would have been accomplished earlier in the process.

Answer 112

Correct answer: Coming up with a list of options Prochaska postulated a structured, stepwise model of change that is widely used in therapeutic contexts. It contains five stages. The first, precontemplation, is one in which a person may or may not know they need to change. The second, contemplation, is when a person is most ambivalent about whether to change. Preparation, as seen in this example, is when a person is gathering resources and information for change. Action is the stage in which change begins, and maintenance is the habitual realization of the changes that have begun.

Answer 113

Correct answer: It is meant to address psychopathology Crisis intervention is a specific modality meant to address the normal process of crisis, which can be stressful and debilitating. This process goes through various stages from establishing the safety of the client to the use of new skills and is limited in scope to the crisis itself. Crisis intervention is not meant to address psychopathology but to enhance function during a challenging but normal time.

Answer 114

Correct answer: Flooding involves actual exposure to a feared stimulus Desensitization strategies are designed to reduce the anxiety that occurs when a person is exposed to a feared stimulus, as in the case of a phobia. The technique of flooding differs from other, more gradual applications of this strategy by making the exposure to the feared stimulus total and immediate. Flooding is not necessarily indicated or contraindicated for persons with severe trauma and mood disorder. Its suitability depends on how the counselor evaluates their possible success with this technique in response to a feared stimulus.

Answer 115

Correct answer: Milan systemic family therapy Milan systemic family therapy refers to an approach that views the family as a system that aims to maintain balance. Systemic family therapists often use a variety of techniques, including circular questioning, which is the process of asking different family members the same questions about relationships. The family counselor can then use the ways that members differ in how they interpret events and interactions to suggest new ways of thinking about things, thereby hopefully changing family rules and relationships.

Answer 116

Correct answer: Warm-up, action, and closure There are many group dynamic issues for counselors to remember in terms of group content and process. The content and process are often organized into three distinct group sections: warm-up, action, and closure. In well-functioning groups, there is a smooth transition from one section to the next, and there is a balance between content and process in each section.

Answer 117

Correct answer: linking In group counseling, linking is the process of relating group members' thoughts, comments, and feelings to each other to increase cohesion and (at times) interaction. Linking is one of many techniques group counselors can use to enhance group members' experiences and to effect change.

Answer 118

Correct answer: They are part of normal, healthy development Daniel Levinson was a 20th-century American psychologist whose studies focused on typical stages in his adult subjects' lives. Levinson's Stage-Crisis View theory posits that there are predictable, stable, and transitional periods in life and that the social conflicts that arise during these periods must be resolved. He proposed that midlife crises are not only common but are part of normal, healthy development.

Answer 119

Correct answer: Our interpretation of events According to the beliefs of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), our essential problem is not our experience of events but our interpretation of events. We abandon rational thinking in favor of our own irrational interpretation of events. The problem, according to REBT, is not our traumatized childhood, inner conflict, or dysfunctional personalities.

Answer 120

Correct answer: Enhance a client's control of their body One well-known behaviorist technique is biofeedback, which involves the client enhancing their control of their body in some way. This generally refers to a client being able to more productively interact with their autonomic nervous system, (e.g., to control their heart rate in response to stress). Biofeedback does not have to do with control of behavior per se, nor does it address a client's unconscious or their circumstances.

Answer 121

Correct answer: In childhood REBT focuses on the identification and correction of false interpretive beliefs about reality. These false beliefs emerge, according to REBT, in childhood. They are reinforced throughout subsequent life and become concretized in the personality. REBT does not suggest that irrational beliefs are a result of trauma, emerge in adolescence, or result from abnormal brain development.

Answer 122

Correct answer: Yalom Irvin Yalom is well-known for his contributions to the field of group counseling. He developed a list of eleven curative factors that he believes exist in successful group work. These include altruism, universality, interpersonal learning, imparting information, developing socialization techniques, imitative behavior, group cohesiveness, catharsis, corrective recapitulation of the primary family group, instillation of hope, and existential factors. Yalom believes that if these factors are present in a group, group members will grow and develop.

Answer 123

Correct answer: "What are you feeling right now?" Fritz Perls' Gestalt therapy is a here-and-now focused, experiential school of therapy that attempts to focus the client on present circumstances and their own responsibility. One of its techniques is to use here-and-now questions to enhance a focus on the present. The other questions deal too much with the past and abstraction to be characteristic of Gestalt.

Answer 124

Correct answer: They are unconscious processes that protect the conscious Defense mechanisms are unconscious processes that protect the conscious. This is done by resolving, deflecting, dismissing, or otherwise short-circuiting the problematic stimuli or thought processes in the unconscious mind. In this way, the mind is protected from conflict and threats to its equilibrium. Defense mechanisms do not expand emotional expression per se.

Answer 125

Correct answer: Having a group member be the focus of a session Group therapy involves a wide variety of specific skills and interventions. Some of these more specifically address an individual, making them the focus of a session or given intervention; these are called vertical interventions. Horizontal interventions would involve all the members of the group. A group can deal with itself, target a specific diagnosis, and split into subgroups without practicing vertical intervention.

Answer 126

Correct answer: scapegoating Scapegoating occurs when several group members target an individual member of the group and criticize that person. This is a normal group process, but one that should not be tolerated due to its potential for damaging relationships. Intellectualizing is the process of keeping group content on a cognitive, rather than emotional, level. Blocking and linking are responsibilities of the group leader that are meant to encourage group cohesion and constructive discussion.

Answer 127

Correct answer: 1.0 The Global Scale for Rating Helper Responses was designed to assess counselor skills and point out directions in which they could be built. This scale is scored from 1.0 to 5.0, with 1 indicating that a counselor is non-empathic, scolding, and otherwise not attending to a client's needs, and 5.0 indicating a full understanding of all levels of client needs and an ability to facilitate growth.

Answer 128

Correct answer: To reduce or extinguish the effect of a troublesome stimulus Systematic desensitization is a technique designed to reduce or extinguish the effect of a troublesome stimulus by some form of mitigated exposure to increasingly tolerable levels of the troublesome stimulus. For example, a person who is afraid of spiders might first have a conversation about spiders, then see pictures, and at some later stage be exposed to a live spider. The goal of systematic desensitization is not to increase receptivity to any stimuli or substitute one stimulus for another. It is not meant to train resistance to interpersonal

Answer 129

Correct answer: A focus on A-B-C theory Transactional Analysis Groups focus on the study and repair of the pattern of one's interpersonal interactions, with a focus on being free of scripts and games. Transactional Analysis includes content based on dynamic ego states (parent, adult, and child), and is leader-centered in its character. The A-B-C theory is used in Rational Emotive Behavior therapy.

Answer 130

Correct answer: The person's phenomenological world The school of person-centered counseling as popularized by Carl Rogers focuses on the phenomenological world of the person in counseling. The emphasis is on helping the person reach a self-actualized, personally meaningful existence. Person-centered counseling would not focus on inner conflict, honesty in relationships, or the person's essential moral character.

Answer 131

Correct answer: Physiological reactions are the same in both versions of systematic desensitization The modality of systematic desensitization can be used to describe a graduated form of regulated exposure to a feared stimulus. Research has shown no major difference in physiological reactions between in vivo and virtual versions of this modality. Virtual systematic desensitization has been shown to be effective.

Answer 132

Correct answer: A client who is nervous in interpersonal interactions Rational emotive imagery is a technique often used in rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT). It involves having the client imagine a threatening circumstance, and then approaching that circumstance with logical thought instead of an emotional response. Clients who have thought disorders or struggle with mood/depression would be poor choices, unless the focus would be on an individual, threatening life circumstance that would benefit from analysis.

Answer 133

Correct answer: Circular causality Reciprocal determinism is a concept universally understood by family therapists and is the belief that every family member influences every other family member in a continuous process. Circular causality is the belief that forces are moving in many different directions simultaneously, resulting in a complex variety of outcomes. Counselors who focus on circular causality during family sessions focus on the process, not the content. Linear causality refers to the belief that one event or interaction directly causes another, so content and language help explain what is occurring within the family.

Answer 134

Correct answer: The therapist is an expert, and the client is receptive The status of a therapist and a client is important to consider as part of a therapeutic process. Most models favor some form of a vertical therapeutic relationship, in which the therapist is seen as the expert, and the client is seen as receptive to that expertise. Many models, however, favor a horizontal therapeutic relationship in which neither party is seen as the expert. A vertical therapeutic relationship does not involve shared expertise or the absence of expertise.

Answer 135

Correct answer: Alan will forget about his father Defense mechanisms serve the purpose of alleviating anxiety and protecting the psyche from troublesome or vivid emotions. Repression would most likely make Alan forget about his father, as thoughts about the troublesome stimulus (his father) would be repressed. Repression would result in an unconscious forgetting or denial of the stimulus or thought, not the urge to contact, discuss, or become hostile toward the stimulus.

Answer 136

Correct answer: To facilitate members helping each other with their problems Group counselors have many responsibilities when leading groups and must have some general knowledge about how to encourage and mediate group dynamics. Linking is the process of looking for common themes in the group content or process and connecting them. This approach can help members work on each other's problems.

Answer 137

Correct answer: Directive and enacted in the here and now Structural family therapy is directive and enacted in the here and now. It explicitly diagnoses and addresses maladaptive family systems through direct participatory observation and changes in the present. Structural family therapy is not abstract, discussion-based, or focused on the past, nor is it explicitly focused on pathology.

Answer 138

Correct answer: Metacognition Metacognition refers to a person's tendency to be aware of their thoughts. It is a key concept in cognitive therapy, in which the monitoring of one's thoughts and examination for patterns is central. Supercognition, supracognition, and self-cognition are all fabricated terms.

Answer 139

Correct answer: Moderate amounts Irvin Yalom is well-known for his contributions to the field of group leadership and the various functions that contribute to successful groups. According to Yalom, effective leaders use moderate amounts of emotional stimulation, moderate amounts of executive direction, frequent use of caring functions, and consistent use of meaning attribution.

Answer 140

Correction: Sympathy places distance between individuals, while empathy encourages engagement In the practice of counseling, it is important to draw a distinction between sympathy and empathy. Sympathy tends to be an expression that places a distance between individuals and is mainly a way to avoid engagement; in most cases, it expresses pity and seeks to end dealing with the presented circumstance. Empathy is an actual engagement with the feelings of the individual and is seen as far more desirable in a therapeutic context. The terms are not equivalent.

Answer 141

Correct answer: First-order change is more superficial, while second-order change is deeper In the language of solution-focused brief therapy (SBFT), a first-order change is superficial and does not lead to lasting change, while a second-order change does lead to more lasting and systemic change. These terms are not specifically related to psychopathology or group/individual status.

Answer 142

Correct answer: A life script is a plan developed at an early age that a client follows through life According to Eric Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA), a life script is a plan developed at an early age that a client follows through life. In analyzing this script, one can arrive at useful truths about self-concept and relational patterns. TA does not suggest that the life script is formed through trauma per se, that the life script is a therapeutic product, or that it is an end-of-life narrative activity.

Answer 143

Correct answer: The group leader stops an interaction that has become an argument The role of the group leader in group therapy can change from group to group and within the context of an individual group. In some cases, the role calls for intervention when the work of the group has become less productive or when harm could result from a given group process or interaction. This is called blocking, and an example would be stopping a non-therapeutic interaction when it has gone too far. The other examples address processes by the group or its members or deal with a group leader's primary role, which is to shape the function of the group. These are not examples of blocking.

Answer 144

Correct answer: Countertransference Countertransference, a common occurrence in psychoanalytic counseling, is the projection of the counselor's feelings and perceptions onto the client. In this situation, the counselor is feeling irritated and frustrated with the client because of characteristics that remind her of her father. The counselor should continue to pay attention to the emotional triggers that occur within that relationship and seek counsel from a colleague or mentor if necessary.

Answer 145

Correct answer: Preoperational Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist and developmental theorist known for his theory of cognitive development. His theory is based on the belief that children learn best through interactions with others, and it breaks down development into sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. During the preoperational stage, which typically occurs between ages two and seven, the child begins to speak in multi-word sentences, expands his or her imagination, engages in symbolic play, and begins to possess a relative sense of time. The sensorimotor stage occurs during the first two years of life, when children experience the world through crawling and beginning to walk, as well as with their five senses. The concrete operational stage occurs from age seven to eleven and is marked by an increased ability to think logically and about others' perspectives. The formal operational stage is the fourth and final stage and occurs from age eleven through adulthood. During this stage, children develop abstract thought and complex problem-solving skills.

Answer 146

Correct answer: Putting the client's feelings in the counselor's words Several unique communicative skills are valuable in a therapeutic context. One of the main ones is paraphrasing, which amounts to taking input from the client, such as their feelings, and relating it back to the client in the counselor's words. This is a helpful technique to clarify the client's feelings and enable more full communication. Paraphrasing does not apply to calling the client's attention to a discrepancy, going over what happened in the last session, or bringing others to the session.

Answer 147

Correct answer: "I accept you in all of your complexity." In Rogerian therapy, the concept of unconditional positive regard refers to the therapist being accepting of the client as a human being in all of their complexity. This is not the same as liking the client or supporting all of their choices but rather being a nonjudgmental, safe other. Unconditional positive regard does not involve assisting clients with choices per se.

Answer 148

Correct answer: Talking themselves in and out of going to the gym The stages of change model described in the work of Prochaska is a standard way of evaluating where a client is in a change process. The first stage, precontemplation, would be someone who does not believe change is necessary, such as a person who does not believe fitness is important. The next stage of contemplation is characterized by ambivalence, such as a person talking themselves into and out of going to a gym. The next stage, preparation, would be most like generating a list of gyms to attend or ideas about change. Action would be attending a gym three times a week, and maintenance would be keeping this practice consistent.

Answer 149

Correct answer: Wilderness therapy is more clinical in nature There are two modalities that tend to use outdoor settings and challenges as their main treatment setting. Adventure-based counseling is a less clinical mode in which participants share a challenge or experience that is mostly meant to build camaraderie and enhance communication. A more clinical option is wilderness therapy, which is specifically meant to treat particular populations such as at-risk adolescents. Both modalities can deal with trauma, but neither is expressly designed to do so.

Answer 150

Correct answer: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Carl Jung was a strong proponent of the collective unconscious, which has developed in the human species over time and contains archetypes for humans' intense emotional responses. Goals of Jungian therapy include getting to know oneself, integration of self, and transformation of self. Jung introduced the concepts of introversion and extraversion, both of which are measured on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

Answer 151

Correct answer: The person is experiencing punishment as an aspect of treatment Aversive treatment is aimed at reducing a behavior, generally by adding a punishment. An example would be the treatment of alcoholism with Antabuse, which produces great discomfort when alcohol is ingested. Aversive treatment does not involve the frequency or setting of treatment, and it would not involve rewards.

Answer 152

Correct answer: Four When forming groups of young children, counselors should be careful to consider the participants' developmental ages, abilities, and attention spans. Typically, no more than four children should be included in a group for children who are five or six years old. Older children may be able to tolerate a larger group setting.

Answer 153

Correct answer: 10-15 The technique of systematic desensitization relies on a stepwise, iterative process of controlling nervous system responses, creating a hierarchy of fear with respect to the feared stimulus, imaginative exercises with respect to the feared stimulus, and finally in vivo exposure to a feared stimulus. According to behaviorists, one should construct a list of 10-15 items to create an effective hierarchy of fear with respect to the feared stimulus, which is graded from low to high at approximately equal intervals.

Answer 154

Correct answer: The triangle Murray Bowen is well-known for his comprehensive contributions to the field of systems family counseling. Bowen's approach is transgenerational, meaning that he believes communication patterns and dynamics are passed down from one generation to the next. He believes that triangles within family systems represent the most basic building blocks of a family's emotional system. In a triangle, emotional discomfort that exists between two family members may be somewhat alleviated by bringing in a third family member to resolve the stress. Bowen also stresses the importance of self-differentiation, projection onto children in families, birth order and sibling position, and societal regression.

Answer 155

Correct answer: Yes, in many circumstances The concept of neuroplasticity essentially means that the brain is not static and can adapt and positively change in response to circumstances. By training new skills and engaging in new relational and behavioral patterns, the brain's neural network can be restructured by psychotherapy. This is true for those suffering from trauma in addition to other presentations.

Answer 156

Correct answer: A person who does not react automatically to the emotions of others According to Bowen's intergenerational family therapy, a person can be considered differentiated when they are in control of the engagement of their intellectual self as opposed to their emotional self. One example might be a person who does not react automatically to the emotions of others. Differentiation in this context does not refer to family boundaries or individual identity.

Answer 157

Correct answer: It helps group members have a common understanding of what is being expressed, and can increase familiarity with emotions and feelings Irvin Yalom originally suggested that certain leadership functions—emotional stimulation, caring, meaning attribution, and executive leadership—are present in group counseling, no matter the style or theoretical orientation of the leader. Meaning attribution refers to the cognitive understanding that is made of the events in the group, which can enhance collective experiences and increase familiarity with emotions and feelings.

Answer 158

Correct answer: T-group A T-group (training group) is designed to help its members acquire specific skills and is often enacted in business or professional contexts. A counseling group is designed to address issues of personal growth and development, while group therapy is a deeper and more clinical modality that addresses pathology. A psychoeducation group teaches its members about a specific issue they are facing.

Answer 159

Correct answer: "You definitely won't find a mate and will spend every minute alone for the rest of your life." Paradoxical interventions in therapy are used to violate the expectations of the client in a therapeutic manner. Perhaps by doing so, various therapeutic benefits are realized. One of these would be an internal challenge to the catastrophizing of the client; in this case, by exaggerating the client's fear to a point where the client can take a new perspective and begin to deal with reality rather than emotional reality construction. This is called positioning. The other statements are not paradoxical but are more traditional therapeutic questions.

