Pocket Prep 3 Flashcards

Question

A college student has known for a while that she wants to be a biologist. She is currently taking classes to determine which area of biology she wants to pursue in her career. This individual is in the process of completing which vocational development task, according to Donald Super? Specification Stabilization Implementation Crystallization

Answer 1

Correct answer: Specification Donald Super's explanation of career development consists of vocational development stages and vocational development tasks. The vocational development tasks are crystallization (forming a vocational goal), specification (moving to a more specific career choice), implementation (entering employment), stabilization (performing a job), and consolidation (achieving status and advancing). This student is performing the task of specification, when individuals move from more general career interests to a specific vocational choice.

Answer 2

Correct answer: Heredity guides behavior but only at the right time or under the appropriate stimuli The maturation hypothesis suggests that heredity guides behavior but only at the right time or under the appropriate stimuli. For example, a baby has all of the innate resources they need to master language but will only do so when this step is developmentally possible. The maturation hypothesis does not suggest that heredity guides behavior without reference to the environment, only when social cues are present, or only when homeostasis is available

Answer 3

Correct answer: Avoiding a feared stimulus intensifies the fear The behaviorist view of phobias is that they can be "unlearned" through systematic desensitization and flooding strategies. The idea behind these strategies is that avoiding a feared stimulus intensifies the fear of that stimulus. In some form or another, a behaviorist view of phobias is going to involve a degree of exposure to a feared stimulus. Engaging with a feared stimulus may increase fear in the near term, but in the long term, it will reduce fear (in the behaviorist view

Answer 4

Correct answer: propinquity Propinquity is often one of the main factors leading to romantic attraction between individuals. It refers to the proximity between people who live or work near each other. The propinquity effect, therefore, is the tendency for people to form relationships with others they encounter often.

Answer 5

Correct answer: Listen to the client explain why she feels this way, then validate her feelings Career counselors must be careful not to stereotype clients based on race, ethnicity, gender, religion, background, or any other characteristic. If a client expresses concerns that the counselor is making suggestions based on stereotypes, the counselor should be open to hearing from the client (rather than becoming defensive). The counselor can validate the client's feelings and should self-reflect to examine whether the counselor is correct about his or her suspicions.

Answer 6

Correct answer: After 30 years working for the federal government, Sam decides to take a job at a local home improvement store Encore careers refer to those times when, for different reasons, retired workers return to work. Most of the time, workers do not return to their former employer but find some other kind of employment. None of the other options refer to individuals who have retired.

Answer 7

Correct answer: Regression Regression is the return to a much younger psychological and emotional state due to overwhelming feelings. In this situation, the client is so overwhelmed by the feelings associated with her trauma that she retreats to a much more immature state. If skilled, the counselor can use this defense as a way of helping the client through the trauma. Reaction formation occurs when someone expresses the opposite feeling of what he or she may actually feel. Introjection is the process of using fantasy to identify the expression of an impulse. Repression is the act of forgetting or denying an idea that creates anxiety or other uncomfortable feelings.

Answer 8

Correct answer: Random, negative, and intrusive cognition Automatic thoughts are a key principle to understand in the work of Beck and his school of cognitive therapy. Automatic thoughts are random, negative, and intrusive cognition that arises in response to the pressures of the world and a client's experience. If unchallenged, these can drive depression and contribute to unrealistic views about the world. In this view, automatic thoughts are not chosen, unconscious, or specifically trauma-inflected.

Answer 9

Correct answer: They are less influenced by cultural differences Play therapy and art therapy are specializations in which the traditional forms of therapy (where language is the dominant component) are put aside in favor of expressive modalities where children feel more comfortable. One advantage of these kinds of treatment is that they are less vulnerable to cultural differences, which may affect a more traditional therapeutic interaction in terms of language, trust, and other factors.

Answer 10

Correct answer: A child continues growing physically and cognitively but emotionally remains in one place Sigmund Freud suggested that, as a result of traumatic experiences in certain critical and formative stages, fixation might result in human development. Though his own language about developmental stages is specific to his theory, the broader concept of fixation is a useful one when considering psychological development in early life. The general idea is that, due to unresolved stress or trauma, a child can continue growing physically and cognitively but emotionally remain in one place. In other words, a child can grow normally physically and intellectually but can emotionally remain stunted.

Answer 11

Correct answer: Agoraphobia The technique of flooding comes from the behaviorist school of desensitization, whose general premise is that exposure to a feared stimulus reduces fear of that stimulus. Many such approaches are gradual, such as the technique of systematic desensitization. Flooding involves immediate exposure to the feared stimulus. This approach is seen as more effective in some circumstances than others and seems to be particularly effective in cases of agoraphobia. Flooding is not seen as being as effective in cases of mood disorder, thought disorder, or substance issues. The technique requires a specific feared stimulus.

Answer 12

Correct answer: A family adapting functionally and supportively to an unexpected pregnancy In terms of family dynamics as expressed in family therapy, morphogenesis describes the ability of the family to change. Being adaptable in the face of an unexpected situation (which would involve multiple people in the family reevaluating their roles and behavior) would be an example. The concept does not refer to family survival, independently chosen values, or the way the family fails to change.

Answer 13

Correct answer: A family adapting functionally and supportively to an unexpected pregnancy In terms of family dynamics as expressed in family therapy, morphogenesis describes the ability of the family to change. Being adaptable in the face of an unexpected situation (which would involve multiple people in the family reevaluating their roles and behavior) would be an example. The concept does not refer to family survival, independently chosen values, or the way the family fails to change.

Answer 14

The client in this scenario is in postconventional moral development. This is the highest stage of moral development in Kohlberg's theory. People in this stage believe in universal ethical principles, such as justice and liberty. They are willing to go against laws or social norms if they believe that doing so is in the name of these principles

Answer 15

Correct answer: Postconventional Lawrence Kohlberg identified three levels of moral development that relate to the relationship between the individual and society. In the first level, preconventional, individuals judge the morality of an action based on its immediate consequences and rewards. During the conventional level of moral reasoning, individuals judge morality based on the comparison of actions to society's expectations. During the final level, postconventional, individuals realize they are separate from society and can have principles and ethics different from the greater society.