Answer 160

Correct answer: Open groups allow members to join after the initial selection, while closed groups do not The main difference between open and closed groups is that open groups allow members to join after the initial selection, while closed groups do not. The distinction is not based on whether group members can contribute topics, leadership changes, or clinical focus. Reference:

Answer 161

Correct answer: Genogram A genogram is a tool counselors can use to assess family dynamics. Genograms, used particularly by Bowen and his followers, are representations of a family tree that are used to explore relationships between family members. Families can complete a genogram together either during or between sessions.

Answer 162

Correct answer: To use more than one theoretical school of psychotherapy FrederickThorne's psychotherapy integration, as opposed to eclecticism, does not simply take techniques of various schools of psychotherapy; rather, it fully integrates more than one theoretical school of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy integration does not refer to forming one's own theoretical school, nor does it directly address psychological unification.

Answer 163

Correct answer: Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic family counseling, developed by Nathan Ackerman, builds on concepts from classical psychoanalysis. Key concepts include addressing introjects (imprints or memories) from other relationships of significance, as well as psychological heritage (the psychodynamic history of one's family of origin). Gestalt family counseling, behavioral counseling that takes place within the context of family counseling, and reality family therapy do not address these concepts explicitly.

Answer 164

Correct answer: They are supported by research but are not more effective than single-patient modalities Hundreds of studies attest to the efficacy of group work; the modality of group therapy in its various forms is well-supported by research. However, it is not accurate to say that group treatment is more effective than single-patient modalities. Shy clients or those preoccupied with interpersonal dynamics may not benefit from group work, but group work can provide advantages that single-patient modalities cannot, such as affiliation, social accountability, and non-expert engagement.

Answer 165

Correct answer: Maintenance Prochaska's five-stage model of change is widely used in treatment contexts. It consists of five stages: Precontemplation, in which a person likely does not see the need to change Contemplation, in which a person is ambivalent about change Preparation, in which a person gathers resources and information to change Action, in which the first steps of change are enacted Maintenance, in which desired behaviors are repeated Reference:

Answer 166

Correct answer: A group helping people with early methamphetamine problems Groups are sometimes formed around a particular well-known issue for those suffering from that particular problem. In prevention groups, the focus is on avoiding harm altogether or mitigating harm from a disease process that already exists. A secondary prevention group seeks to deal with an early stage problem where significant harm can still be avoided, as in the case of a group helping people with early methamphetamine problems. The other groups either deal with a problem that is not yet manifest or already severe.

Answer 167

Correct answer: He will take on aspects of his grandfather's personality Defense mechanisms are ways in which the psyche protects itself from unwanted disruptions to its equilibrium. If Frederick engages in introjection, he is most likely to take on aspects of his grandfather's personality in an attempt to ward off grief. Forgetting about his grandfather might signal repression. Becoming hostile at the mention of his grandfather would not necessarily be a defense mechanism. Insisting that his grandfather is still around in some way would be classic denial.

Answer 168

Correct answer: Dogs and horses Animal-assisted therapy has been recognized as contributing to better relationship building, as relationship building with an animal mirrors in many ways the trust and relationship building done with humans. The most commonly used animals in animal-assisted therapy are dogs and horses, with specialties available in these disciplines, but many other kinds of animals could be used. The other animals listed are not as commonly used as dogs and horses.

Answer 169

Correct answer: Krumboltz John Krumboltz developed the Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC), based on Bandura's social learning theory. Important concepts in Krumboltz's theory include reinforcement theory, cognitive information processing, and classical behaviorism as ways of modifying and molding career development and decision making.

Answer 170

Correct answer: Ability to describe trauma related to passivity Assertiveness training seeks to help an individual express all their emotions, express their own rights without violating those of others, and know the difference between assertion and aggression. It does not focus as much on the past, including assessments of how trauma may or may not have contributed to a more passive character; rather, it is a skill-building technique related to expression in present reality.

Answer 171

Correct answer: "Did you notice you described your accident the same way your colleague did?" In the context of group work, linking refers to the practice of referring similar conditions or experiences within the group to each other. In other words, linking occurs when one group member finds their issue directly resonating with that of another. Directly eliciting this connection is the technique of linking. The other statements do not consist of a group member linking their experience with another directly.

Answer 172

Correct answer: To help clients stay with their feelings Experiential therapy attempts to keep the client "in the moment" with their feelings in order to relive a past experience vividly in the therapeutic environment. Confrontation may be used to help clients stay with their feelings and not drift into intellectualization or over-cognition. Confrontation in experiential therapy would not be used to call attention to falsehood per se, nor would it be to heighten personal awareness or address negative personality traits.

Answer 173

Correct answer: The client's failed relationships in the past William Glasser's reality therapy focuses almost exclusively on the here and now, including the improvement of present circumstances like relationships and opportunities for growth. Personal responsibility is stressed as a driver of client wellness. Reality therapy focuses far less on the past in any sense, including past relationships.

Answer 174

Correct answer: Figuring out what level of exposure to cats is most distressing Systematic desensitization deals with a person's systematically reduced anxiety when exposed to a certain stimulus. It is generally seen as proceeding through four stages. Relaxation training to gain control of one's responses Construction of anxiety hierarchy to gain intellectual knowledge of one's fear Imaginative desensitization to explore one's fear in safe circumstances In vivo sensitization to gain control over the feared stimulus The progression is necessarily stepwise and iterative. In this case, as the physical responses to cats have already been mastered, the next step is to arrange an intellectual hierarchy of distress with respect to cats. Then would come the exercise of visualization, followed by direct exposure. Deep breathing and other response exercises have already been done.

Answer 175

Correct answer: Preconscious The mind is sometimes conceptualized as having three levels, defined by what kind of information is contained and how accessible it is. The preconscious mind contains everything the mind is not currently aware of but can call upon if needed, such as a cookie recipe or a conversation one had yesterday. The conscious mind contains all the information of which the mind is currently aware. The unconscious mind contains everything the mind has that is neither part of current awareness nor consciously accessible. Protoconscious is a fabricated term.

Answer 176

Correct answer: Unique skills and training are required Trauma and disaster counseling is a highly specialized and rapidly growing field. It has been proven effective as per a variety of standard and non-standard instruments, which suggest that trauma and disaster counseling are the preferred mode of treatment for certain cases. However, unique skills and training are required, and it is not a field in which beginners are as effective as experts.

Answer 177

Correct answer: When the group is strongly aligned toward a common goal Although all groups take on an identity of their own, the leadership style of the designated group leader has a major impact on function and results. A laissez-faire style of leadership is very "hands-off" and allows the group to function largely without direction. This would be most appropriate in cases where the group is strongly aligned toward a common goal, as the group members will each be motivated to cooperate without direction. Psychoeducation, the exploration of sensitive traumatic issues, and teaching a skill all call for the group leader to take on a more active and directive role.

Answer 178

Correct answer: Reality therapy William Glasser's reality therapy is different from other treatment modalities and schools of therapy in various ways. One of them is the overall approach to the client. In reality therapy, the idea seems to be to act as the client's friend, with as little pretense as possible to traditional therapeutic roles. Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), transactional analysis (TA), and psychoanalysis rely on more standard roles in the therapeutic dyad.

Answer 179

Correct answer: An open-ended question The practice of counseling rests on the ability of the client and the therapist to communicate effectively, as well as for the therapist to be able to gather as much information as possible about a client's circumstances. Closed-ended questions (e.g., yes/no) have their uses but do not gain as much information as open-ended questions, such as "How do you feel about your relationship with your wife?' Open-ended questions put the client in control in terms of how much and what information to divulge.

Answer 180

Correct answer: middle child Alfred Adler's work focused significantly on birth order and family constellation. According to Adler, birth order affects individuals' psychological environments and affects the child's unique experience. The eldest child tends to get a lot of attention, is hard-working and dependable, and fears losing love when a sibling comes along. Middle children see themselves in competition with the older sibling(s), may view life as unfair, and often feel left out. The youngest child often tends to go his or her own way and is influenced by all other siblings. Individuals who are only children have difficulty cooperating, often handle adult interactions well, and want to be the center of attention.

Answer 181

Correct answer: When the counselor is especially concerned with group members' ability to relate to each other Counselors may want to form heterogeneous groups since they more accurately reflect real-world experiences and expose group members to a variety of opinions and backgrounds. However, if counselors are concerned about group members being able to relate to each other and their problems, they should try to create homogeneity within the group so that the group is made up of similar kinds of members.

Answer 182

Correct answer: In groups where members are committed to a common goal Group counselors should explore several types of leadership styles and decide which style works best for them in certain group situations. The laissez-faire style of leadership works best in groups that share a common goal and are self-motivated. The democratic style of leadership is well-liked, but not as efficient as the autocratic style of leadership. This style leads to quick decision-making but may not always take every group member's opinion into consideration.

Answer 183

Correct answer: Having a discussion about their fear of dogs Systematic desensitization is a strategy usually designed to reduce one's fear of something. The goal is to proceed from the least vivid interaction with the stimulus to the most vivid interaction. In this case, the person having a discussion about their fear of dogs is not just the likely first step of the assessment; it will also be somewhat stressful in its own right and is therefore a good first step. Visiting a busy dog kennel, encountering a live therapy dog, and seeing a picture of an angry dog would all be significantly more stressful and belong to the later stages of a systematic desensitization process.

Answer 184

Correct answer: To identify the antecedents of behavior In Linehan's dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), chain analysis refers to the process of identifying the antecedents of behavior in order to understand one's own behavior as a process that can be analyzed, understood, and altered. Chain analysis in this context does not refer to identifying the results of behavior, the impact of behavior, or the meaning of behavior.

Answer 185

Correct answer: It is a matter of state law Although there are multiple layers of confidentiality, and all must be considered in practice, this is usually considered to be a matter of state law. Federal laws (such as HIPAA) are also applicable, as well as professional or local standards. It is part of a professional's competence to know all of the prevailing codes concerning privileged communication and be able to explain these to patients.

Answer 186

Correct answer: A man troubled by obsessive thoughts about the past The technique of thought-stopping refers to the practice of taking aggressive action against unwanted thoughts that are obsessive or intrusive. One example of a good candidate for this approach would be a man troubled by obsessive thoughts about the past. The man might be offered the technique of saying "stop" whenever such thoughts begin to intrude. The technique is not a first-line treatment for substance abuse or anxiety, although it may help with automatic thoughts related to larger issues. Delusion is likely not going to be helped by thought-stopping, as the false beliefs will remain.

Answer 187

Correct answer: When behavior and an overt message are incongruent In the language of strategic family counseling, double-bind communication is when a person's behavior is incongruent with their overt message; for example, when a parent says they love a child but does not act loving in practice. The term does not have to do with barriers to communication or different parental communication styles. Reference: Encyclopedia of Counseling: Master Review and Tutorial for the National Counselor Examination, State Counseling Exams, and the Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination, 4th Edition. Pg 678. When communication styles differ between parents When behavior and an overt message are congruent

Answer 188

Correct answer: Medication is not the answer to psychopathology Glasser's reality therapy remains controversial in various ways, one of which is its stance toward psychiatric pharmacology. In short, reality therapy contends that medication is not the answer to psychopathology and that psychological distress is largely the responsibility of the person in therapy. The other statements are not consistent with the perspective of reality therapy toward psychiatric pharmacology.

Answer 189

Correct answer: Stage 2 Stage 2 of the group process, as established by Corey, is when group members are oriented to the group process. During this stage, the group counselor typically states expectations and ground rules for the group and helps members share thoughts and feelings with each other. The counselor is particularly important during this part of the group process, as she or he models appropriate interpersonal skills and how to be genuine and spontaneous. Stage 1 is formation, when the group counselor screens and selects group members. Stage 3 is transition, which deals with handling resistance and conflict. Stage 4 is working, when the group becomes more productive and less dependent on the leader. Reference: Study Guide for the National Counselor Exam and CPCE, 9th Edition. Pg 162–164. Stage 3 Stage 4

Answer 190

Correct answer: Stage 2 Stage 2 of the group process, as established by Corey, is when group members are oriented to the group process. During this stage, the group counselor typically states expectations and ground rules for the group and helps members share thoughts and feelings with each other. The counselor is particularly important during this part of the group process, as she or he models appropriate interpersonal skills and how to be genuine and spontaneous. Stage 1 is formation, when the group counselor screens and selects group members. Stage 3 is transition, which deals with handling resistance and conflict. Stage 4 is working, when the group becomes more productive and less dependent on the leader. Reference: Study Guide for the National Counselor Exam and CPCE, 9th Edition. Pg 162–164. Stage 3 Stage 4

Answer 191

Correct answer: Neurosis is a failure in learning Alfred Adler defined the complicated notion of neurosis as a failure in learning that leads to distorted perceptions about the world. Though now less common as a descriptor of client characteristics, neurosis can be said (in psychoanalytic terms) to be the failure of the ego to deal with the conflicting pressures of id and superego, with various manifestations in client affect and behavior. According to Adler, neurosis is not a brain disease, chosen, or an artifact of the unconscious.

Answer 192

Correct answer: The woman is following cultural norms that discourage sharing personal information with others There may be special issues present in counseling groups with multicultural clients. For example, some cultures discourage sharing personal information with others and individuals may not want to defy family customs. In this situation, while the woman's silence might be resistance, it might also be a result of her cultural beliefs and norms. The group counselor should respect this possibility and explore reasons other than resistance for her behaviors.

Answer 193

Correct answer: It takes place as a result of a specific trigger Panic attacks are sudden-onset periods of intense anxiety. The sufferer often feels as though they are having a heart attack. A cued panic attack is one in which there is a specific environmental trigger for onset, such as being in a high place or seeing a thunderstorm. An uncued panic attack would be one without such a trigger or taking place at a random time. Panic attacks are not usually enacted under supervision, and the term does not refer to a set of panic attacks.

Answer 194

Correct answer: A group helping first responders with severe PTSD Groups are sometimes organized around a particular health issue for a population in hopes of either forestalling harm from that issue altogether or dealing with a degree of harm that already exists. These are called prevention groups. A tertiary prevention group deals with a condition that already exists and is likely severe in an individual, after total prevention and partial mitigation have failed. An example would be a group helping first responders deal with their severe PTSD. The other groups educate about trauma before it happens or deal with trauma that has not yet resulted in severe health consequences.

Answer 195

Correct answer: A committee of conservative financial planners decides on a generous subsidy The risky shift phenomenon as known in groups is significant in the study of how groups operate in both their therapeutic and non-therapeutic character. The phenomenon refers to the fact that a group can take on a personality of sorts that is distinct from that of any individual member, and that this personality can arrive at a decision that is more radical than any individual member would make on their own. Thus, a committee of bankers who are otherwise fiscally conservative might select the more risky step of deciding on a generous subsidy. The other examples do not illustrate this phenomenon of a group making a more risky decision that is out of character with individual personalities.

Answer 196

Correct answer: Relaxation training Systematic desensitization deals with a person's systematically reduced anxiety when exposed to a certain stimulus. It is generally seen as proceeding through four stages. Relaxation training to gain control of one's responses Construction of anxiety hierarchy to gain intellectual knowledge of one's fear Imaginative desensitization to explore one's fear in safe circumstances In vivo sensitization to gain control over the feared stimulus The progression is necessarily stepwise and iterative.

Answer 197

Correct answer: Self-talk is the source of emotional disturbance Existential therapy focuses on the direct experiences of clients' lives, and the goal of this type of therapy is for clients to understand one's being and who one is and is becoming. Existential therapists believe that clients have the freedom to choose and are responsible for their own fate. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a different type of therapy that asserts that self-talk is the source of emotional disturbance.

Answer 198

Correct answer: Modeling what the leader wants to see In most cases, the best way for a participatory group leader to approach their role is to model what they want to see. Although the group leader should allow the group to do the group's work, modeling participation will enhance the opportunity for everyone to be heard. Delegating leadership is likely not necessary in a participatory group. Although boundaries are important, the group will look to a designated leader for cues on how to behave more than a set of rules.

Answer 199

Correct answer: A client and therapist meeting as equals in status Martin Buber described the idea of an "I-thou" relationship that promoted equity and mutual respect. In counseling, this is often described as a horizontal relationship, in which the attitude of expertise is deemphasized in favor of a more equitable therapeutic interaction. Clients and therapists sharing personal details or having dual relationships would not be horizontal. Similarly, the therapist having an elevated status with respect to the client would not constitute a horizontal relationship.

Answer 200

Correct answer: Storming Irvin Yalom is known for his contributions to group counseling theory. He identified four stages: orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination. "Storming" is the second group stage in a theory identified by Tuckman, not Yalom.

Answer 201

Correct answer: Vicarious trauma involves a change in a person's beliefs and sense of self Though some have used the terms interchangeably, vicarious trauma, in the opinion of many researchers, is not the same as secondary traumatic stress. In the opinion of these researchers, the meaning of vicarious trauma is more specific and involves changes on the part of the professional, including a change in beliefs and sense of self. Vicarious trauma and compassion fatigue are not linked by a definite relationship of more or less severe, and vicarious trauma may or may not involve mirroring client symptoms.

Answer 202

Proxemics refers to the science of spatial features of the environment, such as furniture placement and seating arrangements. The arrangement of objects in physical space has a measurable effect on behavior and can be used as a form of psychological intervention. Monitoring personal space, correcting individual posture, and attending to facial expressions would be more exemplary of kinesics, which is the study of nonlinguistic communication.