Answer 16

Correct answer: They produce less aggressive children Research into parenting styles has revealed that when parents do not use or tolerate aggression in the home, the children growing up in these homes tend to be less aggressive. This research does not suggest that these families will influence other families to operate in a similar manner, nor does it suggest that communication is better in families that do not tolerate aggression.

Answer 17

Correct answer: Crystallization Super's explanation of career development consists of vocational development stages and vocational development tasks. Vocational development stages are growth (development of capacity and interests), exploratory (tentative choices made), establishment (trial and stabilization), maintenance (adjustment process), and decline (retirement). The vocational development tasks are crystallization (forming a vocational goal), specification (moving to a more specific career choice), implementation (entering employment), stabilization (performing a job), and consolidation (achieving status and advancing).

Answer 18

Correct answer: secondary traumatic stress Counselors often provide services for individuals who are victims of various types of trauma: abuse, wars, natural disasters, terrorism, and others. Consequences for counselors who work with clients who have been traumatized include burnout, compassion fatigue, vicarious trauma and secondary traumatic stress. Secondary traumatic stress results from graphic descriptions and details of trauma reported to counselors, who may begin to experience some of the same symptoms as the client. Even though the counselor in this question is not a victim of trauma, she is experiencing physiological symptoms that would indicate otherwise. Secondary traumatic stress is relatively common but is not considered a normal part of the therapeutic process. Symptoms of compassion fatigue include a loss of empathy for and interest in the client. Transference is the redirection of the client's feelings and beliefs onto the counselor.

Answer 19

Correct answer: She will need help building her job-seeking skills and self-concept Career counselors sometimes encounter individuals who have been stay-at-home parents for a number of years and wish to return to the workplace. Common issues for these "displaced homemakers" include a lack of self-confidence in the job market, poor job-seeking skills, and, at times, no support system.

Answer 20

Correct answer: She will need help building her job-seeking skills and self-concept Career counselors sometimes encounter individuals who have been stay-at-home parents for a number of years and wish to return to the workplace. Common issues for these "displaced homemakers" include a lack of self-confidence in the job market, poor job-seeking skills, and, at times, no support system.

Answer 21

Correct answer: Personal counseling to resolve emotional and psychological issues Sometimes, individuals struggle to make decisions about their careers because of personal problems and internal conflicts. If a career counselor notices that the client is indecisive even with lots of information, the counselor may recommend personal counseling to resolve emotional and psychological issues. Once personal counseling begins to help, career counseling may be more effective.

Answer 22

Correct answer: Wisdom Erik Erikson is known for developing eight psychosocial stages of development throughout the lifespan. During the final stage, integrity versus despair, individuals look back on their lives and either view them as meaningful or have regrets. The resulting ego virtue is wisdom. The resulting ego virtue for intimacy versus isolation (early adulthood) is love. The resulting ego virtue for autonomy versus shame and doubt (ages one and a half to three) is will. The resulting ego virtue for trust versus mistrust (birth to one and a half) is hope.

Answer 23

Correct answer: Roe believed that the parent-child relationship was a central determinant in career selection Ann Roe operated from a needs approach and believed that individuals choose careers to meet needs based on parental influences and early childhood experiences. However, there is not a significant base of research to support this theory. Krumboltz, not Roe, operated from a social learning approach. As stated above, Roe had a needs-based approach, not a developmental approach. Self-efficacy is an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task and does not apply to Roe's theory.

Answer 24

Correct answer: An adult moves in with their parents when under stress The concept of regression has a strict meaning in the context of psychoanalytic defense mechanisms that is congruent with its more general definition as a broad psychological phenomenon. In both cases, a person is attempting to retreat into an earlier stage of development that is seen as less challenging and threatening. Thus, an adult who moves in with their parents when under stress may be enacting this concept by a symbolic return to childhood. The other cases listed do not describe an attempt to regress to an earlier stage of development.

Answer 25

Correct answer: glass ceiling The "glass ceiling" refers to the idea that a collection of restraints in the workplace have historically prevented women from moving up the career ladder in organizations. These restraints include childcare duties, stereotypes of women's cognitive abilities, and other factors.

Answer 26

Correct answer: Relatively high happiness, good performance overall, high emotional regulation Harriet is practicing what could be described as an authoritative parenting style: authority is present and strictly maintained but is well-explained to children. There is also a general background of warmth and nurturing. This parenting style tends to produce children who have relatively high happiness, good performance overall, and a high degree of emotional regulation.

Answer 27

Correct answer: In whatever way the counselor and client agree upon The final stage of career counseling is implementation and follow-up. During this stage, the client takes action on the decision he or she made based on sessions with the counselor. The career counselor and the client should discuss when, how, and under what circumstances the counselor should follow up with the client. This can vary greatly depending on the situation.

Answer 28

Correct answer: They applied mostly to white, middle-class, college-educated males Super's explanation of career development, which began in the 1950s, consists of vocational development stages and vocational development tasks. This model was initially focused on white, middle-class, college-educated males. Super's theories continued to evolve, and his later ideas such as the life-career rainbow and the Archway Model tend to apply to a more diverse range of individuals.

Answer 29

Correct answer: Family, the labor market, and other external factors Donald Super developed the Archway model as a way to show the factors that influence an individual's self-concept. One pillar represents factors within the individual, such as personality traits and interests, and the other pillar represents external factors that influence career development, such as community and the economy.

Answer 30

Correct answer: They tend to spend more time unemployed than those under 40 The perception of age and capability is relevant to clients under financial stress, who with variable economic conditions may find themselves unemployed at the age of 40 and above. Unfortunately, there is a bias in employment agencies who view persons 40 and above as "older" and therefore less marketable to companies in search of younger talent; thus, persons 40 and above tend to spend more time unemployed than those under 40. Persons 40 and above are not generally viewed preferentially by employment agencies, nor are they necessarily placed in more managerial and supervisory roles.

Answer 31

Correct answer: Refer the client to a psychiatrist for continued evaluation of psychotic symptoms If psychotic symptoms are evident or suspected in a client, the counselor should refer the client to a psychiatrist for a full psychiatric evaluation. Psychosis can arise for a variety of reasons, and clients should be referred to a professional who can determine whether they have a psychotic disorder and if so, can prescribe medication.

Answer 32

Correct answer: mood and affect Counselors may frequently conduct clinical interviews and can use a formal mental status exam to gather information about the client's overall functioning. Components of the exam include appearance and behavior, mood and affect, thought processes, intellectual functioning, and sensorium. Mood and affect include the client's facial expressions and other nonverbal expressions of emotion along with statements that reflect their feelings.