Answer 203

Correct answer: Attempt to dominate his household Defense mechanisms are means by which the psyche protects itself from unwanted thoughts, drives, or emotions. Edward is uncomfortable feeling powerless; if he engages in displacement, he will move that conflicted feeling to another part of his life. In this case, he will exert his desire for dominance that is thwarted elsewhere. Avoidance and hostility would not necessarily be defense mechanisms. If Edward tries to believe that he is in charge, this might signal denial.

Answer 204

Correct answer: A session where the whole family is present In terms of family therapy, conjoint means that there is more than one family member present during the session. Thus, a session where the whole family is present would be a good example. The concept does not refer to individual sessions and might or might not involve techniques such as reenactment or leaving the room.

Answer 205

Correct answer: Gestalt The Gestalt counseling approach focuses on the here and now rather than past experiences, and uses experiential techniques that encourage group members to take responsibility for their moment-to-moment experiences. Techniques used in Gestalt counseling include the empty chair and guided fantasy techniques, both of which help integrate affect into the present moment and help group members work through unfinished business.

Answer 206

Correct answer: Experiential Experiential family therapy was developed by Carl Whitaker, who takes a very active role in the therapeutic process. Experiential family counselors attempt to join the family during therapy sessions, using their own personal experiences as family members to initiate change within the family system. In experiential family therapy, symbolism is a tool counselors use to explain family members' experiences.

Answer 207

Correct answer: Self-efficacy One of the central concepts of Albert Bandura's social learning theory is self-efficacy, which is an individual's belief that he or she is able to perform a certain behavior. Self-efficacy can be encouraged through modeling, observing others, receiving verbal persuasion from others, and staying in tune with one's physiological states.

Answer 208

Correct answer: A father and son showing how they interact at home In structural family therapy, enactment refers to a role-playing strategy in which members of the family play themselves in their various roles and interactions so that the therapist can observe and address what is seen. A father and son showing how they interact at home would be one example. Enactment is not a simple restatement of feelings, nor is it the therapist adopting the family's style (mimesis) or mimicking their interactions.

Answer 209

Correct answer: Cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy Depressive disorders can be treated in a variety of ways. Among these, those which have been found to be most effective are Cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy. Reality therapy and Gestalt therapy may or may not be used to treat depressive disorders. They are not considered as effective in this regard as cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy. Family therapy is rarely used to treat individual depressive disorders per se.

Answer 210

Correct answer: Ativan Ativan (lorazepam) is often used to treat panic disorder and anxiety. Geodon is an antipsychotic used to treat psychosis and schizophrenia. Ritalin is the main treatment for ADHD. Zoloft is an antidepressant used to treat clinical depression.

Answer 211

Correct answer: To preserve homeostasis and prevent change In family therapy, feedback loops are the result of interlocking family systems, which are dedicated to preventing change and preserving homeostasis, even if this homeostasis enables dysfunction. A negative-feedback loop acts to preserve homeostasis and prevent change. One cannot both preserve homeostasis and effect change, and a negative-feedback loop does not violate homeostasis.

Answer 212

Correct answer: Transference is extra feelings brought into the therapeutic relationship by the patient Transference was first identified and described by Sigmund Freud. Essentially, it is the extra feelings brought into the therapeutic relationship by the patient from another relationship in their life. These could be romantic, hostile, parental, or something else. The extra feelings brought into the therapeutic relationship by the therapist would be known as countertransference. Rather than being an outdated notion, the idea of transference and countertransference is something therapists deal with often in practice.

Answer 213

Correct answer: Jacob Moreno Jacob Moreno (1889–1974) was a psychotherapist and social scientist known for his contributions of sociometry and psychodrama to group psychotherapy. Sociometry, the study and measurement of social relationships, has been developed even more since Moreno's death to be culturally and ethnically inclusive.

Answer 214

Correct answer: increase group members' understanding of norms acceptable by the majority culture Multicultural groups can present certain challenges for group counselors, particularly those not accustomed to working with those from different cultures. Counselors should always be aware of how their own understanding of other cultures impacts group members, and should take systemic and historical factors into account when interpreting group members' responses. Typical goals of multicultural groups include understanding the circumstances that brought individuals into the group, providing learning for the group members, and helping group members understand how newly learned skills can fit within their own cultural constructs. Increasing group members' understanding of acceptable norms in the majority culture would not be a goal of group counseling.

Answer 215

Correct answer: Caring Irvin Yalom, a well-known figure in the field of group counseling, believes that certain leadership functions are present in the field of group counseling. These leader functions include emotional stimulation, in which counselors encourage healthy expression of emotions; caring, which is characterized by warmth, acceptance, genuineness, and concern; meaning attribution, in which the group leader provides a cognitive perspective to group members' experiences; and executive leadership, which is characterized by the group leader structuring the group and ensures that the group is moving in a particular direction.

Answer 216

Correct answer: Abilify Abilify (aripiprazole) is an antipsychotic often used to address psychosis and treat schizophrenia. Paxil would more likely be used to treat panic. Lithium is a standard frontline medication for bipolar disorder. Xanax is often used to treat anxiety.

Answer 217

Correct answer: The feeling by a client that the therapist is "real" Carl Rogers, considered the founder of the humanistic school of therapy, highlighted the importance of congruence in treatment. In line with Rogers' focus on the interpersonal, affective environment of the therapeutic dyad, congruence refers to the feeling by a client that a therapist is "real" and can support reliable and productive engagement. Although positive mutual feelings are desirable, they are not what is meant by congruence.

Answer 218

Correct answer: self-injurious and suicidal behavior Clients with dissociative disorders are those who experience disruptions in the normal integration of behavior, consciousness, identity, memory, body representation, and motor control. Dissociative disorders are common in individuals who have experienced trauma. They are often comorbid with depression, anxiety, and substance use, as well as suicidal and self-injurious behavior.

Answer 219

Correct answer: What one person lacks, another provides There are many ways to view how human beings form and maintain relationships. One such view is complementarity theory, which suggests that one personality can make up what another personality lacks in terms of strengths and that weaknesses are similarly balanced by strengths in a partner or significant other. Social exchange theory does not deal with the perception of faults, our responsiveness based on positive feedback, or the similarity of flaws.

Answer 220

Correct answer: Rorschach There are many psychological assessments, called projective tests, that can give counselors and other mental health practitioners additional information about clients' unconscious drives and feelings. Projective tests include the Rorschach Inkblot test, the Thematic Apperception test, the Incomplete Sentences Blank, and others. Personality tests include the California Psychological Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The WISC-IV is a measure of cognitive intelligence.

Answer 221

Correct answer: Viewing violence increases aggression in children The available research on the topic supports the conclusion that viewing violence increases aggression in children. This could be due to a mimic effect, in which children do what they see performed by others, or there may be social learning implications. Another possibility is that as human beings witness violence, they become more desensitized to it, and aggression resulting in violence increases. There does not seem to be a distinction between witnessed aggression in vivo as opposed to other means.

Answer 222

Correct answer: dimensional assessments Several changes were made to the newest version of the DSM, the DSM-5. One of these changes is the reliance on dimensional assessments rather than descriptions of disorders that are based on categories. Clients' experiences are now assessed for severity, frequency, and duration rather than whether or not a particular symptom is present. The DSM-5 eliminated the multiaxial system and does not include extensive descriptions of different therapy modalities. ICD-10 classification codes are included in the DSM-5, but clinicians using the DSM-5 do not rely on them.

Answer 223

Correct answer: A demanding child with poor boundaries and poor social skills The work of Diana Baumrind on parenting styles suggests a typology of parenting that is directly related to certain outcomes. In general, John appears to be practicing a permissive parenting style, one in which there is little expressed authority, minimal discipline, and total indulgence of the child's desires. This parenting style is associated with children who have poor boundaries, are demanding, and have poor social skills.

Answer 224

Correct answer: The counselor should gently inform the client that discrimination by some employers, particularly in teaching and caretaking professions, can be very strong and they should suggest that the client feel supported by friends and family as she plans to pursue this career When working with gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender clients, career counselors should consider the fact that many employers still discriminate against individuals who are not heterosexual. Assuming the career counselor has a strong, positive relationship with the client in this situation, it is best to initiate a conversation about the possibility that she will encounter negative attitudes, particularly in traditional settings such as elementary schools.

Answer 225

Correct answer: Stages can be skipped or repeated Kubler-Ross conceived a structural pattern of adjustment in people she observed who were dying. These are: Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance Kubler-Ross found that people often skip stages or repeat them before moving on to another stage. Kubler-Ross' theory has since been extrapolated to many other areas dealing with grief and acceptance.

Answer 226

Correct answer: Projection Projection, a type of defense mechanism, occurs when a person attributes their own feelings and urges to another person. In this situation, the wife is so uncomfortable expressing her own feelings that she accuses her husband of not expressing his. Denial is the inability to recognize significant factors in one's life. Repression occurs when someone forgets as a way of coping with uncomfortable feelings. Reaction formation is when someone takes on feelings that are the opposite of what he or she actually feels.

Answer 227

Correct answer: Two parents in conflict putting their child in the middle In the context of Bowen's intergenerational family therapy, triangulation refers to when two parties in conflict take a third party into their relationship to act as a sort of emotional mediator, hoping this will add stability to the original relationship. One example might be two parents in conflict putting their child in the middle. In this context, triangulation does not refer to the overt manipulation of relationships by children or the targeting or differential treatment of any individual family member.

Answer 228

Correct answer: deinstitutionalization Deinstitutionalization refers to the process of moving individuals with severe mental illness out of residential institutions and into communities. Unfortunately, beginning in the 1980s there was an increase in homelessness and in the criminal justice system due to not enough community mental health services being available.

Answer 229

Correct answer: Sensorium The mental status exam typically includes appearance and behavior, thought processes, mood and affect, intellectual functioning, and sensorium. Sensorium refers to the client's ability to be aware of the location, the time, and their identity. If a client is not oriented to these things, the clinician should make note of it and explore reasons why.

Answer 230

When is marital satisfaction greatest, according to current research? Correct answer: At the time of the wedding Many studies have arrived at the conclusion that for most couples, marital satisfaction is highest at the time of the wedding itself. Although some improvement in marital satisfaction tends to emerge when a child leaves home, for most couples the happiest time of marriage seems to be when it begins. These studies do not say the greatest time of marital satisfaction is any other time but the wedding.

Answer 231

Correct answer: According to an assessment, a client's strengths are a match with the social work profession There are many types of interests individuals may have, and knowing these interests can help career counselors assist clients in finding suitable occupations and predicting occupational satisfaction. Tested interests are those measured by assessments or tests, such as an inventory that shows how a client's strengths match those needed in the social work profession. Manifested interests are those that can be observed, such as a person's course of study, past jobs held, and activities the person likes. Expressed interests are interests that an individual reports.

Answer 232

Correct answer: Males complete suicide more often than females The phenomenon of suicide expresses itself differentially in males and females in adolescence, with males completing suicide more often. This is thought to be due mainly to the choice of more deadly means, which seems to be true of males across age groups. Suicide is unfortunately not rare in adolescents; it is often the second or third leading killer of adolescents in a given year.

Answer 233

Correct answer: Tiedeman For Tiedeman and his colleague O'Hara, career development and its accompanying cognitive development parallel Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Like Erikson, Tiedeman believed that each stage of career decision making consists of two phases, either Anticipation or Preoccupation and Implementation or Adjustment. The individual's task is to differentiate the ego, resolve psychosocial crises, and process developmental tasks in order to successfully navigate career development.

Answer 234

Correct answer: Work with the client to determine the underlying causes of their inability to make a decision Though there are several steps in the career counseling process (establishing a relationship, identifying the problem, conducting an assessment, providing information, making a decision, and implementing the plan), it is common for some steps to be repeated and revisited as the counseling process moves forward. If a client is unable to make a career decision after spending significant time with a career counselor, it is likely that there are other reasons for this hesitancy, such as the presence of emotional or psychological stress. The career counselor, assuming they have a good relationship with the client, can try to explore the underlying reasons, or the counselor may refer the client for personal counseling elsewhere.

Answer 235

Correct answer: positive-reinforcing stimulus A positive-reinforcing stimulus is a reward that, sometimes unintentionally, maintains or increases a behavior. In this situation, the child is receiving verbal and sometimes physical attention from his parents when he throws tantrums, so he continues to throw the tantrums in order to get their attention. A punishment, or negative-reinforcing stimulus, results in weakening or termination of the undesired behavior. Classical conditioning is the process of forming an association between two stimuli, resulting in a learned response.

Answer 236

Correct answer: Play therapy Play therapy is best suited for children who lack the verbal and emotional maturity to talk about their feelings. Instead, they express their feelings, act out goals, and direct their own lives through play. Counselors can then comment on the child's play and help them organize the play to best resolve their feelings.

Answer 237

Correct answer: Nearly 50% The prevalence of alcohol issues in the lives of clients reflects not only their own experience but also their experience in their family of origin. These can go together, and both require clinical attention in some form. Nearly 50% of people have been exposed to alcohol dependence in their immediate family in some form.

Answer 238

Correct answer: Removal of the multiaxial system The DSM-5 was published in 2013 and includes many changes to the previous version, the DSM-IV-TR. One of the most significant changes is the removal of the multiaxial classification system. Additional changes to the newest DSM include the expansion of the list of V codes, the replacement of Not Otherwise Specified with Unspecified Disorder or Other Specified Disorder, and many changes to the classification of disorders. There is a chapter on bipolar disorders in both the DSM-IV-TR and the DSM-5.

Answer 239

Correct answer: Negative punishment There are four general ways in which reinforcement and punishment strategies are conceptualized. In a negative punishment, something is taken away in an attempt to reduce the target behavior. Positive punishment would be the addition of something in order to reduce the behavior. Negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement both seek to increase a behavior, either by removing something (negative) or adding something (positive).

Answer 240

Correct answer: A person whose morals are dictated by society According to the work of Lawrence Kohlberg, there are three levels of moral development. The first stage, preconventional, is exhibited by those whose only moral governance of behavior is fear of punishment. The second stage, conventional, is exhibited by those whose moral governance is a desire to adhere to society's rules. The final stage, post-conventional, is characterized by those who have a self-accepted moral code to follow and independently chose ethical behavior.

Answer 241

Correct answer: A person whose morals are dictated by society According to the work of Lawrence Kohlberg, there are three levels of moral development. The first stage, preconventional, is exhibited by those whose only moral governance of behavior is fear of punishment. The second stage, conventional, is exhibited by those whose moral governance is a desire to adhere to society's rules. The final stage, post-conventional, is characterized by those who have a self-accepted moral code to follow and independently chose ethical behavior.

Answer 242

Correct answer: The client's subjective experience of events Phenomenology as it applies to counseling refers to the client's inner, subjective experience of events and circumstances. Since this differs dramatically from individual to individual and forms the ground of the person's whole experience, it is a useful subject to address in counseling. Phenomenology does not refer to the client's perception of their mood, their beliefs, or specifically their experience of relationships.

Answer 243

Correct answer: We tend to end up with people with a similar level of attractiveness to our own The matching hypothesis addresses human mating behavior as a function of our physical attractiveness. Other factors are certainly important, but taken by itself, the phenomenon of physical attractiveness seems to be the main driver in both short-term and long-term sexual behavior. The matching hypothesis asserts that human beings tend to end up in long-term relationships with people who match our level of attractiveness

Answer 244

Correct answer: Career preferences as they develop in childhood Linda Gottfredson is known for her career development theory "Circumscription and Compromise." According to Gottfredson, vocational self-concept develops in childhood and influences occupation selection. An individual progresses through four stages: orientation to size and power (ages three to five), when children think concretely and begin thinking about occupations they might like; orientation to sex roles (ages six to eight), when children learn that occupations are sex-typed and performed primarily by one sex or the other; orientation to social valuation (ages nine to 13), when children realize that occupations vary in social value and desirability; and orientation to internal unique self (ages 14 and up), when adolescents reflect on their own values and interests and use these to inform occupational decisions.

Answer 245

Correct answer: We change our beliefs to match our behaviors to reduce tension Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory suggests that when there is a difference between our beliefs and our behaviors, we will change our beliefs to match our behaviors. This is done to reduce overall tension in the mind and preserve homeostasis. This change does not go in the other direction according to this theory, and it does not involve social acceptance.

Answer 246

Correct answer: Compensatory versus spillover Career counselors often classify leisure activities as either compensatory or spillover. Compensatory activities are those that are very different than those done on the job; an example might be a history professor who spends his free time rock-climbing and running marathons. Spillover activities are the same types of activities that are done on the job; an example of spillover might be a psychologist who spends her free time reading books about cognitive development.

Answer 247

Correct answer: It tends to incorporate self-understanding and personal values into its approach Career counseling focuses on the individual's career development, paying special attention to values and attitudes. Career counseling also focuses on self-understanding in the context of decision-making. Career guidance, on the other hand, helps individuals learn what opportunities are available and typically focuses more on logistics than career counseling. Both approaches are important and relevant to finding rewarding and sustainable careers.

Answer 248

Correct answer: self-efficacy theory Self-efficacy theory posits that career success depends on how much an individual believes he or she can be successful. This theory states that whether a behavior will be initiated, how much energy will go into this behavior, and how persistent the individual will be are dependent on the individual's expectations.

Answer 249

Correct answer: They are 35-45 years of age Erik Erikson suggested that there were several stages of psychosocial development, each of which dealt with a different test. At about 23-34 years of age, Erikson suggested that we enter the stage of intimacy vs. isolation, in which a person is learning the balance of dependence on others versus dependence on self. One of the activities of this stage is the experimentation with marriage and family.

Answer 250

Correct answer: Yes, as DBT helps with controlling suicidal ideation Marsha Linehan's dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a mindfulness-focused treatment strategy that was first designed for use with persons diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. However, it is helpful for other conditions due to its focus on inner thought patterns and control of impulses with skill-building strategies. DBT does help suicidal clients with various aspects of their condition, including suicidal ideation.

Answer 251

Correct answer: Positive reinforcement Reinforcement and punishment strategies are defined by (a) whether they add or remove something and (b) whether their aim is to increase or reduce a behavior. All reinforcement seeks to increase a behavior—in this case, by adding something, making it positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement would be the removal of something undesirable in order to increase behavior. All punishment seeks to reduce a behavior, either by adding something (positive punishment) or taking something away (negative punishment).

Answer 252

Correct answer: Conduct disorder and other forms of psychopathology The work of John Bowlby focused on the nature and importance of attachment in human beings. Among other conclusions, Bowlby suggested that if a child was poorly bonded and badly attached in the critical periods of early childhood, various forms of psychopathology would result, including conduct disorder. Bowlby's work did not specifically suggest thought disorder, mood disorder, or substance disorders would result from poor attachment and bonding.

Answer 253

Correct answer: Establish a relationship with the client Within the career counseling process there are several steps: establishing a relationship, identifying the problem, conducting an assessment, providing information, making a decision, and implementing the plan. Career counseling is built upon the relationship between the counselor and the client, and the individual must be able to trust the counselor for the process to be most effective.

Answer 254

Correct answer: To reduce the chance of an ethical dilemma occurring, counselors should avoid the topic of spirituality with clients Because over 90 percent of Americans believe in a higher power, counselors should be prepared to discuss issues of spirituality with their clients. This might require counselors to explore matters regarding their own spiritual beliefs, and counselors may have to work to familiarize themselves with a variety of spiritual issues.

Answer 255

Correct answer: 15–24 years Super's explanation of career development consists of vocational development stages and vocational development tasks. Vocational development stages are growth (birth to age 14 or 15, development of capacity and interests), exploratory (ages 15 to 24, tentative choices made), establishment (ages 25 to 44, trial and stabilization), maintenance (ages 45 to 64, adjustment process), and decline (age 65 and up, retirement).

Answer 256

Correct answer: Development of the head happens first Human development can be described as cephalocaudal, meaning that the head develops before lower regions of the body such as the legs. This is a developmental trajectory that continues into early childhood. Cephalocaudal does not mean the legs, spine, or upper limbs develop first.

Answer 257

Correct answer: Men and women tend to keep the same habits as earlier in life As men and women age, they may or may not experience a decline in sexual interest and activity. However, later interest, activity, and practice tend to be the same as earlier interest, activity, and practice. Physical and psychological factors related to aging are major influences. This tendency to keep the same habits is not broken by gender, and sexual interest does not always drop dramatically.

Answer 258

Correct answer: Men and women tend to keep the same habits as earlier in life As men and women age, they may or may not experience a decline in sexual interest and activity. However, later interest, activity, and practice tend to be the same as earlier interest, activity, and practice. Physical and psychological factors related to aging are major influences. This tendency to keep the same habits is not broken by gender, and sexual interest does not always drop dramatically.

Answer 259

Correct answer: At conception Developmental psychologists deal with the array of issues and factors that influence human development from its earliest point of conception. As a baby in the womb can be affected in later behavior by the behavior and situation of the mother, prenatal development of psychology can be meaningfully addressed. Developmental psychologists do not contend that human psychological development begins at birth or any later time.

Answer 260

Correct answer: The self Lawrence Kohlberg suggested three stages of moral development. The first stage, preconventional, would be characterized by a fear of punishment guiding moral choices. The second, conventional, would be characterized by an adherence to society's standards. The last, post-conventional, means that the self is able to construct a prosocial morality of its own.

Answer 261

Correct answer: The self Lawrence Kohlberg suggested three stages of moral development. The first stage, preconventional, would be characterized by a fear of punishment guiding moral choices. The second, conventional, would be characterized by an adherence to society's standards. The last, post-conventional, means that the self is able to construct a prosocial morality of its own.

Answer 262

Correct answer: Intimacy versus isolation According to Erikson, intimacy versus isolation is a stage in early adulthood when the young adult seeks intimate relationships and is tasked with either giving up some independence or becoming lonely and isolated. Generativity versus stagnation occurs in middle adulthood when adults desire to contribute to society and produce something valuable. Integrity versus despair occurs during later adulthood when older adults view life as either meaningful or full of regrets. Industry versus inferiority occurs during latency (ages six to eleven) when children are tasked with mastering social and academic skills.

Answer 263

In the past, the best way to find job openings was to regularly check newspaper classifieds. In today's internet-driven world, most employers list job openings on their websites rather than taking time to advertise widely. Career counselors should encourage clients to regularly check the websites of potential employers to check for possible opportunities. Networking, the process of informally making social connections with others in one's desired field, can also be an effective way of finding employment.

Answer 264

In the past, the best way to find job openings was to regularly check newspaper classifieds. In today's internet-driven world, most employers list job openings on their websites rather than taking time to advertise widely. Career counselors should encourage clients to regularly check the websites of potential employers to check for possible opportunities. Networking, the process of informally making social connections with others in one's desired field, can also be an effective way of finding employment.

Answer 265

Correct answer: Proximity, physical attractiveness, similar values Research has shown that three factors tend to stand out when people are attracted to each other. These are proximity (literally the physical closeness of the person), physical attractiveness (though there are some variations as to what this means), and similar values. The research does not support the idea that genetic similarity, similar backgrounds, or similar educations are as important as the three factors listed.

Answer 266

Correct answer: Jean Piaget Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist and developmental theorist known for his theory of cognitive development. His theory is based on the belief that children learn best through interactions with others, and it breaks down human development into sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. Sigmund Freud is best known for his development of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic theory. John Bowlby is notable for his development of attachment theory and a focus on relationships in early childhood. Erik Erikson created the eight stages of psychosocial development, based on the idea that individuals experience specific types of tension in different stages of life.

Answer 267

Correct answer: Cognitive information processing Cognitive information processing was presented by Reardon, Lenz, Sampson, and Peterson (2008) as a way of approaching career problems by using a sequential procedure called CASVE. This procedure uses the skills of communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, and execution.

Answer 268

Correct answer: The circumstances in the desert Dream analysis as described by Sigmund Freud contains two levels of content, both of which are worthy of analysis and relate to each other. The manifest content of the dream is the circumstances and "story" of the dream (in this case, the circumstances in the desert). This is a symbolic expression of the latent content of the dream, which is the unconscious meaning of the manifest content. In this case, the latent meaning might be the woman's anxiety about not having a partner or feeling helpless in her life. The manifest content is not the meaning of the dream or relative to the woman's memory or ideas about real deserts.

Answer 269

Correct answer: Resiliency Resiliency is the ability to adapt relatively well to situations despite exposure to adverse experiences or circumstances. This quality is seen sometimes in individuals who have been exposed to traumatic or potentially devastating events, yet manage to maintain healthy relationships and are able to function well. Plasticity refers to the ease and smoothness that most individuals experience in moving from one developmental stage to the next. Tabula rasa is John Locke's view that children begin as a "blank slate" who are influenced by their environments over time. Thought blocking occurs when someone with a psychiatric illness stops speaking suddenly due to feelings of anxiety surrounding the content of the conversation.

Answer 270

Correct answer: A daughter sees her mother as "all good" or "all bad" depending on the circumstances Splitting in the context of object relations generally refers to the way people can make significant people in their lives either all good or all bad depending on the circumstances. The assignment is not a permanent one, nor is it necessarily attached to a real aspect of the significant other's personality. The concept as it exists in object relations does not refer to a phenomenon children engage in under traumatic circumstances.

Answer 271

Correct answer: A concept in child development Lev Vygotsky suggested that cognitive development is produced by external factors and circumstances. He described a zone of proximal development that marked the difference between what a child can do on their own and what they will need help to do. This concept does not refer to a psychotherapeutic technique, a social psychology phenomenon, or a theory of Sigmund Freud.

Answer 272

Correct answer: The child cannot differentiate between themselves and the world According to the work of Jean Piaget, egocentrism is the state of not really knowing the differentiation between the outside world and self (i.e., living in a world that is constantly referring back to the self). The concept does not describe an elevated self-concept, the idea that the world does not exist without oneself, or demanding behaviors.

Answer 273

Correct answer: A family where members are overly involved with each other Closeness in a family is generally seen as desirable, but there are exceptions. In a family that is characterized by enmeshment, everyone is overly involved with each other, and individual autonomy decreases as the identity of the family as a whole predominates. Enmeshment does not suggest a family where members are isolated, where decision-making is democratic, or where outsiders are welcomed.

Answer 274

Correct answer: Homeostasis can be good or bad The concept of homeostasis as it applies to families can indicate a good state or a bad state. Homeostasis itself is only a description meaning a steady state of functioning or equilibrium as the family attempts to preserve its cohesion. The nature of that steady state can be pathological. Homeostasis implies holding to patterns, not rejecting them.

Answer 275

Correct answer: Emotions are temporary, while moods are more persistent Both emotions and mood have an extremely important role in individuals' overall psychological functioning. Emotions are usually viewed as temporary, lasting for a short period, whereas mood is more persistent over a longer period of time.

Answer 276

Correct answer: Emotions are temporary, while moods are more persistent Both emotions and mood have an extremely important role in individuals' overall psychological functioning. Emotions are usually viewed as temporary, lasting for a short period, whereas mood is more persistent over a longer period of time.

Answer 277

Which of the following would characterize a high-context communicative culture? A relatively low degree of nonverbal communication A relatively high degree of nonverbal communication Correct answer: A relatively high degree of nonverbal communication Cultures can be described as belonging to one of two groups with respect to their communicative norms. In high-context communicative cultures, things outside the lexical content of the message are emphasized, such as nonverbal communication and respect for tradition. The lexical context of the message is less significant in these cultures. By contrast, low-context communicative cultures tend to emphasize the detail of the message content over other, more contextual factors. Reference: Encyclopedia of Counseling: Master Review and Tutorial for the National Counselor Examination, State Counseling Exams, and the Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination, 4th Edition. Pg 659. A relatively low respect for tradition A high degree of verbal detail

Answer 278

Correct answer: A relatively high degree of nonverbal communication Cultures can be described as belonging to one of two groups with respect to their communicative norms. In high-context communicative cultures, things outside the lexical content of the message are emphasized, such as nonverbal communication and respect for tradition. The lexical context of the message is less significant in these cultures. By contrast, low-context communicative cultures tend to emphasize the detail of the message content over other, more contextual factors.

Answer 279

Correct answer: To help the client receive financial assistance from insurance companies Treatment plans are important documents and agreements between counselor and client to ensure that all parties agree on the goals of treatment and how those goals will be reached. While some insurance companies do require treatment plans for the insured, the main purposes of a treatment plan are to help the client resolve problems, to help the client function at a higher level, and, if applicable, to help the client move to the least restrictive environment.

Answer 280

Correct answer: Personality John Holland's career theory is structural in approach, but he believes that career choice is an expression of personality. He identified six personality types that develop due to parental influences, genetic factors, and the environment. These types include realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional.

Answer 281

Correct answer: During middle age According to the available research, the fear of death seems to peak in middle age in most individuals. This is coterminous with the onset of what is usually referred to as a midlife crisis, in which the consciousness of death and evaluation of one's former life are significant factors. Fear of death tends to be low in childhood and adolescence. Among older adults, it decreases as acceptance of death is achieved.

Answer 282

Correct answer: Neuropsychological Neuropsychological assessments measure brain dysfunctions and abilities such as language expression, motor skills, memory, and perceptual skills. Examples of neuropsychological assessments include the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery and the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test, which is often used with children.

Answer 283

Correct answer: Psychoanalysis Career counselors who operate from a social cognitive perspective attempt to strengthen self-efficacy by exposing clients to learning experiences such as vicarious learning (modeling), social persuasion, personal performance accomplishments, and the client's physiological states and reactions. Psychoanalysis is a longer-term therapeutic approach that addresses early childhood experiences and current defenses, and is not used in the self-efficacy approach.

Answer 284

Correct answer: Sweating and shaky hands Physiological symptoms refer to those that affect the physical functioning of the body. Some physiological effects of alcohol include sweaty and shaky hands, nausea, headaches, muscle aches, and fatigue. Cognitive effects include the inability to think clearly and depressive thoughts. Behavioral effects include becoming violent when drunk, being unable to function at work, and acting differently when under the influence of alcohol.

Answer 285

Correct answer: The brain changes in response to the environment Neuroplasticity is the way the brain changes in response to the environment. Research suggests that neuroplasticity is present at every age of development, and learning and other stimuli can help form new neuronal connections long after childhood. Research does not suggest, and the notion of neuroplasticity does not support, the idea that the brain does not change past a certain age or that the brain has complete control over its own structure.

Answer 286

Correct answer: Affection and warmth are more important than sustenance Harry Harlow's famous experiments dealt in part with how the development and behavior of young rhesus monkeys were affected by the presence and character of a wire monkey or a cloth monkey as a mother figure. Although the experiments were varied in their formation, one standout conclusion was that the infant rhesus monkeys seemed more interested in a cloth monkey mother (which is a more warm and affectionate figure) than a wire monkey mother, even when the wire monkey mother dispensed food and the cloth monkey did not. The conclusion seems to be that parental affection and warmth are more important in some ways than sustenance. The experiments did not indicate that affection and warmth are matters of perception or that affection is not significant to development.

Answer 287

Correct answer: 3 Developmental processes can be observed with consistency across human populations. One of these is gender identity, which in most cases proceeds with a person having arrived at a firm gender identity by the age of 3. There are many influences on this identity, such as genetics, culture, and socialization.

Answer 288

Correct answer: Neurocognitive Neurocognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism and intellectual disabilities, most likely have a biological basis. Neurocognitive disorders tend to appear later in life, while neurodevelopmental disorders begin in childhood.

Answer 289

Correct answer: Edward Thorndike Edward Thorndike developed the law of effect, which states that when a reward follows a stimulus-response connection, the connection is strengthened. Therefore, the law of effect determines the probability of a behavior being repeated based on its consequences. Like Thorndike, John Watson and B.F. Skinner are known for their contributions to behaviorism, but they did not develop the law of effect. Robert Havighurst focused on stages of growth and the importance of individuals mastering developmental tasks before moving from one stage to the next.

Answer 290

Correct answer: The counselor should ask questions about the client's personal values, particularly as they pertain to cultural norms Career counselors must be sensitive to clients' backgrounds and cultural norms. Although the client may not have any values in common with other Asian individuals, it is worthwhile for the counselor to explore the client's personal values to guide the direction as they assist the client.

Answer 291

Correct answer: A daughter who is not allowed to go out unless she cleans her room The Premack principle suggests that a behavior that one is not likely to engage in (a low probability behavior, or LPB) can be reinforced by a behavior that one is likely to engage in (a high probability behavior, or HPB). Thus, a daughter not allowed to go out (HPB) until she cleans her room (LPB) is an illustration of this principle. A son allowed to compete in sports is not being reinforced according to this schedule. The Premack principle does not deal with interactions outside the family or refer to family rules per se.

Answer 292

Correct answer: Trait-factor and needs-based Actuarial theorists focus on the individual's needs, traits, interests, or other internal structure. Trait-factor and needs-based theories are two types of actuarial theories as they each focus on a specific concept (personality traits and unmet needs) to explain career selection.

Answer 293

Correct answer: O*NET O*NET is a comprehensive database that categorizes occupations according to worker characteristics, amount of education and training needed, and other factors. On the website, users can search in a variety of ways, such as by specific occupation, education, basic skills, and many others. The Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) has been largely replaced by O*NET but still offers summaries of about 12,000 occupations. The Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) is published every other year and offers information about current salaries and projected trends. The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI 3) is a top-of-the-line computer-assisted career guidance system that can supplement the assessments and guidance of career counselors.

Answer 294

Correct answer: Autism and Asperger's disorder are now both autism spectrum disorder There are many categorical and philosophical changes in the DSM-5. One of these is the elimination of the Asperger's disorder diagnosis and the inclusion of clients with these symptoms under the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. In the DSM-5, mental retardation is now an intellectual disability, neurocognitive disorders include dementia and delirium, and both agoraphobia and panic disorder have been added to the anxiety disorders category.

Answer 295

Correct answer: meta-analysis Meta-analyses compare research findings across studies in order to bring together as much information as possible about a specific question. Rather than base all of her knowledge about treatment for adolescent depression on one study, this counselor is compiling research results from the past ten years to give a much better picture of what interventions are likely to work best.

Answer 296

Correct answer: Conduct disorder Conduct disorder is under the DSM-5 umbrella category of disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders. These typically appear first in childhood or adolescence and include severe problems with emotional and/or behavioral regulation. Conduct disorder can be diagnosed when individuals meet certain criteria such as aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, deception or theft, and/or serious violations of rules.

Answer 297

Correct answer: Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial Individuals experience continuous change and development throughout the lifespan. Systematic change in the individual typically is categorized into areas of physical development, cognitive development, and psychosocial development.

Answer 298

Correct answer: Personality is more important than circumstances when evaluating others The fundamental attribution error is a phenomenon of evaluation. It suggests that when we are evaluating others, permanent and dispositional factors such as personality are more important than transitory and circumstantial factors. For example, a person who gets fired from their job is more likely to be evaluated as having that outcome due to who they are than a more circumstantial factor such as the business environment.

Answer 299

Correct answer: 35 to 45 years for men, about five years earlier for women The concept of midlife crisis refers to a period in which a person realizes that their life is half over and begins to adjust to that knowledge by evaluating past events. According to consensus among theorists, it tends to take place at about 35 to 45 years of age for men, and about five years earlier in women.