Answer 33

Correct answer: A high school graduate with mediocre grades enrolls in community college to become a nursing assistant because he believes he is capable of performing this particular career Self-efficacy, an individual's belief that he or she can perform some necessary task, frequently affects the career decision-making process. Even though someone with mediocre grades may not attend the best college or earn an advanced degree, when he embraces his abilities he is displaying self-efficacy. Someone who chooses a career in order to begin working right away or someone who obtains a second degree may have self-efficacy, but these are not the best examples

Answer 34

Correct answer: Initiative versus guilt Erik Erikson identified eight stages of psychosocial development; during each stage, a psychosocial task must be mastered. During the initiative versus guilt stage, which occurs in children ages three to six, children initiate activities with others, plan activities, and make up games. During autonomy versus shame and doubt (ages one and a half to three), the child begins to assert himself and develop independence. During industry versus inferiority (ages six to 11), children are tasked with mastering social and academic skills. During identity versus role confusion (adolescence), the individual establishes social and career identities.

Answer 35

Correct answer: A person's normal functioning before an intervention A baseline behavior, in the language of behaviorism, refers to the steady state of existing, (i.e., "normal" behavior that exists before an intervention is attempted). The concept does not refer to post-intervention status.

Answer 36

Correct answer: Negative cognitive shift Aaron Beck described an internal communications system for people that can vary. In depressed persons, a negative internal communication system results in a negative cognitive shift, which could contribute to depression. This negative cognitive shift would be an overall bad outlook and would be informed by negative thoughts coming through a flawed internal communication system.

Answer 37

Correct answer: Negative reinforcement Reinforcement and punishment strategies are usually considered in four ways. Negative reinforcement is when an undesirable is removed in order to increase behavior. Positive reinforcement would be a desirable addition in order to increase behavior. All punishment aims to reduce a behavior, either by adding something (positive) or taking something away (negative).

Answer 38

Correct answer: Assist the individual in making meaning of their own situation Career counselors working from a contextualist viewpoint aim to assist individuals in making meaning of their own situations. These career counselors believe that career development results from constant interaction between the individual, the environment, and the dynamics between individual and environment.

Answer 39

Correct answer: They tend to be limited to white, college-educated males Early career theories, most of which were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, were usually developed by whites, and data were limited to young, white, middle-class males. This is clearly a problem because increasing numbers of women and multicultural workers are entering the workforce. Single-parent households and dual-earner families are also reasons to support the development of updated career theories.

Answer 40

Correct answer: Adolescence A person's self-concept is defined as their perceptions and beliefs about their qualities, attributes, and traits. At birth, virtually no self-concept exists, but by 24 months, self-recognition has set in, and differentiation from others is a cognitive exercise. A preschool-aged person does not have a stable self-concept yet, but what they have is concrete and physical. In adolescence, in light of all the influences from culture, peers, family, and the environment, a stable self-concept is first realized.

Answer 41

Correct answer: People from other cultures should forget their own culture and adopt the macroculture Anglo-conformity theory suggests that people from other cultures should forget their own culture and adopt the macroculture. This is stated within the context of what those who believe in anglo-conformity theory hold to be the best option for those from other cultures.

Answer 42

Correct answer: A day treatment program that runs Monday through Friday and allows him to return home in the evenings The most restrictive environment is inpatient hospitalization, followed by residential treatment facilities, partial hospital care, group homes, and other residential options (such as therapeutic foster care for children). Less restrictive settings include intensive outpatient programs, day treatment, and outpatient services.

Answer 43

Correct answer: Both tests can be accurate A person can be diagnosed with intellectual disability (ID) if the onset of the condition was before the age of 18 and their IQ test result is 70 or below. However, IQ as a measurable result can change over time and often does, usually in response to some kind of training. Therefore, both results can be accurate in the case at hand.

Answer 44

Correct answer: Preconventional Lawrence Kohlberg suggested three general levels of moral development. In the first or preconventional stage, behavior is mainly governed by consequences. In the next stage, conventional, a person is steered by a desire to conform to social rules. In the last stage, post-conventional, a person has a set of moral principles and standards. "Protoconventional" is a fabricated term.

Answer 45

Correct answer: Yes, as DBT helps with mindfulness and impulse control Marsha Linehan's dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was first designed for use with those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. It is a technique that focuses on mindfulness and impulse control through skill-building. It also directly addresses problematic thoughts rather than working around them and has been useful in treating many other conditions such as substance use. Underlying emotional thought patterns are part of what DBT addresses in attempting to build mental skills of control.

Answer 46

Correct answer: Ethical development Organismic development is the belief that the individual (or other organism) is involved in the development. This can lead to change or discontinuity depending on the individual. Ethical development and moral development are both regarded as organismic development. Reflexive behavior is mechanistic development, the reduction of behavior to common elements. Language development is discontinuous development, and sexual development is qualitative development.

Answer 47

Correct answer: Positive relationships are characterized by profit Social exchange theory characterizes human relationships as calculations between individuals. These calculations then define much about that relationship. Positive relationships, in this view, are characterized by profit accruing to the individuals in that relationship. In other words, relationships are based on what the individuals in them see as a cost-benefit analysis. The other statements do not capture this sense of profit (in the sense of the cost-benefit analysis) being a driver of relationships.

Answer 48

Correct answer: They have mastered the previous stages Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development suggest a series of stepwise tests a person either passes or does not throughout their lifespan. These stages generally describe some form of successful or unsuccessful psychosocial interaction with the environment. In the last stage, integrity vs. despair, one enters a creative period after having successfully passed previous stages or becomes inwardly focused and depressed. The passage of the final stage does not necessarily imply self-actualization, happiness with previous choices, or a readiness to die.

Answer 49

Correct answer: A family is a system composed of subordinate systems Systems theory in family therapy refers to the status of the family as an overarching system composed of subordinate systems. All of these systems, whether they are functional or dysfunctional, are always being enacted in the life of the family. Systems theory seeks to understand, describe, and change the functioning of systems. Individuals are not seen as controlling systems per se, and systems theory addresses structure rather than specifics about beliefs and culture.

Answer 50

Correct answer: outplacement counseling Outplacement counseling is a form of career counseling offered to employees who are going to be terminated. Various components of outplacement counseling include assessment, career counseling, assistance with job-seeking skills, and help to find a new place of employment.

Answer 51

Correct answer: Isolation in early childhood can lead to an autistic presentation The work of Harry Harlow dealt extensively with the dynamics of maternal withdrawal and isolation in rhesus monkeys. Harlow found that isolation in the first period of life, when attachment and bonding are critical, led to presentations consistent with autism, such as problems with communication and forming social bonds. Harlow's work did not suggest that isolation in early childhood would lead to psychosis or mood disorders.

Answer 52

Correct answer: By assessing the client with their disability in mind, asking the client to honestly tell them what duties they do and don't feel capable of doing Career counselors have a responsibility to their clients to respect the clients' desires and individual limitations. When assisting a client with a disability, a career counselor should request that the client talk openly about what duties they feel capable of doing. For example, the client in this question may need to eat a full breakfast when taking their medications, and therefore might not be able to accept a job that requires them to arrive early in the morning.

Answer 53

Correct answer: Heteronomous morality sees rules as absolute, and autonomous morality does not The moral development of human beings can be conceptualized in various ways. One description comes from the work of Jean Piaget, who classified morality in children as going through a heteronomous stage, in which rules are seen as absolute, followed by an autonomous stage in which rules are seen as having some flexibility. The concept does not refer to the will of a group or an individual per se.

Answer 54

Correct answer: Virginia Satir Virginia Satir is known for her work in the field of family therapy, not career counseling. John Holland views career selection as a reflection of one's personality and has developed several career assessment instruments. Linda Gottfredson is known for her career development theory "Circumscription and Compromise," which focuses on children's vocational development processes. Mark Savickas' theory of career counseling is based on career construction theory, and he believes career counselors assist clients in making sense of their life and work.

Answer 55

Correct answer: The mind is a blank slate at its beginning In general, the behaviorist school disallows such concepts as the unconscious and devalues cognitive preconditions in the mind. To simplify, behaviorists view the mind as a blank slate before it learns anything. The focus is on conditioning and learning as definitional to development. Behaviorists would likely disagree that any preexisting knowledge would have a substantial effect on development, if it existed at all. Social inputs, similarly, are expected to be learned later.

Answer 56

Correct answer: Cognitive behavioral counseling The basic principle behind cognitive behavioral counseling is that behavior, including ways of thinking, is learned and therefore can be unlearned. Goals of cognitive behavioral counseling are to identify triggers and causes for a specific behavior and the reinforcements that help continue the behavior. The counselor then helps the client think critically about his or her behaviors and finds ways to change them using alternate reinforcements and other types of conditioning.

Answer 57

Correct answer: Anorexia nervosa Ego-dystonic behaviors are those that the individual considers unacceptable. Individuals with panic disorder, for example, feel uncomfortable with the physiological symptoms of anxiety that accompany the disorder and are therefore more likely to be motivated to change. Individuals with anorexia nervosa, however, often experience ambivalence about receiving treatment for the disorder, since the symptoms are somewhat effective at temporarily relieving anxiety about body shape and control.

Answer 58

Correct answer: high emotional intelligence Daniel Goleman proposed that intelligence includes not only cognitive processes, but a comprehensive knowledge of human emotions. This emotional intelligence is seen in those who understand social cues, have empathy for others, develop positive interpersonal relationships, and are self-motivated. Emotional intelligence operates separately from cognitive intelligence, which includes reasoning and thinking processes.

Answer 59

Correct answer: The first stage, establishing a relationship, helps progression to the second stage, developing a better understanding of the client's problems Within the career counseling process there are several steps: establishing a relationship, identifying the problem, conducting an assessment, providing information, making a decision, and implementing the plan. The first stage consists of developing trust between counselor and client, with the result being a better understanding of the problems the client has in terms of career decisions.

Answer 60

Correct answer: Psychopathology According to John Bowlby's attachment and bonding theory, the formation and status of critical attachment bonds at an early age have immense consequences for later life. In order for someone to have normal psychological development, a secure attachment figure must be present and bonded with, or the likely result is psychopathology of various kinds. Losing this key attachment figure is known as object loss. Bowlby did not suggest that a result of object loss would be normal development, object replacement, or substance use per se.

Answer 61

Correct answer: H B Gelatt The later research of H B Gelatt focused on the balance between reason and intuition when making career decisions and is termed "Positive Uncertainty." This is related to Gelatt's earlier five-step process for making decisions about careers, which included the need to consider objective information while also attending to one's value system.

Answer 62

Correct answer: Successful completion of this stage would prevent helplessness Jean Piaget formulated a theory of human development that detailed certain milestones to be achieved as the brain matured and an individual's ability to think and reason through problems in the environment improved. In his last stage, formal operational, Piaget suggested that feelings of helplessness would already have been adequately dealt with and the child would be ready for adulthood. Piaget did not suggest that most children would still feel helpless at this stage, and he saw the phenomenon of helplessness being dealt with through developmental processes rather than family dynamics.

Answer 63

Correct answer: "Your son is working hard in therapy, though he and I have agreed that I won't share details with anyone. Maybe next time you could join us at the beginning and your son can decide what he does and doesn't want to share." Parents of children under the age of 18 have a right to know about their children's treatment. However, counselors should take time before seeing a child to meet with the child's parents to explain the need for confidentiality and how it might be helpful to the counseling relationship. The counselor in this question recognizes the parent's desire to know what progress his son is making in counseling while also respecting the child's need for privacy.

Answer 64

Correct answer: Strong self-concept Almost half of all Americans have either a blood relative or a partner/spouse who has struggled with alcohol dependence. Substance abuse is viewed as the number one problem in the United States, and teenage drinking is closely related to suicide, sexual activity, date rape, and automobile accidents. Personality traits often found in individuals who are alcohol or substance users include a low self-concept, anxiety, underachievement, feelings of isolation and loneliness, sexual dysfunctions, fear of failure, and suicidal impulses.

Answer 65

Correct answer: An improved score on a depression screening Counselors can view human growth and development changes as qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative changes refer to changes in structure or development, such as stages of growth. Quantitative changes can be measured using changes in number, degree, or frequency for reference, such as a changed score on a mental health screening.