Answer 300

Correct answer: A counselor who encourages her clients to be flexible workers and to pursue freelance work when possible Mark Savickas is known for his postmodern approach to career counseling that is based on construction theory, which posits that individuals construct their own reality. Savickas' approach considers the changing nature of the workplace and the move toward flexible work schedules and more freelance employment.

Answer 301

Correct answer: The client was diagnosed with autism at a younger age and the counselor was asked to help with skill-building rather than diagnostic clarification Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder typically diagnosed in childhood. Individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders usually have contact with several medical professionals before counselors become involved, though counselors in schools and community mental health agencies may be in contact with these individuals. Symptoms of autism typically have a biological basis and appear very early in childhood, and it is usually a medical professional rather than a counselor who diagnoses it. Medications cannot mask symptoms of autism, such as the lack of ability to understand social cues. Children with autism can learn social skills with individualized interventions that provide social scripts and models.

Answer 302

Correct answer: Feeding and eating disorders There are many different behavioral disruptions listed in the DSM-5 in five separate categories: feeding and eating disorders, elimination disorders, sleep-wake disorders, sexual dysfunctions, and paraphilic disorders. In addition to medical and behavioral interventions, individuals with eating disorders or elimination disorders are particularly likely to benefit from family counseling.

Answer 303

Correct answer: The majority express their intentions to someone Suicide is a complicated and individualistic phenomenon, but certain common factors can be identified that can help prevent it. One key factor about suicide is that those who complete it have expressed their intentions to someone in the vast majority of cases. This may involve almost any medium and chosen other and is not necessarily expressed online or to their age peers. This expression underlies the importance of taking any such mention of suicide by a client very seriously.

Answer 304

Correct answer: A family that handles its crises in a way that does not threaten stability In terms of family dynamics as expressed in family therapy, morphostasis refers to the way in which a family is able to handle its crises in a way that does not threaten stability. The family can be said to be less amenable to change but will be resistant to shock. The concept does not refer to enhancing function, addressing dysfunction, or handling regression.

Answer 305

Correct answer: Psychopharmacology Gender-variant individuals are those whose behavior and gender expression does not match feminine and masculine gender norms. Often, family therapy is recommended to help these individuals navigate social interactions and their own identities. Supportive therapy and group therapy with other gender-variant individuals may help as well. Psychopharmacology is not recommended, since gender variance is not viewed as a disorder.

Answer 306

Correct answer: A male known to the child The demographics of child abuse have been measured and studied. II the majority of cases, the abuser tends to be a male who is known to the child and not a stranger.

Answer 307

Correct answer: schema Jean Piaget is known for his work studying cognitive development in children and adults. Piaget used the term "schema" to refer to mental structures that process information, perceptions, and experiences. This toddler has a schema in which all moving objects with wheels are called cars. Over time, this child will most likely accommodate his experiences so that he will be able to distinguish between cars, bicycles, and trucks, and will understand the differences between each object.

Answer 308

Correct answer: Transitions from one life stage to another are opportunities for growth Gail Sheehy is known for her claim that life stages are marked by transitional periods that are likely to be different for each individual. Sheehy saw these stages as opportunities for growth, because crises challenge individuals to make positive changes.

Answer 309

Correct answer: A person has a choice between two different types of new car Leon Festinger researched the concept of cognitive dissonance, which suggests that human beings seek to avoid internal conflict between their attitudes and their behavior. There are various types of conflict according to this theory; one is approach-approach conflict, which is the choice between two positives. Since a person cannot have both, there will still be some measure of internal conflict, such as to justify one choice over another. Approach-approach conflict does not involve positive feedback. The other choices do not depict a choice between two desirable items.

Answer 310

Correct answer: systematic desensitization Systematic desensitization is based on the theory of reciprocal inhibition, the belief that a person cannot be anxious and relaxed at the same time. The goal of systematic desensitization is to associate negative stimuli that cause anxiety with positive events. In this type of intervention, images that the client finds anxiety-provoking are paired with muscle relaxation and other techniques.

Answer 311

Correct answer: Solution-focused brief therapy Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) is used to address specific problems in the moment rather than dwelling on past experiences or the history of the problem. Counselors operating from this perspective believe that the client is capable of finding solutions. Frequently used techniques of SFBT include the miracle question (what would be different if a miracle occurred in the client's life), the exceptions questions (what things were like when the problem didn't exist), and scaling questions (rating changes in the client's affect, emotions, etc., from one to ten).

Answer 312

Which of the following would best illustrate the concept of animism in child development? A child hears the voice of a beloved cartoon character at times A child does not understand that a person who has died cannot visit them A child believes that the rocks in the garden have personalities Correct answer: A child believes that the rocks in the garden have personalities Animism as it is known in the field of child development refers to the stage of childhood in which persons believe that inanimate objects have personalities and character, even a "life" of their own. Animism can refer to any human characteristic applied to an object in the environment. Thus, a child believing that rocks in the garden have personalities is an example of animistic thinking. Animism does not strictly refer to the hearing of imaginary voices, the misunderstanding of death, or normal grieving.

Answer 313

Correct answer: To help the family self-correct A family can be seen as a system that is constantly in motion and either in a state of homeostasis (relative stability) or change. As a system, the family has a function and an identity that rise above the identity of any individual member. Feedback loops are ways in which the family communicates with itself and self-corrects, generally in the interest of preserving homeostasis. Feedback loops are not primarily about information, boundaries, or whether an individual member is in favor.

Answer 314

Correct answer: A withdrawn child prone to drug abuse and antisocial behavior Parenting styles are associated with certain outcomes for the children produced by those styles. In this case, an authoritarian style is being practiced. This style is characterized by harsh punishment, poor explanation of the rules, and abuse in response to infractions. This parenting style is associated with withdrawn children who can be prone to drug and alcohol problems and exhibit antisocial behavior. A child from this household would likely not be successful; poor boundaries are more associated with children from households practicing permissive parenting.

Answer 315

Correct answer: Providing a high level of explicit verbal detail Different cultures and folk groups adhere to different communicative norms. In low-context communication, the emphasis is on the verbal, lexical content of the message. A high level of detail and a relatively low level of nonverbal communication would be the norm. High-context communication is the opposite. In these groups, factors such as respect for tradition and nonverbal communication are emphasized, with a relatively low level of lexical detail.

Answer 316

Correct answer: Develop profiles on LinkedIn, Twitter, and Facebook in the hope that employers will search for potential job candidates on these sites Social media websites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter are becoming increasingly useful to individuals looking for employment or career advancement. Employers often search these sites to find potential job candidates, so career counselors should recommend that clients create profiles as a way of advertising themselves.

Answer 317

Correct answer: 8 months Stranger anxiety, or the behaviors a child shows that indicate unease around unfamiliar people, tends to set in at about 8 months of age. This is in keeping with developmental theories which state that some psychological factors appear to be innate and present across human cultures and populations.

Answer 318

Correct answer: Prognosis When clinicians refer to a client's prognosis, they are referring to the likelihood that the individual will recover, stabilize, or otherwise be able to function in the future. This requires a counselor or other clinician to be familiar with the course of specific disorders and collections of behaviors along with the factors that help or hinder a person to deal with a disorder. Etiology refers to the cause of a disorder. Prevalence is what proportion of the population has a disorder. Incidence is how many new cases occur within a given time frame.

Answer 319

Correct answer: The essential bond between a mother and a child According to the work of Margaret Mahler, there is a critical period of time early in a child's development in which there is an essential bond between mother and child. Known as symbiosis, it amounts to the child being wholly dependent on and trusting of the mother. If this relationship is disrupted, the psychological consequences are dramatic and can involve psychosis. The term does not refer to a child's relationship with their environment, the way a child and mother support each other, or the way a family bonds around a child.

Answer 320

Correct answer: Learning theories Learning theories include behavioral theories, social learning theories, and information-processing theories. All of these concepts attempt to explain how humans grow and develop by observing and learning behaviors and responses from others. Cognitive theories include cognitive behavior therapy and other approaches that aim to change the individual's thoughts. Humanistic theories are client-centered and emphasize an individual's potential for self-growth. Psychoanalytic theories, such as ideas developed by Freud, are those that focus on the unconscious drives and feelings of individuals as the source of problematic behavior.

Answer 321

Correct answer: They are similar to those in substance abuse As clinical research has deepened into gambling behavior, the neurochemical reward system that is implicated in substance abuse is highly similar to those in gambling and risk-taking behavior. This insight has implications for diagnosis, classification, and treatment. This similarity does not extend to traumatized persons, depressive disorders, or anxiety disorders.

Answer 322

Correct answer: Feelings of worthlessness, negative worldview, hopeless future Aaron Beck's cognitive triad of depression addresses the way in which individuals assess their world and the way in which this assessment shapes the client toward depressive thinking. This triad consists of feelings of personal worthlessness, a negative worldview in which the client is a victim, and a future that is seen as hopeless. The other choices do not accurately capture this triad of poor self-concept, poor worldview, and negative future evaluation.

Answer 323

Correct answer: The Ginzberg group Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma (also known as The Ginzberg Group) believed occupational choice moved through three different stages: fantasy (birth to 11), tentative (11 to 17), and realistic (17 and up). The group posited that adolescent adjustment patterns play a significant role in career decision making.

Answer 324

Correct answer: Achievement Because there are so many assessments and inventories, career counselors should be careful to recommend only those that are appropriate for individuals' specific needs. The American College Test (ACT) and Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS) are typically given to K–12 students and are achievement tests that measure an individual's readiness for further education.

Answer 325

Correct answer: Differential, dynamic, and decisional John Crites' model of career counseling is a comprehensive approach that requires the counselor to make three diagnoses of the problem. These diagnoses include differential (what are the problems?), dynamic (why have the problems occurred?), and decisional (how are the problems being dealt with?). Crites also believed that once the career problem has been diagnosed, the counselor should provide client-centered counseling, psychodynamic techniques, and trait-factor and behavioral approaches.

Answer 326

Correct answer: Frank Parsons Frank Parsons, also known as the "Father of Guidance," developed the trait-factor approach to career counseling. This approach requires the career counselor to study the individual, survey the occupations, and then match the person with an occupation. The trait-factor approach was later refined by E. G. Williamson.

Answer 327

Correct answer: Paralanguage While language is generally understood to mean the lexical content of a message, there are many categories of messages outside explicit content. In fact, paralanguage, which refers to almost everything but the lexical content of the message, is considered to be more accurate. Paralanguage would include factors like tone, volume, speed, and silence, among many others.

Answer 328

Correct answer: Biology, cognition, emotions, and culture Causal models can be one-dimensional or multidimensional. Multidimensional models typically are based on the belief that disorders are a result of a variety of interrelated factors that affect the individual's behaviors and feelings. These models usually look at four dimensions: biology, which includes genetics and brain chemistry; cognition, which refers to how individuals learn and process information; emotions and mood; and sociocultural factors.

Answer 329

Correct answer: GRE Because there are so many assessments and inventories, career counselors should be careful to recommend only those that are appropriate for individuals' specific needs. The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is an example of an achievement aptitude test, not vocational, and is often required for application to graduate school. The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), and Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) are examples of vocational aptitude assessments.

Answer 330

Correct answer: SIGI 3 There are several computer-assisted career guidance systems that can supplement the assessments and guidance of career counselors. SIGI 3 (System of Interactive Guidance and Information) is one of the top-of-the-line systems. O*NET is a comprehensive database that categorizes occupations according to worker characteristics, amount of education and training needed, and other factors. Focus II and CHOICES are both computer-assisted career guidance systems, but they have limited assessment components.

Answer 331

Correct answer: They all take a developmental approach Developmental theorists view career selection as something that grows and changes over time and usually goes through stages. Donald Super, Linda Gottfredson, and Eli Ginzberg are known for their career development theories. Ginzberg and his colleagues divided career development into three main periods, but Super divided it into five periods and Gottfredson into four. Super developed the Archway model later in his career to show the many factors that influence an individual's career selection. Gottfredson's career development theory is known as Circumscription and Compromise.

Answer 332

Correct answer: He is experiencing a typical Oedipal complex During the phallic stage (age three to five), typically-developing children tend to experience either an Oedipal complex (boys) or an Electra complex (girls). During this stage, children become attracted to the opposite-sex parent and frequently attempt to "shut out" the same-sex parent. If parents are tolerant of these attitudes and set limits with their children about what is expected, children should move smoothly out of this stage into latency.

Answer 333

Correct answer: Learn how to interact with others in ways that relieve depressive symptoms There are many goals group members may work toward, depending on the type and topic of the group. Some general goals of group counseling include learning to trust oneself and others, finding alternative ways of resolving conflict, increasing self-direction, learning more effective social skills, and making plans for changing behaviors and being held accountable. Exploring childhoods, decreasing suicidal thoughts, and learning how to talk with family members are excellent goals for individual psychotherapy. Group counseling can help those suffering from depression to learn how their interpersonal skills and moods affect others, and hopefully to learn ways of interacting with others that will alleviate depressive symptoms.

Answer 334

Correct answer: Learn how to interact with others in ways that relieve depressive symptoms There are many goals group members may work toward, depending on the type and topic of the group. Some general goals of group counseling include learning to trust oneself and others, finding alternative ways of resolving conflict, increasing self-direction, learning more effective social skills, and making plans for changing behaviors and being held accountable. Exploring childhoods, decreasing suicidal thoughts, and learning how to talk with family members are excellent goals for individual psychotherapy. Group counseling can help those suffering from depression to learn how their interpersonal skills and moods affect others, and hopefully to learn ways of interacting with others that will alleviate depressive symptoms.

Answer 335

Correct answer: Trauma Dissociative disorders present issues of disconnection from self, others, and behavior. Their root is most often traumatic experiences in critical periods, when the dissociation may have been formed as an unconscious survival mechanism. The effect of trauma on the organism can be far-reaching, influencing self-concept, memory, and even motor control. Psychosis, developmental issues, and mood instability are not usually seen as the root of dissociative disorders.

Answer 336

Correct answer: A client accepts your diagnosis unquestioningly The Barnum effect is named after the famous showman P. T. Barnum, who suggested that people are highly gullible and suggestible in general. The Barnum effect refers to the idea that a client may believe anything a counselor tells them due to trust, authority, rapport, or other factors. The Barnum effect would probably not result in an outright rejection of a diagnosis or involve psychosis or an undiagnosable client.

Answer 337

Correct answer: That human bonding and attachment are innate Harry Harlow worked extensively with rhesus monkeys in order to learn about patterns of bonding and attachment in humans. Through his experiments in maternal deprivation and isolation, he believed that human bonding and attachment are innate and not environmentally cued, learned, or conditional on circumstances.

Answer 338

Correct answer: Recognize, collect data, examine outcomes, attend to values, evaluate and decide H B Gelatt presents a five-step process for making decisions about careers: recognize the need to make a decision, collect data, examine potential outcomes, attend to your value system, and make a temporary or permanent decision. Later Gelatt research focused on the balance between reason and intuition when making career decisions.

Answer 339

Correct answer: Two individuals help each other at about the same rate over time In terms of behaviorist approaches to marriage therapy, reciprocity means that two individuals support each other at about the same rate over time. When there is such a stable and consistent reinforcement schedule, trust develops. The concept does not refer to one individual supporting another per se, nor is it about the expression of feelings or the sharing of identity.

Answer 340

Correct answer: "Samantha, I've noticed that you've not been as talkative lately, but you seem sad. I wonder if the group could help you figure out why talking about anxiety and depression has been so difficult lately." Sometimes, resistance should be met directly in a confrontational way. Confrontation does not have to be rude or disrespectful, however, and the counselor can make gentle yet firm statements about her observations. In this way, the counselor models for all the group members how to handle conflict in a helpful, non-threatening way.

Answer 341

Correct answer: It is based on the idea that an individual cannot be separated from his or her environment Proponents of contextualism believe that career development results from constant interaction between the individual, the environment, and the dynamics between individual and environment. Contextualists assert that individuals cannot be separated from their environments and that reality is created by individuals' perceptions and ways of organizing information. From a contextualism standpoint, the goal of career counseling is for the individual to make sense of his or her situation.

Answer 342

Correct answer: Fixed ratio There are different types of conditioning principles that counselors can be aware of when helping clients to change their behaviors. A fixed ratio schedule reinforces a certain response after a fixed number of responses. A fixed interval schedule reinforces the responses after a certain period of time, a variable interval reinforces after an average number of minutes, and a variable ratio reinforces after an average number of responses.

Answer 343

Correct answer: Most people do not really reach it Jean Piaget conceptualized human development, particularly in children, as a process in which sensory capability was joined with cognition to produce milestones in one's ability to function and navigate the environment. The last stage of his model, formal operational, is one in which a child can perform abstract reasoning and deduction to solve problems. Piaget believed that most people do not really reach this stage. Piaget did not detail a gender disparity at this stage.

Answer 344

Correct answer: Editor John Holland's career theory is structural in approach, but he believes that career choice is an expression of personality. He identified six personality types that develop due to parental influences, genetic factors, and the environment. These types include realistic (explicit tasks requiring physical work, e.g., mechanic), investigative (intellectual and prefers systematic, creative activities), artistic (imaginative), social (enjoys interacting with and helping others), enterprising (prefers leadership roles), and conventional (practical and ordered). Examples of social careers are teachers and social workers, and examples of artistic careers are artists and editors. Sales personnel fall into the enterprising category, auto mechanic is the realistic style, and accountant is the conventional style.

Answer 345

Correct answer: Challenging preconceived notions of acceptable career options John Krumboltz developed the Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC), based on Bandura's social learning theory. Because learning experiences over an individual's lifetime influence career choice, the career counselor may need to challenge the individual's beliefs and generalizations. Career counselors may administer assessments, but this is not required from Krumboltz's point of view. Working with the individual to identify a zone of acceptable career alternatives applies to Linda Gottfredson's theory, and helping the individual resolve ego-relevant crises applies to Tiedeman's model.

Answer 346

Correct answer: A young employee, adopted at birth, just found her biological parents and wants to take leave to spend time with them The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) provides up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave during a 12-month period. It may be taken by a parent with a newly biological or adopted child or by any employee to care for an immediate family member who is ill. An adult who wants to spend time with her biological parents is not eligible to take FMLA leave.

Answer 347

Correct answer: Women have different criteria than men when making moral judgments Since the development of Kohlberg's moral dilemma test in the 1950s, people have questioned why women tend to score lower than men. Though there tends to be overlap between men and women on the instrument, women generally use different criteria than men when making moral judgments. Women prioritize human relationships and caring over justice and rights, which are typically more valued by men.

Answer 348

Correct answer: The effects of the cognitive behavioral therapy changed the amounts of neurotransmitters in the client's brain Neurobiological research has shown that, through counseling with various techniques and approaches, the rate and amounts of neurotransmitters in the brain can change. Individuals experiencing severe depression typically lack sufficient levels of serotonin and sometimes dopamine, and through participation in cognitive behavioral therapy, the levels of these neurotransmitters can be increased, resulting in alleviation of symptoms.

Answer 349

Correct answer: The effects of the cognitive behavioral therapy changed the amounts of neurotransmitters in the client's brain Neurobiological research has shown that, through counseling with various techniques and approaches, the rate and amounts of neurotransmitters in the brain can change. Individuals experiencing severe depression typically lack sufficient levels of serotonin and sometimes dopamine, and through participation in cognitive behavioral therapy, the levels of these neurotransmitters can be increased, resulting in alleviation of symptoms.

Answer 350

Correct answer: Early teens Conformity, when people can be expected to act most like their peers, seems to be at its strongest in humans in their early teens. This is when critical social rules around sexuality and reproduction, as well as the desire to bond with groups, are practiced and internalized. The other age groups listed do not illustrate the level of conformity present in puberty-age development.

Answer 351

Correct answer: Focusing on the word STOP on a stop sign The work of Jean Piaget focused on the stages of child development, in which the child's mental processes, cognitive ability, and sensory operations work in concert. His concept of centration refers to a phenomenon known in the preoperational stage, in which a child concentrates on one feature of an object, such as the word STOP on a stop sign. Centration does not refer to filtering noise, intellectual focus, or a belief that objects have a life of their own.

Answer 352

Correct answer: Environment Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development describes many stages throughout the lifespan in which critical tests either are or are not passed. One example is the first such stage, trust vs. mistrust, which usually takes place in an early phase of life (from birth to about 18 months). The test here is to learn to be able to invest appropriately in trusting relationships with other human beings. Although Erikson's theory has stages tied to certain nominal age groups, the most important factor in development is the environment—in particular the social environment—in which most of the tests take place. Social environments and one's ability to navigate them actually determine success in Erikson's model, not biology.

Answer 353

Correct answer: Allowing new information into established ideas Jean Piaget's concept of adaptation refers to the ability of a person to allow new information into established ideas. An example might be a child understanding that all families do not match their definition of family. This process is also known as assimilation. This concept does not refer to cognitive skill development, emotional regulation, or attachment/bonding.

Answer 354

Correct answer: Bronfenbrenner Urie Bronfenbrenner is known for his ecological view of human development and his belief that it is important to examine all systems impacting an individual. A school-aged child is not only affected by his family and school, but also by his neighborhood, peers, and other groups. Albert Bandura developed social learning theory, which combines social and cognitive factors. William Perry is known for his work in combining intellectual and ethical development. Daniel Levinson is known for his work in defining developmental tasks during major stages of life.

Answer 355

Correct answer: There is an 8% prevalence rate of depression in the population surveyed by the student Prevalence refers to how many, or what percent, of a population is affected by something. In this situation, there is an 8% prevalence rate of depression. Incidence is the number of new cases that occur within a given time frame. Prognosis is the anticipated course of a disorder, and etiology refers to the factor(s) that cause a disorder.

Answer 356

Correct answer: Fewer are going to college According to research, many factors about adolescent behavior in the past decade have changed, with implications for the mental health treatment of these persons and their families. In the past decade, the percentage of adolescents who have a driver's license, who work for pay, and who have tried alcohol have all decreased significantly. The same is not true for the college admissions in this population.

Answer 357

Correct answer: Fewer are going to college According to research, many factors about adolescent behavior in the past decade have changed, with implications for the mental health treatment of these persons and their families. In the past decade, the percentage of adolescents who have a driver's license, who work for pay, and who have tried alcohol have all decreased significantly. The same is not true for the college admissions in this population.

Answer 358

Correct answer: Acculturation represents how individuals identify with a dominant culture, and assimilation refers to how much an individual is absorbed by the dominant culture When examining culture and cultural concerns, it is important to remember how individual membership in the dominant culture is achieved and maintained and with what consequences to an individual's identity this takes place. Acculturation represents how individuals identify with a dominant culture and take on its norms and values. Assimilation refers to how much individuals are "absorbed" into a dominant culture and lose their source culture's norms and values. The terms are not equivalent, and there may or may not be a deliberate process at work.

Answer 359

Correct answer: deciding which person's family is visited during holidays Many people are part of a "dual-earner" couple, meaning both individuals earn an income. There are a number of common conflicts for these couples, including difficulty making time for leisure activities, deciding whose job takes precedence, tension that arises when the woman earns more than the man, and an unequal division of labor in the home. Deciding which person's family is visited during the holidays is an issue that can arise within relationships, but not necessarily only in dual-earner families.

Answer 360

Correct answer: 3 John Bowlby studied attachment and bonding, developing a theory that described bonding and attachment as having survival advantages. Among other ideas, Bowlby suggested that early attachment skills and practice were essential in how later social behavior would develop. If a person does not develop some kind of healthy bond or attachment by age 3, then they were unlikely to lead a normal social life.

Answer 361

Correct answer: Positive punishment Reinforcement/punishment strategies are conceptualized according to whether they add or subtract something and the goal of the intervention. In this case, a positive punishment is being applied (i.e., something is added in order to reduce a behavior). Negative punishment would be the removal of something to reduce the behavior. All reinforcement seeks to increase behavior, either by adding something (positive reinforcement) or taking something away (negative reinforcement).

Answer 362

Correct answer: To illustrate the role of crisis and transition in an individual's personality Erik Erikson identified a stage-wise development pattern in individuals characterized by conflictual transitions and whether the transition was successful. For example, in his first state of Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1.5 years), the conflictual transition is the most basic ability to trust others. Each individual personality navigates Erikson's stages in a different way. Erikson's stages are not meant to describe the developmental stages of society, aid in understanding social learning, or address the neuropsychiatric continuum.

Answer 363

Correct answer: A sensitive learning or growth period Within child development, a critical period is one in which some process or behavior must be successfully completed, or else it is much more difficult to achieve later. Such things as language and some kinds of social learning must be completed at certain ages, or they will become much more challenging to develop at a later time. A critical period in this context does not refer to physical transformation only, nor is the period personally or socially defined.

Answer 364

Correct answer: Investigative John Holland's career theory is structural in approach, but he believes that career choice is an expression of personality. He identified six personality types that develop due to parental influences, genetic factors, and the environment. These types include realistic (explicit tasks requiring physical work, e.g., mechanic), investigative (intellectual and prefers systematic, creative activities), artistic (imaginative), social (enjoys interacting with and helping others), enterprising (prefers leadership roles), and conventional (practical and ordered). Computer programmer and chemist are examples of the investigative career style.

Answer 365

Correct answer: Two to three years Freud describes five psychosexual stages of development: the oral stage, which lasts from birth to 18 months; the anal stage, ages two to three; the phallic stage, ages three to five; the latency stage, from age five to puberty; and the genital stage, which begins at puberty and lasts through adulthood.

Answer 366

Correct answer: Homeostasis Family counselors often see families as systems that aim to maintain homeostasis, or balance. When one change in the system takes place, it is typical for another change to take place as a way of balancing out the changed dynamics. This family system might be used to conflict, and when the conflict is taken away (due to the parents' divorce), the child unknowingly takes it upon himself to express distress.

Answer 367

Correct answer: When a child thinks that an object removed from their vision still exists As first described by the developmental psychologist Jean Piaget, object permanence refers to the understanding that an object still exists if it is removed from a person's immediate vision. This is part of an overall developmental progression in which the senses and the mind work together to create an accurate conceptual model of the world. Object permanence does not refer to a child conceptualizing objects as part of themselves or the idea that objects have an intelligence of their own.

Answer 368

Correct answer: An object still exists if it is not in the field of view Jean Piaget's work in child development yielded the concept of object permanence: an object still exists if it is removed from the field of view. This is seen as characteristic of the earliest of Piaget's stages of child development, the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years). Object permanence is a perceptual-cognitive matter and is not as much a matter of consciousness or the unconscious.

Answer 369

Correct answer: the World-of-Work Map Career counselors often use the World-of-Work Map, a tool developed by ACT that organizes occupations based on primary tasks involving people, data, things, and ideas. The map includes 26 families of occupations, and hundreds of occupations and college majors can be identified by using ACT's career exploration materials.

Answer 370

Correct answer: It tends to occur only in the last five years of life and deals mostly with verbal skills Contrary to what many believe about cognition in later life, a decline in IQ tends to occur only in the last five years of life and deals mostly with verbal skills. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as terminal drop or terminal decline. This decline in IQ is more relative to the person than absolute age, and there does not appear to be a breakout by gender.

Answer 371

Correct answer: Depressive disorders According to the DSM-5, depressive disorders include major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, substance/medication-induced depressive disorder, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD), and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. The DMDD diagnosis can only be given to children up to 18 years of age and is meant to decrease the numbers of children who are diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

Answer 372

Correct answer: A person who has been abused many times gives up resistance to abuse First known by this name in the work of Martin Seligman, the concept of learned helplessness refers to the way in which an individual, after experiencing many negatives without relief over a subjectively long period, ceases resistance and shows signs of depression and withdrawal. Thus, a person who has been abused many times and gives up resistance (since resistance has been demonstrated to be hopeless) is a good example of the phenomenon. The other examples do not illustrate an individual learning to be helpless through their own experiences, and the concept does not involve psychosis.

Answer 373

Correct answer: Self-awareness Linda Gottfredson, known for her career development theory "Circumscription and Compromise," posits that vocational self-concept develops in childhood and influences occupational selection. While various tasks are typically completed before the age of 14, in the teenage years, and later, self-awareness of one's unique characteristics helps determine occupational selection. Orientation to sex and gender roles and social valuation typically occur in latency and preadolescent years.

Answer 374

Correct answer: "I have derived my own set of moral standards." Lawrence Kohlberg conceptualized three stages of moral development. The first stage, preconventional, is characterized by a fear of punishment that governs behavior. The second stage, conventional, is characterized by a desire to adhere to society's rules. The last stage, post-conventional, is characterized by self-accepted rules that govern behavior and go above simple reward, punishment, or conformity.

Answer 375

Correct answer: Post-commitment, when individuals realize commitment is an ongoing and evolving activity William Perry's scheme was used to explain college students' journeys through intellectual and moral development, and has evolved to apply to other groups of people as well. Perry explains that there are three categories — dualism, discovery of relativism, and commitment to relativism — and nine positions spread across these categories. The final position is sometimes called post-commitment, when individuals realize that commitments are evolving and can sometimes be contradictory.

Answer 376

Correct answer: An improved score on a depression screening Counselors can view human growth and development changes as qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative changes refer to changes in structure or development, such as stages of growth. Quantitative changes can be measured using changes in number, degree, or frequency for reference, such as a changed score on a mental health screening.

Answer 377

Correct answer: Strong self-concept Almost half of all Americans have either a blood relative or a partner/spouse who has struggled with alcohol dependence. Substance abuse is viewed as the number one problem in the United States, and teenage drinking is closely related to suicide, sexual activity, date rape, and automobile accidents. Personality traits often found in individuals who are alcohol or substance users include a low self-concept, anxiety, underachievement, feelings of isolation and loneliness, sexual dysfunctions, fear of failure, and suicidal impulses.

Answer 378

Correct answer: "Your son is working hard in therapy, though he and I have agreed that I won't share details with anyone. Maybe next time you could join us at the beginning and your son can decide what he does and doesn't want to share." Parents of children under the age of 18 have a right to know about their children's treatment. However, counselors should take time before seeing a child to meet with the child's parents to explain the need for confidentiality and how it might be helpful to the counseling relationship. The counselor in this question recognizes the parent's desire to know what progress his son is making in counseling while also respecting the child's need for privacy.

Answer 379

Correct answer: Successful completion of this stage would prevent helplessness Jean Piaget formulated a theory of human development that detailed certain milestones to be achieved as the brain matured and an individual's ability to think and reason through problems in the environment improved. In his last stage, formal operational, Piaget suggested that feelings of helplessness would already have been adequately dealt with and the child would be ready for adulthood. Piaget did not suggest that most children would still feel helpless at this stage, and he saw the phenomenon of helplessness being dealt with through developmental processes rather than family dynamics.

Answer 380

Correct answer: H B Gelatt The later research of H B Gelatt focused on the balance between reason and intuition when making career decisions and is termed "Positive Uncertainty." This is related to Gelatt's earlier five-step process for making decisions about careers, which included the need to consider objective information while also attending to one's value system.

Answer 381

Correct answer: Psychopathology According to John Bowlby's attachment and bonding theory, the formation and status of critical attachment bonds at an early age have immense consequences for later life. In order for someone to have normal psychological development, a secure attachment figure must be present and bonded with, or the likely result is psychopathology of various kinds. Losing this key attachment figure is known as object loss. Bowlby did not suggest that a result of object loss would be normal development, object replacement, or substance use per se.

Answer 382

Correct answer: The first stage, establishing a relationship, helps progression to the second stage, developing a better understanding of the client's problems Within the career counseling process there are several steps: establishing a relationship, identifying the problem, conducting an assessment, providing information, making a decision, and implementing the plan. The first stage consists of developing trust between counselor and client, with the result being a better understanding of the problems the client has in terms of career decisions.

Answer 383

high emotional intelligence Correct answer: high emotional intelligence Daniel Goleman proposed that intelligence includes not only cognitive processes, but a comprehensive knowledge of human emotions. This emotional intelligence is seen in those who understand social cues, have empathy for others, develop positive interpersonal relationships, and are self-motivated. Emotional intelligence operates separately from cognitive intelligence, which includes reasoning and thinking processes.

Answer 384

Correct answer: Anorexia nervosa Ego-dystonic behaviors are those that the individual considers unacceptable. Individuals with panic disorder, for example, feel uncomfortable with the physiological symptoms of anxiety that accompany the disorder and are therefore more likely to be motivated to change. Individuals with anorexia nervosa, however, often experience ambivalence about receiving treatment for the disorder, since the symptoms are somewhat effective at temporarily relieving anxiety about body shape and control.

Answer 385

Correct answer: Cognitive behavioral counseling The basic principle behind cognitive behavioral counseling is that behavior, including ways of thinking, is learned and therefore can be unlearned. Goals of cognitive behavioral counseling are to identify triggers and causes for a specific behavior and the reinforcements that help continue the behavior. The counselor then helps the client think critically about his or her behaviors and finds ways to change them using alternate reinforcements and other types of conditioning.

Answer 386

Correct answer: The mind is a blank slate at its beginning In general, the behaviorist school disallows such concepts as the unconscious and devalues cognitive preconditions in the mind. To simplify, behaviorists view the mind as a blank slate before it learns anything. The focus is on conditioning and learning as definitional to development. Behaviorists would likely disagree that any preexisting knowledge would have a substantial effect on development, if it existed at all. Social inputs, similarly, are expected to be learned later.

Answer 387

Correct answer: Virginia Satir Virginia Satir is known for her work in the field of family therapy, not career counseling. John Holland views career selection as a reflection of one's personality and has developed several career assessment instruments. Linda Gottfredson is known for her career development theory "Circumscription and Compromise," which focuses on children's vocational development processes. Mark Savickas' theory of career counseling is based on career construction theory, and he believes career counselors assist clients in making sense of their life and work.

Answer 388

Correct answer: Heteronomous morality sees rules as absolute, and autonomous morality does not The moral development of human beings can be conceptualized in various ways. One description comes from the work of Jean Piaget, who classified morality in children as going through a heteronomous stage, in which rules are seen as absolute, followed by an autonomous stage in which rules are seen as having some flexibility. The concept does not refer to the will of a group or an individual per se. Reference: Encyclopedia of Counseling: Master Review and Tutorial for the National Counselor Examination, State Counseling Exams, and the Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Examination, 4th Edition. Pg 84. Heteronomous morality sees rules as flexible, and autonomous morality does not Heteronomous morality reflects the will of an individual, and autonomous morality does not Heteronomous morality reflects the will of a group, and autonomous morality does not

Answer 389

Correct answer: By assessing the client with their disability in mind, asking the client to honestly tell them what duties they do and don't feel capable of doing Career counselors have a responsibility to their clients to respect the clients' desires and individual limitations. When assisting a client with a disability, a career counselor should request that the client talk openly about what duties they feel capable of doing. For example, the client in this question may need to eat a full breakfast when taking their medications, and therefore might not be able to accept a job that requires them to arrive early in the morning.

Answer 390

Correct answer: Isolation in early childhood can lead to an autistic presentation The work of Harry Harlow dealt extensively with the dynamics of maternal withdrawal and isolation in rhesus monkeys. Harlow found that isolation in the first period of life, when attachment and bonding are critical, led to presentations consistent with autism, such as problems with communication and forming social bonds. Harlow's work did not suggest that isolation in early childhood would lead to psychosis or mood disorders.