Answer 66

Correct answer: Post-commitment, when individuals realize commitment is an ongoing and evolving activity William Perry's scheme was used to explain college students' journeys through intellectual and moral development, and has evolved to apply to other groups of people as well. Perry explains that there are three categories — dualism, discovery of relativism, and commitment to relativism — and nine positions spread across these categories. The final position is sometimes called post-commitment, when individuals realize that commitments are evolving and can sometimes be contradictory.

Answer 67

Correct answer: "I have derived my own set of moral standards." Lawrence Kohlberg conceptualized three stages of moral development. The first stage, preconventional, is characterized by a fear of punishment that governs behavior. The second stage, conventional, is characterized by a desire to adhere to society's rules. The last stage, post-conventional, is characterized by self-accepted rules that govern behavior and go above simple reward, punishment, or conformity.

Answer 68

Correct answer: Self-awareness Linda Gottfredson, known for her career development theory "Circumscription and Compromise," posits that vocational self-concept develops in childhood and influences occupational selection. While various tasks are typically completed before the age of 14, in the teenage years, and later, self-awareness of one's unique characteristics helps determine occupational selection. Orientation to sex and gender roles and social valuation typically occur in latency and preadolescent years.

Answer 69

Correct answer: A person who has been abused many times gives up resistance to abuse First known by this name in the work of Martin Seligman, the concept of learned helplessness refers to the way in which an individual, after experiencing many negatives without relief over a subjectively long period, ceases resistance and shows signs of depression and withdrawal. Thus, a person who has been abused many times and gives up resistance (since resistance has been demonstrated to be hopeless) is a good example of the phenomenon. The other examples do not illustrate an individual learning to be helpless through their own experiences, and the concept does not involve psychosis.

Answer 70

Correct answer: Depressive disorders According to the DSM-5, depressive disorders include major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, substance/medication-induced depressive disorder, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD), and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. The DMDD diagnosis can only be given to children up to 18 years of age and is meant to decrease the numbers of children who are diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

Answer 71

Correct answer: It tends to occur only in the last five years of life and deals mostly with verbal skills Contrary to what many believe about cognition in later life, a decline in IQ tends to occur only in the last five years of life and deals mostly with verbal skills. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as terminal drop or terminal decline. This decline in IQ is more relative to the person than absolute age, and there does not appear to be a breakout by gender.

Answer 72

Correct answer: the World-of-Work Map Career counselors often use the World-of-Work Map, a tool developed by ACT that organizes occupations based on primary tasks involving people, data, things, and ideas. The map includes 26 families of occupations, and hundreds of occupations and college majors can be identified by using ACT's career exploration materials.

Answer 73

Correct answer: An object still exists if it is not in the field of view Jean Piaget's work in child development yielded the concept of object permanence: an object still exists if it is removed from the field of view. This is seen as characteristic of the earliest of Piaget's stages of child development, the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years). Object permanence is a perceptual-cognitive matter and is not as much a matter of consciousness or the unconscious.

Answer 74

Correct answer: When a child thinks that an object removed from their vision still exists As first described by the developmental psychologist Jean Piaget, object permanence refers to the understanding that an object still exists if it is removed from a person's immediate vision. This is part of an overall developmental progression in which the senses and the mind work together to create an accurate conceptual model of the world. Object permanence does not refer to a child conceptualizing objects as part of themselves or the idea that objects have an intelligence of their own.

Answer 75

Correct answer: Homeostasis Family counselors often see families as systems that aim to maintain homeostasis, or balance. When one change in the system takes place, it is typical for another change to take place as a way of balancing out the changed dynamics. This family system might be used to conflict, and when the conflict is taken away (due to the parents' divorce), the child unknowingly takes it upon himself to express distress.

Answer 76

Correct answer: Two to three years Freud describes five psychosexual stages of development: the oral stage, which lasts from birth to 18 months; the anal stage, ages two to three; the phallic stage, ages three to five; the latency stage, from age five to puberty; and the genital stage, which begins at puberty and lasts through adulthood.

Answer 77

Correct answer: Investigative John Holland's career theory is structural in approach, but he believes that career choice is an expression of personality. He identified six personality types that develop due to parental influences, genetic factors, and the environment. These types include realistic (explicit tasks requiring physical work, e.g., mechanic), investigative (intellectual and prefers systematic, creative activities), artistic (imaginative), social (enjoys interacting with and helping others), enterprising (prefers leadership roles), and conventional (practical and ordered). Computer programmer and chemist are examples of the investigative career style.

Answer 78

Correct answer: A sensitive learning or growth period Within child development, a critical period is one in which some process or behavior must be successfully completed, or else it is much more difficult to achieve later. Such things as language and some kinds of social learning must be completed at certain ages, or they will become much more challenging to develop at a later time. A critical period in this context does not refer to physical transformation only, nor is the period personally or socially defined.

Answer 79

Correct answer: To illustrate the role of crisis and transition in an individual's personality Erik Erikson identified a stage-wise development pattern in individuals characterized by conflictual transitions and whether the transition was successful. For example, in his first state of Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1.5 years), the conflictual transition is the most basic ability to trust others. Each individual personality navigates Erikson's stages in a different way. Erikson's stages are not meant to describe the developmental stages of society, aid in understanding social learning, or address the neuropsychiatric continuum.

Answer 80

Correct answer: Positive punishment Reinforcement/punishment strategies are conceptualized according to whether they add or subtract something and the goal of the intervention. In this case, a positive punishment is being applied (i.e., something is added in order to reduce a behavior). Negative punishment would be the removal of something to reduce the behavior. All reinforcement seeks to increase behavior, either by adding something (positive reinforcement) or taking something away (negative reinforcement).

Answer 81

Correct answer: 3 John Bowlby studied attachment and bonding, developing a theory that described bonding and attachment as having survival advantages. Among other ideas, Bowlby suggested that early attachment skills and practice were essential in how later social behavior would develop. If a person does not develop some kind of healthy bond or attachment by age 3, then they were unlikely to lead a normal social life.

Answer 82

Correct answer: deciding which person's family is visited during holidays Many people are part of a "dual-earner" couple, meaning both individuals earn an income. There are a number of common conflicts for these couples, including difficulty making time for leisure activities, deciding whose job takes precedence, tension that arises when the woman earns more than the man, and an unequal division of labor in the home. Deciding which person's family is visited during the holidays is an issue that can arise within relationships, but not necessarily only in dual-earner families.

Answer 83

Correct answer: Acculturation represents how individuals identify with a dominant culture, and assimilation refers to how much an individual is absorbed by the dominant culture When examining culture and cultural concerns, it is important to remember how individual membership in the dominant culture is achieved and maintained and with what consequences to an individual's identity this takes place. Acculturation represents how individuals identify with a dominant culture and take on its norms and values. Assimilation refers to how much individuals are "absorbed" into a dominant culture and lose their source culture's norms and values. The terms are not equivalent, and there may or may not be a deliberate process at work.

Answer 84

Correct answer: Fewer are going to college According to research, many factors about adolescent behavior in the past decade have changed, with implications for the mental health treatment of these persons and their families. In the past decade, the percentage of adolescents who have a driver's license, who work for pay, and who have tried alcohol have all decreased significantly. The same is not true for the college admissions in this population.

Answer 85

Correct answer: There is an 8% prevalence rate of depression in the population surveyed by the student Prevalence refers to how many, or what percent, of a population is affected by something. In this situation, there is an 8% prevalence rate of depression. Incidence is the number of new cases that occur within a given time frame. Prognosis is the anticipated course of a disorder, and etiology refers to the factor(s) that cause a disorder.

Answer 86

Correct answer: Bronfenbrenner Urie Bronfenbrenner is known for his ecological view of human development and his belief that it is important to examine all systems impacting an individual. A school-aged child is not only affected by his family and school, but also by his neighborhood, peers, and other groups. Albert Bandura developed social learning theory, which combines social and cognitive factors. William Perry is known for his work in combining intellectual and ethical development. Daniel Levinson is known for his work in defining developmental tasks during major stages of life.

Answer 87

Correct answer: Allowing new information into established ideas Jean Piaget's concept of adaptation refers to the ability of a person to allow new information into established ideas. An example might be a child understanding that all families do not match their definition of family. This process is also known as assimilation. This concept does not refer to cognitive skill development, emotional regulation, or attachment/bonding.

Answer 88

Correct answer: Environment Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development describes many stages throughout the lifespan in which critical tests either are or are not passed. One example is the first such stage, trust vs. mistrust, which usually takes place in an early phase of life (from birth to about 18 months). The test here is to learn to be able to invest appropriately in trusting relationships with other human beings. Although Erikson's theory has stages tied to certain nominal age groups, the most important factor in development is the environment—in particular the social environment—in which most of the tests take place. Social environments and one's ability to navigate them actually determine success in Erikson's model, not biology.

Answer 89

Correct answer: Focusing on the word STOP on a stop sign The work of Jean Piaget focused on the stages of child development, in which the child's mental processes, cognitive ability, and sensory operations work in concert. His concept of centration refers to a phenomenon known in the preoperational stage, in which a child concentrates on one feature of an object, such as the word STOP on a stop sign. Centration does not refer to filtering noise, intellectual focus, or a belief that objects have a life of their own.

Answer 90

Correct answer: Early teens Conformity, when people can be expected to act most like their peers, seems to be at its strongest in humans in their early teens. This is when critical social rules around sexuality and reproduction, as well as the desire to bond with groups, are practiced and internalized. The other age groups listed do not illustrate the level of conformity present in puberty-age development.

Answer 91

Correct answer: The effects of the cognitive behavioral therapy changed the amounts of neurotransmitters in the client's brain Neurobiological research has shown that, through counseling with various techniques and approaches, the rate and amounts of neurotransmitters in the brain can change. Individuals experiencing severe depression typically lack sufficient levels of serotonin and sometimes dopamine, and through participation in cognitive behavioral therapy, the levels of these neurotransmitters can be increased, resulting in alleviation of symptoms.

Answer 92

Correct answer: Women have different criteria than men when making moral judgments Since the development of Kohlberg's moral dilemma test in the 1950s, people have questioned why women tend to score lower than men. Though there tends to be overlap between men and women on the instrument, women generally use different criteria than men when making moral judgments. Women prioritize human relationships and caring over justice and rights, which are typically more valued by men.

Answer 93

Correct answer: A young employee, adopted at birth, just found her biological parents and wants to take leave to spend time with them The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) provides up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave during a 12-month period. It may be taken by a parent with a newly biological or adopted child or by any employee to care for an immediate family member who is ill. An adult who wants to spend time with her biological parents is not eligible to take FMLA leave.

Answer 94

Correct answer: Challenging preconceived notions of acceptable career options John Krumboltz developed the Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC), based on Bandura's social learning theory. Because learning experiences over an individual's lifetime influence career choice, the career counselor may need to challenge the individual's beliefs and generalizations. Career counselors may administer assessments, but this is not required from Krumboltz's point of view. Working with the individual to identify a zone of acceptable career alternatives applies to Linda Gottfredson's theory, and helping the individual resolve ego-relevant crises applies to Tiedeman's model.

Answer 95

Correct answer: Editor John Holland's career theory is structural in approach, but he believes that career choice is an expression of personality. He identified six personality types that develop due to parental influences, genetic factors, and the environment. These types include realistic (explicit tasks requiring physical work, e.g., mechanic), investigative (intellectual and prefers systematic, creative activities), artistic (imaginative), social (enjoys interacting with and helping others), enterprising (prefers leadership roles), and conventional (practical and ordered). Examples of social careers are teachers and social workers, and examples of artistic careers are artists and editors. Sales personnel fall into the enterprising category, auto mechanic is the realistic style, and accountant is the conventional style.

Answer 96

Correct answer: Most people do not really reach it Jean Piaget conceptualized human development, particularly in children, as a process in which sensory capability was joined with cognition to produce milestones in one's ability to function and navigate the environment. The last stage of his model, formal operational, is one in which a child can perform abstract reasoning and deduction to solve problems. Piaget believed that most people do not really reach this stage. Piaget did not detail a gender disparity at this stage.

Answer 97

Correct answer: Fixed ratio There are different types of conditioning principles that counselors can be aware of when helping clients to change their behaviors. A fixed ratio schedule reinforces a certain response after a fixed number of responses. A fixed interval schedule reinforces the responses after a certain period of time, a variable interval reinforces after an average number of minutes, and a variable ratio reinforces after an average number of responses.