Answer 391

Correct answer: outplacement counseling Outplacement counseling is a form of career counseling offered to employees who are going to be terminated. Various components of outplacement counseling include assessment, career counseling, assistance with job-seeking skills, and help to find a new place of employment.

Answer 392

Correct answer: A family is a system composed of subordinate systems Systems theory in family therapy refers to the status of the family as an overarching system composed of subordinate systems. All of these systems, whether they are functional or dysfunctional, are always being enacted in the life of the family. Systems theory seeks to understand, describe, and change the functioning of systems. Individuals are not seen as controlling systems per se, and systems theory addresses structure rather than specifics about beliefs and culture.

Answer 393

Correct answer: A family is a system composed of subordinate systems Systems theory in family therapy refers to the status of the family as an overarching system composed of subordinate systems. All of these systems, whether they are functional or dysfunctional, are always being enacted in the life of the family. Systems theory seeks to understand, describe, and change the functioning of systems. Individuals are not seen as controlling systems per se, and systems theory addresses structure rather than specifics about beliefs and culture.

Answer 394

Correct answer: They have mastered the previous stages Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development suggest a series of stepwise tests a person either passes or does not throughout their lifespan. These stages generally describe some form of successful or unsuccessful psychosocial interaction with the environment. In the last stage, integrity vs. despair, one enters a creative period after having successfully passed previous stages or becomes inwardly focused and depressed. The passage of the final stage does not necessarily imply self-actualization, happiness with previous choices, or a readiness to die.

Answer 395

Correct answer: Positive relationships are characterized by profit Social exchange theory characterizes human relationships as calculations between individuals. These calculations then define much about that relationship. Positive relationships, in this view, are characterized by profit accruing to the individuals in that relationship. In other words, relationships are based on what the individuals in them see as a cost-benefit analysis. The other statements do not capture this sense of profit (in the sense of the cost-benefit analysis) being a driver of relationships.

Answer 396

Correct answer: Ethical development Organismic development is the belief that the individual (or other organism) is involved in the development. This can lead to change or discontinuity depending on the individual. Ethical development and moral development are both regarded as organismic development. Reflexive behavior is mechanistic development, the reduction of behavior to common elements. Language development is discontinuous development, and sexual development is qualitative development.

Answer 397

Correct answer: Yes, as DBT helps with mindfulness and impulse control Marsha Linehan's dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was first designed for use with those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. It is a technique that focuses on mindfulness and impulse control through skill-building. It also directly addresses problematic thoughts rather than working around them and has been useful in treating many other conditions such as substance use. Underlying emotional thought patterns are part of what DBT addresses in attempting to build mental skills of control.

Answer 398

Correct answer: Preconventional Lawrence Kohlberg suggested three general levels of moral development. In the first or preconventional stage, behavior is mainly governed by consequences. In the next stage, conventional, a person is steered by a desire to conform to social rules. In the last stage, post-conventional, a person has a set of moral principles and standards. "Protoconventional" is a fabricated term.

Answer 399

Correct answer: Both tests can be accurate A person can be diagnosed with intellectual disability (ID) if the onset of the condition was before the age of 18 and their IQ test result is 70 or below. However, IQ as a measurable result can change over time and often does, usually in response to some kind of training. Therefore, both results can be accurate in the case at hand.

Answer 400

Correct answer: A day treatment program that runs Monday through Friday and allows him to return home in the evenings The most restrictive environment is inpatient hospitalization, followed by residential treatment facilities, partial hospital care, group homes, and other residential options (such as therapeutic foster care for children). Less restrictive settings include intensive outpatient programs, day treatment, and outpatient services.

Answer 401

Correct answer: People from other cultures should forget their own culture and adopt the macroculture Anglo-conformity theory suggests that people from other cultures should forget their own culture and adopt the macroculture. This is stated within the context of what those who believe in anglo-conformity theory hold to be the best option for those from other cultures.

Answer 402

Correct answer: Adolescence A person's self-concept is defined as their perceptions and beliefs about their qualities, attributes, and traits. At birth, virtually no self-concept exists, but by 24 months, self-recognition has set in, and differentiation from others is a cognitive exercise. A preschool-aged person does not have a stable self-concept yet, but what they have is concrete and physical. In adolescence, in light of all the influences from culture, peers, family, and the environment, a stable self-concept is first realized.

Answer 403

Correct answer: They tend to be limited to white, college-educated males Early career theories, most of which were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, were usually developed by whites, and data were limited to young, white, middle-class males. This is clearly a problem because increasing numbers of women and multicultural workers are entering the workforce. Single-parent households and dual-earner families are also reasons to support the development of updated career theories.

Answer 404

Correct answer: Assist the individual in making meaning of their own situation Career counselors working from a contextualist viewpoint aim to assist individuals in making meaning of their own situations. These career counselors believe that career development results from constant interaction between the individual, the environment, and the dynamics between individual and environment.

Answer 405

Correct answer: Negative reinforcement Reinforcement and punishment strategies are usually considered in four ways. Negative reinforcement is when an undesirable is removed in order to increase behavior. Positive reinforcement would be a desirable addition in order to increase behavior. All punishment aims to reduce a behavior, either by adding something (positive) or taking something away (negative).

Answer 406

Correct answer: Negative cognitive shift Aaron Beck described an internal communications system for people that can vary. In depressed persons, a negative internal communication system results in a negative cognitive shift, which could contribute to depression. This negative cognitive shift would be an overall bad outlook and would be informed by negative thoughts coming through a flawed internal communication system.

Answer 407

Correct answer: A person's normal functioning before an intervention A baseline behavior, in the language of behaviorism, refers to the steady state of existing, (i.e., "normal" behavior that exists before an intervention is attempted). The concept does not refer to post-intervention status.

Answer 408

Correct answer: Initiative versus guilt Erik Erikson identified eight stages of psychosocial development; during each stage, a psychosocial task must be mastered. During the initiative versus guilt stage, which occurs in children ages three to six, children initiate activities with others, plan activities, and make up games. During autonomy versus shame and doubt (ages one and a half to three), the child begins to assert himself and develop independence. During industry versus inferiority (ages six to 11), children are tasked with mastering social and academic skills. During identity versus role confusion (adolescence), the individual establishes social and career identities.

Answer 409

Correct answer: A high school graduate with mediocre grades enrolls in community college to become a nursing assistant because he believes he is capable of performing this particular career Self-efficacy, an individual's belief that he or she can perform some necessary task, frequently affects the career decision-making process. Even though someone with mediocre grades may not attend the best college or earn an advanced degree, when he embraces his abilities he is displaying self-efficacy. Someone who chooses a career in order to begin working right away or someone who obtains a second degree may have self-efficacy, but these are not the best examples.

Answer 410

Correct answer: mood and affect Counselors may frequently conduct clinical interviews and can use a formal mental status exam to gather information about the client's overall functioning. Components of the exam include appearance and behavior, mood and affect, thought processes, intellectual functioning, and sensorium. Mood and affect include the client's facial expressions and other nonverbal expressions of emotion along with statements that reflect their feelings.

Answer 411

Correct answer: Refer the client to a psychiatrist for continued evaluation of psychotic symptoms If psychotic symptoms are evident or suspected in a client, the counselor should refer the client to a psychiatrist for a full psychiatric evaluation. Psychosis can arise for a variety of reasons, and clients should be referred to a professional who can determine whether they have a psychotic disorder and if so, can prescribe medication.

Answer 412

Correct answer: They tend to spend more time unemployed than those under 40 The perception of age and capability is relevant to clients under financial stress, who with variable economic conditions may find themselves unemployed at the age of 40 and above. Unfortunately, there is a bias in employment agencies who view persons 40 and above as "older" and therefore less marketable to companies in search of younger talent; thus, persons 40 and above tend to spend more time unemployed than those under 40. Persons 40 and above are not generally viewed preferentially by employment agencies, nor are they necessarily placed in more managerial and supervisory roles.

Answer 413

Correct answer: Family, the labor market, and other external factors Donald Super developed the Archway model as a way to show the factors that influence an individual's self-concept. One pillar represents factors within the individual, such as personality traits and interests, and the other pillar represents external factors that influence career development, such as community and the economy.

Answer 414

Correct answer: They applied mostly to white, middle-class, college-educated males Super's explanation of career development, which began in the 1950s, consists of vocational development stages and vocational development tasks. This model was initially focused on white, middle-class, college-educated males. Super's theories continued to evolve, and his later ideas such as the life-career rainbow and the Archway Model tend to apply to a more diverse range of individuals.

Answer 415

Correct answer: In whatever way the counselor and client agree upon The final stage of career counseling is implementation and follow-up. During this stage, the client takes action on the decision he or she made based on sessions with the counselor. The career counselor and the client should discuss when, how, and under what circumstances the counselor should follow up with the client. This can vary greatly depending on the situation.

Answer 416

Correct answer: Relatively high happiness, good performance overall, high emotional regulation Harriet is practicing what could be described as an authoritative parenting style: authority is present and strictly maintained but is well-explained to children. There is also a general background of warmth and nurturing. This parenting style tends to produce children who have relatively high happiness, good performance overall, and a high degree of emotional regulation.

Answer 417

Correct answer: glass ceiling The "glass ceiling" refers to the idea that a collection of restraints in the workplace have historically prevented women from moving up the career ladder in organizations. These restraints include childcare duties, stereotypes of women's cognitive abilities, and other factors.

Answer 418

Correct answer: An adult moves in with their parents when under stress The concept of regression has a strict meaning in the context of psychoanalytic defense mechanisms that is congruent with its more general definition as a broad psychological phenomenon. In both cases, a person is attempting to retreat into an earlier stage of development that is seen as less challenging and threatening. Thus, an adult who moves in with their parents when under stress may be enacting this concept by a symbolic return to childhood. The other cases listed do not describe an attempt to regress to an earlier stage of development.

Answer 419

Correct answer: Roe believed that the parent-child relationship was a central determinant in career selection Ann Roe operated from a needs approach and believed that individuals choose careers to meet needs based on parental influences and early childhood experiences. However, there is not a significant base of research to support this theory. Krumboltz, not Roe, operated from a social learning approach. As stated above, Roe had a needs-based approach, not a developmental approach. Self-efficacy is an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task and does not apply to Roe's theory.

Answer 420

Correct answer: Wisdom Erik Erikson is known for developing eight psychosocial stages of development throughout the lifespan. During the final stage, integrity versus despair, individuals look back on their lives and either view them as meaningful or have regrets. The resulting ego virtue is wisdom. The resulting ego virtue for intimacy versus isolation (early adulthood) is love. The resulting ego virtue for autonomy versus shame and doubt (ages one and a half to three) is will. The resulting ego virtue for trust versus mistrust (birth to one and a half) is hope.

Answer 421

Correct answer: Personal counseling to resolve emotional and psychological issues Sometimes, individuals struggle to make decisions about their careers because of personal problems and internal conflicts. If a career counselor notices that the client is indecisive even with lots of information, the counselor may recommend personal counseling to resolve emotional and psychological issues. Once personal counseling begins to help, career counseling may be more effective

Answer 422

Correct answer: She will need help building her job-seeking skills and self-concept Career counselors sometimes encounter individuals who have been stay-at-home parents for a number of years and wish to return to the workplace. Common issues for these "displaced homemakers" include a lack of self-confidence in the job market, poor job-seeking skills, and, at times, no support system.

Answer 423

Correct answer: secondary traumatic stress Counselors often provide services for individuals who are victims of various types of trauma: abuse, wars, natural disasters, terrorism, and others. Consequences for counselors who work with clients who have been traumatized include burnout, compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma and secondary traumatic stress. Secondary traumatic stress results from graphic descriptions and details of trauma reported to counselors, who may begin to experience some of the same symptoms as the client. Even though the counselor in this question is not a victim of trauma, she is experiencing physiological symptoms that would indicate otherwise. Secondary traumatic stress is relatively common but is not considered a normal part of the therapeutic process. Symptoms of compassion fatigue include a loss of empathy for and interest in the client. Transference is the redirection of the client's feelings and beliefs onto the counselor.

Answer 424

Correct answer: Crystallization Super's explanation of career development consists of vocational development stages and vocational development tasks. Vocational development stages are growth (development of capacity and interests), exploratory (tentative choices made), establishment (trial and stabilization), maintenance (adjustment process), and decline (retirement). The vocational development tasks are crystallization (forming a vocational goal), specification (moving to a more specific career choice), implementation (entering employment), stabilization (performing a job), and consolidation (achieving status and advancing).

Answer 425

Correct answer: They produce less aggressive children Research into parenting styles has revealed that when parents do not use or tolerate aggression in the home, the children growing up in these homes tend to be less aggressive. This research does not suggest that these families will influence other families to operate in a similar manner, nor does it suggest that communication is better in families that do not tolerate aggression.

Answer 426

Correct answer: Postconventional Lawrence Kohlberg identified three levels of moral development that relate to the relationship between the individual and society. In the first level, preconventional, individuals judge the morality of an action based on its immediate consequences and rewards. During the conventional level of moral reasoning, individuals judge morality based on the comparison of actions to society's expectations. During the final level, postconventional, individuals realize they are separate from society and can have principles and ethics different from the greater society.

Answer 427

Correct answer: A family adapting functionally and supportively to an unexpected pregnancy In terms of family dynamics as expressed in family therapy, morphogenesis describes the ability of the family to change. Being adaptable in the face of an unexpected situation (which would involve multiple people in the family reevaluating their roles and behavior) would be an example. The concept does not refer to family survival, independently chosen values, or the way the family fails to change.

Answer 428

Correct answer: Agoraphobia The technique of flooding comes from the behaviorist school of desensitization, whose general premise is that exposure to a feared stimulus reduces fear of that stimulus. Many such approaches are gradual, such as the technique of systematic desensitization. Flooding involves immediate exposure to the feared stimulus. This approach is seen as more effective in some circumstances than others and seems to be particularly effective in cases of agoraphobia. Flooding is not seen as being as effective in cases of mood disorder, thought disorder, or substance issues. The technique requires a specific feared stimulus.

Answer 429

Correct answer: A child continues growing physically and cognitively but emotionally remains in one place Sigmund Freud suggested that, as a result of traumatic experiences in certain critical and formative stages, fixation might result in human development. Though his own language about developmental stages is specific to his theory, the broader concept of fixation is a useful one when considering psychological development in early life. The general idea is that, due to unresolved stress or trauma, a child can continue growing physically and cognitively but emotionally remain in one place. In other words, a child can grow normally physically and intellectually but can emotionally remain stunted.

Answer 430

Correct answer: A child continues growing physically and cognitively but emotionally remains in one place Sigmund Freud suggested that, as a result of traumatic experiences in certain critical and formative stages, fixation might result in human development. Though his own language about developmental stages is specific to his theory, the broader concept of fixation is a useful one when considering psychological development in early life. The general idea is that, due to unresolved stress or trauma, a child can continue growing physically and cognitively but emotionally remain in one place. In other words, a child can grow normally physically and intellectually but can emotionally remain stunted.

Answer 431

Correct answer: They are less influenced by cultural differences Play therapy and art therapy are specializations in which the traditional forms of therapy (where language is the dominant component) are put aside in favor of expressive modalities where children feel more comfortable. One advantage of these kinds of treatment is that they are less vulnerable to cultural differences, which may affect a more traditional therapeutic interaction in terms of language, trust, and other factors.

Answer 432

Correct answer: Random, negative, and intrusive cognition Automatic thoughts are a key principle to understand in the work of Beck and his school of cognitive therapy. Automatic thoughts are random, negative, and intrusive cognition that arises in response to the pressures of the world and a client's experience. If unchallenged, these can drive depression and contribute to unrealistic views about the world. In this view, automatic thoughts are not chosen, unconscious, or specifically trauma-inflected.

Answer 433

Correct answer: Regression Regression is the return to a much younger psychological and emotional state due to overwhelming feelings. In this situation, the client is so overwhelmed by the feelings associated with her trauma that she retreats to a much more immature state. If skilled, the counselor can use this defense as a way of helping the client through the trauma. Reaction formation occurs when someone expresses the opposite feeling of what he or she may actually feel. Introjection is the process of using fantasy to identify the expression of an impulse. Repression is the act of forgetting or denying an idea that creates anxiety or other uncomfortable feelings.

Answer 434

Correct answer: After 30 years working for the federal government, Sam decides to take a job at a local home improvement store Encore careers refer to those times when, for different reasons, retired workers return to work. Most of the time, workers do not return to their former employer but find some other kind of employment. None of the other options refer to individuals who have retired.

Answer 435

Career counselors must be careful not to stereotype clients based on race, ethnicity, gender, religion, background, or any other characteristic. If a client expresses concerns that the counselor is making suggestions based on stereotypes, the counselor should be open to hearing from the client (rather than becoming defensive). The counselor can validate the client's feelings and should self-reflect to examine whether the counselor is correct about his or her suspicions.

Answer 436

Correct answer: propinquity Propinquity is often one of the main factors leading to romantic attraction between individuals. It refers to the proximity between people who live or work near each other. The propinquity effect, therefore, is the tendency for people to form relationships with others they encounter often.

Answer 437

Correct answer: Avoiding a feared stimulus intensifies the fear The behaviorist view of phobias is that they can be "unlearned" through systematic desensitization and flooding strategies. The idea behind these strategies is that avoiding a feared stimulus intensifies the fear of that stimulus. In some form or another, a behaviorist view of phobias is going to involve a degree of exposure to a feared stimulus. Engaging with a feared stimulus may increase fear in the near term, but in the long term, it will reduce fear (in the behaviorist view).