Answer 98

Correct answer: Fixed ratio There are different types of conditioning principles that counselors can be aware of when helping clients to change their behaviors. A fixed ratio schedule reinforces a certain response after a fixed number of responses. A fixed interval schedule reinforces the responses after a certain period of time, a variable interval reinforces after an average number of minutes, and a variable ratio reinforces after an average number of responses.

Answer 99

Correct answer: It is based on the idea that an individual cannot be separated from his or her environment Proponents of contextualism believe that career development results from constant interaction between the individual, the environment, and the dynamics between individual and environment. Contextualists assert that individuals cannot be separated from their environments and that reality is created by individuals' perceptions and ways of organizing information. From a contextualism standpoint, the goal of career counseling is for the individual to make sense of his or her situation.

Answer 100

Correct answer: "Samantha, I've noticed that you've not been as talkative lately, but you seem sad. I wonder if the group could help you figure out why talking about anxiety and depression has been so difficult lately." Sometimes, resistance should be met directly in a confrontational way. Confrontation does not have to be rude or disrespectful, however, and the counselor can make gentle yet firm statements about her observations. In this way, the counselor models for all the group members how to handle conflict in a helpful, non-threatening way.

Answer 101

Correct answer: Two individuals help each other at about the same rate over time In terms of behaviorist approaches to marriage therapy, reciprocity means that two individuals support each other at about the same rate over time. When there is such a stable and consistent reinforcement schedule, trust develops. The concept does not refer to one individual supporting another per se, nor is it about the expression of feelings or the sharing of identity.

Answer 102

Correct answer: Two individuals help each other at about the same rate over time In terms of behaviorist approaches to marriage therapy, reciprocity means that two individuals support each other at about the same rate over time. When there is such a stable and consistent reinforcement schedule, trust develops. The concept does not refer to one individual supporting another per se, nor is it about the expression of feelings or the sharing of identity.

Answer 103

Correct answer: Recognize, collect data, examine outcomes, attend to values, evaluate and decide H B Gelatt presents a five-step process for making decisions about careers: recognize the need to make a decision, collect data, examine potential outcomes, attend to your value system, and make a temporary or permanent decision. Later Gelatt research focused on the balance between reason and intuition when making career decisions.

Answer 104

Correct answer: That human bonding and attachment are innate Harry Harlow worked extensively with rhesus monkeys in order to learn about patterns of bonding and attachment in humans. Through his experiments in maternal deprivation and isolation, he believed that human bonding and attachment are innate and not environmentally cued, learned, or conditional on circumstances.

Answer 105

Correct answer: That human bonding and attachment are innate Harry Harlow worked extensively with rhesus monkeys in order to learn about patterns of bonding and attachment in humans. Through his experiments in maternal deprivation and isolation, he believed that human bonding and attachment are innate and not environmentally cued, learned, or conditional on circumstances.

Answer 106

Correct answer: A client accepts your diagnosis unquestioningly The Barnum effect is named after the famous showman P. T. Barnum, who suggested that people are highly gullible and suggestible in general. The Barnum effect refers to the idea that a client may believe anything a counselor tells them due to trust, authority, rapport, or other factors. The Barnum effect would probably not result in an outright rejection of a diagnosis or involve psychosis or an undiagnosable client.

Answer 107

Correct answer: Trauma Dissociative disorders present issues of disconnection from self, others, and behavior. Their root is most often traumatic experiences in critical periods, when the dissociation may have been formed as an unconscious survival mechanism. The effect of trauma on the organism can be far-reaching, influencing self-concept, memory, and even motor control. Psychosis, developmental issues, and mood instability are not usually seen as the root of dissociative disorders.

Answer 108

Correct answer: Trauma Dissociative disorders present issues of disconnection from self, others, and behavior. Their root is most often traumatic experiences in critical periods, when the dissociation may have been formed as an unconscious survival mechanism. The effect of trauma on the organism can be far-reaching, influencing self-concept, memory, and even motor control. Psychosis, developmental issues, and mood instability are not usually seen as the root of dissociative disorders.

Answer 109

Correct answer: Learn how to interact with others in ways that relieve depressive symptoms There are many goals group members may work toward, depending on the type and topic of the group. Some general goals of group counseling include learning to trust oneself and others, finding alternative ways of resolving conflict, increasing self-direction, learning more effective social skills, and making plans for changing behaviors and being held accountable. Exploring childhoods, decreasing suicidal thoughts, and learning how to talk with family members are excellent goals for individual psychotherapy. Group counseling can help those suffering from depression to learn how their interpersonal skills and moods affect others, and hopefully to learn ways of interacting with others that will alleviate depressive symptoms.

Answer 110

Correct answer: He is experiencing a typical Oedipal complex During the phallic stage (age three to five), typically-developing children tend to experience either an Oedipal complex (boys) or an Electra complex (girls). During this stage, children become attracted to the opposite-sex parent and frequently attempt to "shut out" the same-sex parent. If parents are tolerant of these attitudes and set limits with their children about what is expected, children should move smoothly out of this stage into latency.

Answer 111

Correct answer: They all take a developmental approach Developmental theorists view career selection as something that grows and changes over time and usually goes through stages. Donald Super, Linda Gottfredson, and Eli Ginzberg are known for their career development theories. Ginzberg and his colleagues divided career development into three main periods, but Super divided it into five periods and Gottfredson into four. Super developed the Archway model later in his career to show the many factors that influence an individual's career selection. Gottfredson's career development theory is known as Circumscription and Compromise.

Answer 112

Correct answer: SIGI 3 There are several computer-assisted career guidance systems that can supplement the assessments and guidance of career counselors. SIGI 3 (System of Interactive Guidance and Information) is one of the top-of-the-line systems. O*NET is a comprehensive database that categorizes occupations according to worker characteristics, amount of education and training needed, and other factors. Focus II and CHOICES are both computer-assisted career guidance systems, but they have limited assessment components.

Answer 113

Correct answer: GRE Because there are so many assessments and inventories, career counselors should be careful to recommend only those that are appropriate for individuals' specific needs. The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is an example of an achievement aptitude test, not vocational, and is often required for application to graduate school. The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), and Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) are examples of vocational aptitude assessments.

Answer 114

Correct answer: Biology, cognition, emotions, and culture Causal models can be one-dimensional or multidimensional. Multidimensional models typically are based on the belief that disorders are a result of a variety of interrelated factors that affect the individual's behaviors and feelings. These models usually look at four dimensions: biology, which includes genetics and brain chemistry; cognition, which refers to how individuals learn and process information; emotions and mood; and sociocultural factors.