Answer 438

Correct answer: Heredity guides behavior but only at the right time or under the appropriate stimuli The maturation hypothesis suggests that heredity guides behavior but only at the right time or under the appropriate stimuli. For example, a baby has all of the innate resources they need to master language but will only do so when this step is developmentally possible. The maturation hypothesis does not suggest that heredity guides behavior without reference to the environment, only when social cues are present, or only when homeostasis is available.

Answer 439

Correct answer: Specification Donald Super's explanation of career development consists of vocational development stages and vocational development tasks. The vocational development tasks are crystallization (forming a vocational goal), specification (moving to a more specific career choice), implementation (entering employment), stabilization (performing a job), and consolidation (achieving status and advancing). This student is performing the task of specification, when individuals move from more general career interests to a specific vocational choice.

Answer 440

Correct answer: Registered nurses It is important for career counselors to keep up with workforce trends. Over the next ten years, the fastest growing occupational categories are predicted to be health care and professional occupations. Within these categories, there will be the most job openings for registered nurses, personal care aides, and retail salespersons. The slowest growing occupations will be postal service clerks, locomotive firers, and lumber workers. College professors will likely stay the same or grow slightly.

Answer 441

Correct answer: Black males Rates of unemployment often depend on the cultural/ethnic group. Black males experience the highest levels of unemployment, while white males have the lowest unemployment rates, followed by white females, Hispanic males, Hispanic females, and black females.

Answer 442

Correct answer: Mood-stabilizing medication and psychotherapy Bipolar and related disorders include some aspect of mania and/or hypomania, such as changes in energy and activity. Clinicians agree that a combination of mood-stabilizing medication, such as Depakote, and psychotherapy are recommended for individuals with bipolar disorder. Psychoeducation, cognitive behavioral therapy, family therapy, and interpersonal therapy are the best therapeutic options for clients with bipolar disorder.

Answer 443

Correct answer: Depending on the client, a wide variety of psychotherapeutic approaches may be recommended Trauma- and stressor-related disorders are caused by being involved in, witnessing, or otherwise being exposed to one or more traumatic events. Reactive attachment disorder, disinhibited social engagement disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders all fall into this category. This category of disorders is very broad, so a wide variety of psychotherapeutic approaches may be recommended.

Answer 444

Correct answer: They experience their symptoms as real Persons who suffer from disorders that the DSM-5 has placed in the category of somatic symptom and related disorders are not manufacturing symptoms that they do not really feel. They do experience symptoms that are real in their experience, although they do not have any medical or physical evidence to support their existence. These people are not experiencing psychosis, and most likely the somatic symptom disorder is not a traumatic flashback.

Answer 445

Correct answer: A wife takes on the personality traits of her husband In psychoanalytic family therapy, the term introjection refers to roughly the same phenomenon as the defense mechanism of the same name: taking on aspects of another person within oneself. An example might be a wife taking on aspects of her husband's personality. The concept does not refer to a family structure or gross changes in family behavior.

Answer 446

Correct answer: Neurotransmitters directly affect a person's mood as well as their emotional and cognitive functioning Neurotransmitters, which include acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, and Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA), are brain chemicals that affect all types of emotional, psychological, behavioral, and cognitive responses people have to their surroundings. When an individual lacks a certain neurotransmitter, they can experience symptoms such as severe depression, anxiety, emotional dysregulation, or poor cognitive performance.

Answer 447

Correct answer: Orientation to sex roles Linda Gottfredson is known for her career development theory "Circumscription and Compromise." According to Gottfredson, vocational self-concept develops in childhood and influences occupational selection. An individual progresses through four stages: orientation to size and power (ages three to five), when children think concretely and begin thinking about occupations they might like; orientation to sex roles (ages six to eight), when children learn that occupations are sex-typed and performed primarily by one sex or the other; orientation to social valuation (ages nine to 13), when children realize that occupations vary in social value and desirability; and orientation to internal unique self (ages 14 and up), when adolescents reflect on their own values and interests and use these to inform occupational decisions

Answer 448

Correct answer: Impaired cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning Individuals whose functioning is severely impaired are said to be experiencing psychological dysfunction. While specific DSM-5 diagnoses might require that certain criteria, such as extreme mood states, are met, it is a requirement for all diagnoses that the individual experience impaired functioning as a result of the symptoms.

Answer 449

Correct answer: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow, 20th century American psychologist, is known for his theory that individuals' needs can be ranked on a pyramid, with the most important needs at the bottom. This Hierarchy of Needs places physiological and safety needs (food, shelter, medical care, etc.) at the bottom, implying that these needs must be met before higher level emotional needs (love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization) can be met. Gesell's maturationist theory is based on the belief that human development is governed by an individual's genetic composition. The behaviorism learning approach is a broad approach that views behavior as a result of reinforcement and motivation. Jean Baker Miller is known for her contributions to the field of women's mental health.

Answer 450

Correct answer: We judge our behaviors and success by comparison to others Social comparison theory, which arose from the research of Leon Festinger, suggests that we judge our behaviors and success by comparison with others. Rather than evaluating our behavior or success with reference to our past, our current progress, or our eventual goals, we tend to compare ourselves first to what we believe about how others are doing.

Answer 451

Correct answer: Taking in information that agrees with your view and ignoring that which does not Confirmation bias is a perceptual/judgmental phenomenon by which people tend to take in and accept information and data that agree with their point of view while ignoring those that do not. This is in keeping with the general tendency of the mind to attempt to prevent challenges to its homeostasis. This tendency does not have to do with memory or evidence per se, except insofar as evidence is less favored when it does not agree with an established point of view.

Answer 452

Correct answer: They are used after the problem is diagnosed to help the client interpret and understand why the problem was occurring John Crites' model of career counseling is a comprehensive approach that requires the counselor to diagnose the career problem using differential, dynamic, and decisional approaches. Crites also believed that once the career problem has been diagnosed, the counselor should provide client-centered counseling, psychodynamic techniques, and trait-factor and behavioral approaches. Psychodynamic techniques in career counseling may include interpretation and reflection on the client's internal emotional experiences.

Answer 453

Correct answer: Robert Havighurst Robert Havighurst developed the idea that, in order to move through life successfully, individuals must master the developmental tasks of each stage of growth. These developmental tasks are those that result from physical growth, societal influences, and personal values. Abraham Maslow is known for his hierarchy of needs, which begins with physiological needs and progresses to social and cognitive needs. John Watson was a behaviorist who believed individuals' behaviors result from rewards and punishment. Aaron Beck was a psychiatrist who developed cognitive therapy.

Answer 454

Correct answer: OOH The Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) is published every other year and offers information about current salaries and projected trends. This would be the best way for this particular client to narrow down their options for an occupation based on salary, educational requirements, and future job projections. None of the remaining answer options are as effective as the OOH at narrowing down options based on the information given in this question. The World-of-Work map is a tool developed by ACT that organizes occupations based on primary tasks related to People, Data, Things, and Ideas. The Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) offers summaries of about 12,000 occupations. The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI 3) is a top-of-the-line computer-assisted career guidance system that can supplement the assessments and guidance of career counselors.

Answer 455

Correct answer: Systematic desensitization Based on the work of Ivan Pavlov, systematic desensitization works on the principle of gradual exposure to the feared stimulus in some form. There are various types of systematic desensitization, and different patients may proceed at varying rates through the modality. Psychotherapy and medication do not address the heart of the problem, which is fear of a particular stimulus. Inpatient treatment is most likely not called for, and medication alone would do nothing to address the root issue.

Answer 456

Correct answer: Lifestyle There are many career-related definitions used both in society and in the field of career counseling. "Lifestyle" refers to an individual's general preference in regard to career, living space, family, leisure, and other factors. "Occupation" is a definable work activity, and "job" is one person in one position doing certain tasks. "Career" has several different definitions, but ranges from the series of occupations one has to all of the work roles someone engages in. A woman defining herself as a psychologist refers to her occupation, job, and career, but not necessarily to her lifestyle.

Answer 457

Correct answer: It reduces anxiety by predicting behavior The mind engages in many strategies, conscious and unconscious, to preserve its homeostasis and reduce discomfort. One of these is splitting from the field of object relations. In splitting, an "all good" or "all bad" assignment is made to people based on current circumstances. In adults, it is a way of describing the personality of others that in effect reduces anxiety by predicting behavior and making it knowable. The phenomenon suggests an intolerance for the ambiguity and unpredictability of human behavior. Splitting is not meant to increase anxiety or self-esteem.

Answer 458

Correct answer: "Me sleep." A holophrase refers to a vocalization, commonly after the first year of life, in which only one or two words are used to communicate meaning. Holophrases generally do not adhere to rules of grammar or sentence structure and are seen as a building block to further and more robust expression in language. The other phrases listed are either rational or delusional, not holophrases.

Answer 459

Correct answer: Donald Super Early in his career, Super's explanation of career development consisted of vocational development stages and vocational development tasks. In the middle part of his career, however, Super acknowledged that career development involves not only the career but variables within the individual. His life-career rainbow acknowledges the eight life roles that many people hold (homemaker, spouse, parent, worker, citizen, leisurite, student, and child) and helps people think about the work/life balance in their lives.

Answer 460

Correct answer: Harriet Lerner's The Dance of Intimacy In her book The Dance of Intimacy (1990), Harriet Lerner presents the idea that women need to seek to establish a healthy balance between investment in others and investment in oneself. Lerner stresses the point that relationships should be based on mutual respect and appreciation, and that women should be independent and assertive.

Answer 461

Correct answer: Protest, despair, detachment Object loss in the context of developmental psychology refers to the loss of a key attachment figure at a formative age. The process is said to go from protest, in which the child shows behavior rejecting the loss, to despair, in which a negative adjustment to the loss is achieved, and finally to detachment, in which a separation from other human beings is reached in some form

Answer 462

Correct answer: comorbidity Comorbidity refers to two illnesses occurring at the same time in the same person. It is important for counselors to be aware of which disorders tend to be comorbid, such as depression and substance abuse. While it is sometimes difficult to ascertain which disorder occurred first, counselors can work with clients to figure out whether symptoms of one disorder are worsening symptoms of the other.

Answer 463

Correct answer: Quantity does not change because appearance changes Conservation, according to the work of Jean Piaget, is the knowledge by a child that quantity and volume do not necessarily change because the appearance of that object changes; in other words, it is a realistic and diagnostic assessment of the effect of physical change on an object. This is seen as characteristic of the concrete operations stage of Jean Piaget's model, which takes place between the ages of 7 and 12.

Answer 464

Correct answer: Decreased tax benefits for being married Over the past few decades, marriage rates have decreased for several reasons. More couples are now cohabiting instead of or before getting married. Cohabitation also leads to increased age of first marriage and a higher number of children born out of wedlock. Currently, over 40 percent of all children are born to unmarried women. There are still tax benefits for couples who are married.

Answer 465

Correct answer: It can provide a way for men to challenge each other's defenses and denials Generally, men in counseling are goal-oriented and focused on cognitive processes. Groups can be helpful for men in counseling as a way for them to build community around a particular issue, and as a way for them to challenge each other's defenses and denials. While groups may be able to provide support to members who suffer from discrimination, this issue is not exclusive to men. Men typically process problems cognitively, and groups can help them learn to integrate an affective component as well. As stated above, one goal of men's groups is to decrease the use of defense mechanisms.

Answer 466

Correct answer: By 3000, all minority groups combined will be larger than the non-Hispanic White population The demographic profile of the United States is quickly and constantly changing. By 2050 (not 3000), all minority groups combined will be larger than the non-Hispanic White population. Currently, over 20 percent of the U.S. population speaks Spanish or other non-English language at home, over 14.5 percent of the U.S. population is over age 65, and the median age in the U.S. is about 37.8 (the oldest ever).

Answer 467

Correct answer: white privilege White privilege refers to the perception that many White individuals have that their lives are average and ideal. There are numerous advantages and entitlements that Whites experience, particularly White males, and these are often dismissed as part of the typical human experience.

Answer 468

Correct answer: emotional cutoff Emotional cutoff occurs when an individual deals with conflict by reducing contact with the other person. Rather than encouraging communication and repairing the relationship with her daughter, the mother is prohibiting any discussion or processing of feelings. This can easily lead to feelings of isolation between family members and difficulty expressing emotions with each other.

Answer 469

Correct answer: Assimilation Assimilation refers to the phenomenon of a person with a particular cultural background losing his or her own original values and behaviors due to being absorbed into the dominant group. Assimilation occurs often in families with children, because the children are more readily exposed to and influenced by the majority culture than their parents. This can create conflict within the family system. Acculturation is the extent to which a person with a particular cultural background incorporates the values and beliefs of the dominant culture (rather than becoming completely absorbed by the dominant culture).

Answer 470

Correct answer: Wait until the client's next session to thank her for the invitation, then talk about the pros and cons of the counselor attending the ceremony In many situations, counselors may feel that attending any event for the client will negatively impact the counselor-client relationship. However, this depends on the nature of the relationship, the client's motives, and whether the counselor believes that her attendance will enhance or impede her relationship with the client. The counselor should invite the client to speak openly with her about the reason she was invited to the ceremony and, together with the client, weigh the pros and cons of the counselor attending the ceremony.

Answer 471

Correct answer: The nonverbal message will be believed and the verbal message will be minimized Counselors serve their clients well by paying attention to the verbal and nonverbal messages their clients send, because nonverbal communication often communicates messages more clearly than verbal communication. For example, a counselor may be able to detect whether a client is lying based on the client's lack of eye contact and other nonverbal cues.

Answer 472

Correct answer: Assessment instruments were targeted to favor Whites Historically, intellectual assessments indicated that Whites had higher cognitive abilities than other racial and ethnic groups. However, more recent research demonstrates that differences between cultural and racial groups on cognitive and intellectual evaluations are most often a function of the assessment instruments themselves, which were targeted (often unintentionally) to favor Whites.

Answer 473

Correct answer: heteroscedasticity There are numerous ways the distribution of scores can fall along a graph. Heteroscedasticity refers to times when, for many different reasons, one end of a distribution of scores has more variability than the other end, resulting in a fan-like appearance. Homoscedasticity, on the other hand, refers to times when scores are equally distributed throughout the range.

Answer 474

Correct answer: Cronbach alpha coefficient There are various ways to measure the internal consistency of a test. One is to measure the consistency between items, as reliability increases when there are more homogenous or similar items on the test. The Cronbach alpha coefficient can be applied when items are nondichotomous, meaning they offer more than two answer options. Kuder-Richardson formulas can be used when the test contains dichotomous items, such as true-false questions.

Answer 475

Correct answer: .70 Reliability refers to the degree to which a test or assessment is consistent and can be expected to provide similar results if the same subjects were to participate in the same study again. A correlation coefficient is used to determine and communicate reliability. If a study has a reliability coefficient of .70 or higher, the instrument can be considered reliable.

Answer 476

Correct answer: Analysis of variance Statistical analysis can be descriptive or inferential. Descriptive statistics aim to describe the data that is collected and include means, percentages, and standard deviations. Analysis of variance is a type of inferential data which is used to measure the probability of an event occurring in the population.

Answer 477

Correct answer: Five to ten percent Choosing the correct sample size is important, as it can influence statistical hypothesis testing. There are suggested minimal sampling sizes depending on the kind of research conducted. The general rule followed by most researchers is that five to ten percent of the population selected for a sample is large enough to result in accurate results.

Answer 478

Correct answer: surveys are time-consuming and difficult to administer There are several types of research that gather information and data in a variety of ways. Surveys are typically easy to complete, can take very little time, and are cost-effective to administer. They can also be a useful way to measure attitudes, perceptions, and other subjective experiences. However, the response rate of surveys is often below 50 percent, and unless researchers know specifics about the characteristics of the respondents, it can be difficult to generalize any findings.

Answer 479

Correct answer: It has led to more research studies on short-term therapies Since the 1970s, funding has played an increasingly important role in accountability practices in the fields of counseling and human services. Because more government funding sources, health insurance companies, and HMOs are involved in supporting counseling programs, there is more emphasis on short-term interventions that are typically more affordable than longer-term therapies.

Answer 480

Correct answer: It has led to more research studies on short-term therapies Since the 1970s, funding has played an increasingly important role in accountability practices in the fields of counseling and human services. Because more government funding sources, health insurance companies, and HMOs are involved in supporting counseling programs, there is more emphasis on short-term interventions that are typically more affordable than longer-term therapies.

Answer 481

Correct answer: Ensuring that females have the same opportunities as males in sports Title IX was passed in 1972 as part of the educational amendments, and bans sex discrimination in K-12 schools and colleges. While Title IX technically applies to both academics and athletics, the focus has mostly been on giving women equal opportunities with men in sports, and giving women the same proportion of participation in athletic opportunities as men have.

Answer 482

Correct answer: Longitudinal Many types of specialized research designs and types can be used, depending on the purpose of the research and any constraints or barriers that might exist. Longitudinal research is useful in collecting data on the same group of participants over a long period of time. While longitudinal data obviously takes longer to compile than information obtained through other types of research, it can be helpful when trying to understand the impact of interventions on individuals over a long period of time.

Answer 483

Correct answer: The scope of counselors' practice may become increasingly narrow There are several threats to licensure for counselors. Because state laws regarding licensure vary widely and are frequently modified, the scope of practice for counselors may become increasingly narrow. Additionally, some states' laws imply that counselors are not permitted to use psychological tests in practice.

Answer 484

Correct answer: Geriatric counseling The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) is the organization that accredits master's and doctoral counselor training programs. It has developed standards for professional competence and includes seven master's level programs: addictions; career; clinical mental health; clinical rehabilitation; college and student affairs; marriage, couple and family; and school. CACREP also accredits one doctoral program, counselor education and supervision. Geriatric counseling is not one of these standards.