Answer 115

Correct answer: Paralanguage While language is generally understood to mean the lexical content of a message, there are many categories of messages outside explicit content. In fact, paralanguage, which refers to almost everything but the lexical content of the message, is considered to be more accurate. Paralanguage would include factors like tone, volume, speed, and silence, among many others.

Answer 116

Correct answer: Frank Parsons Frank Parsons, also known as the "Father of Guidance," developed the trait-factor approach to career counseling. This approach requires the career counselor to study the individual, survey the occupations, and then match the person with an occupation. The trait-factor approach was later refined by E. G. Williamson.

Answer 117

Correct answer: Differential, dynamic, and decisional John Crites' model of career counseling is a comprehensive approach that requires the counselor to make three diagnoses of the problem. These diagnoses include differential (what are the problems?), dynamic (why have the problems occurred?), and decisional (how are the problems being dealt with?). Crites also believed that once the career problem has been diagnosed, the counselor should provide client-centered counseling, psychodynamic techniques, and trait-factor and behavioral approaches.

Answer 118

Correct answer: Achievement Because there are so many assessments and inventories, career counselors should be careful to recommend only those that are appropriate for individuals' specific needs. The American College Test (ACT) and Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS) are typically given to K–12 students and are achievement tests that measure an individual's readiness for further education.

Answer 119

Correct answer: The Ginzberg group Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma (also known as The Ginzberg Group) believed occupational choice moved through three different stages: fantasy (birth to 11), tentative (11 to 17), and realistic (17 and up). The group posited that adolescent adjustment patterns play a significant role in career decision making.

Answer 120

Correct answer: Feelings of worthlessness, negative worldview, hopeless future Aaron Beck's cognitive triad of depression addresses the way in which individuals assess their world and the way in which this assessment shapes the client toward depressive thinking. This triad consists of feelings of personal worthlessness, a negative worldview in which the client is a victim, and a future that is seen as hopeless. The other choices do not accurately capture this triad of poor self-concept, poor worldview, and negative future evaluation.

Answer 121

Correct answer: They are similar to those in substance abuse As clinical research has deepened into gambling behavior, the neurochemical reward system that is implicated in substance abuse is highly similar to those in gambling and risk-taking behavior. This insight has implications for diagnosis, classification, and treatment. This similarity does not extend to traumatized persons, depressive disorders, or anxiety disorders.

Answer 122

Correct answer: Learning theories Learning theories include behavioral theories, social learning theories, and information-processing theories. All of these concepts attempt to explain how humans grow and develop by observing and learning behaviors and responses from others. Cognitive theories include cognitive behavior therapy and other approaches that aim to change the individual's thoughts. Humanistic theories are client-centered and emphasize an individual's potential for self-growth. Psychoanalytic theories, such as ideas developed by Freud, are those that focus on the unconscious drives and feelings of individuals as the source of problematic behavior.

Answer 123

Correct answer: The essential bond between a mother and a child According to the work of Margaret Mahler, there is a critical period of time early in a child's development in which there is an essential bond between mother and child. Known as symbiosis, it amounts to the child being wholly dependent on and trusting of the mother. If this relationship is disrupted, the psychological consequences are dramatic and can involve psychosis. The term does not refer to a child's relationship with their environment, the way a child and mother support each other, or the way a family bonds around a child.

Answer 124

Correct answer: Prognosis When clinicians refer to a client's prognosis, they are referring to the likelihood that the individual will recover, stabilize, or otherwise be able to function in the future. This requires a counselor or other clinician to be familiar with the course of specific disorders and collections of behaviors along with the factors that help or hinder a person to deal with a disorder. Etiology refers to the cause of a disorder. Prevalence is what proportion of the population has a disorder. Incidence is how many new cases occur within a given time frame.

Answer 125

Correct answer: 8 months Stranger anxiety, or the behaviors a child shows that indicate unease around unfamiliar people, tends to set in at about 8 months of age. This is in keeping with developmental theories which state that some psychological factors appear to be innate and present across human cultures and populations.

Answer 126

Correct answer: Develop profiles on LinkedIn, Twitter, and Facebook in the hope that employers will search for potential job candidates on these sites Social media websites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter are becoming increasingly useful to individuals looking for employment or career advancement. Employers often search these sites to find potential job candidates, so career counselors should recommend that clients create profiles as a way of advertising themselves.

Answer 127

Correct answer: Providing a high level of explicit verbal detail Different cultures and folk groups adhere to different communicative norms. In low-context communication, the emphasis is on the verbal, lexical content of the message. A high level of detail and a relatively low level of nonverbal communication would be the norm. High-context communication is the opposite. In these groups, factors such as respect for tradition and nonverbal communication are emphasized, with a relatively low level of lexical detail.

Answer 128

Correct answer: A withdrawn child prone to drug abuse and antisocial behavior Parenting styles are associated with certain outcomes for the children produced by those styles. In this case, an authoritarian style is being practiced. This style is characterized by harsh punishment, poor explanation of the rules, and abuse in response to infractions. This parenting style is associated with withdrawn children who can be prone to drug and alcohol problems and exhibit antisocial behavior. A child from this household would likely not be successful; poor boundaries are more associated with children from households practicing permissive parenting.

Answer 129

Correct answer: To help the family self-correct A family can be seen as a system that is constantly in motion and either in a state of homeostasis (relative stability) or change. As a system, the family has a function and an identity that rise above the identity of any individual member. Feedback loops are ways in which the family communicates with itself and self-corrects, generally in the interest of preserving homeostasis. Feedback loops are not primarily about information, boundaries, or whether an individual member is in favor.

Answer 130

Correct answer: A child believes that the rocks in the garden have personalities Animism as it is known in the field of child development refers to the stage of childhood in which persons believe that inanimate objects have personalities and character, even a "life" of their own. Animism can refer to any human characteristic applied to an object in the environment. Thus, a child believing that rocks in the garden have personalities is an example of animistic thinking. Animism does not strictly refer to the hearing of imaginary voices, the misunderstanding of death, or normal grieving.

Answer 131

Correct answer: Solution-focused brief therapy Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) is used to address specific problems in the moment rather than dwelling on past experiences or the history of the problem. Counselors operating from this perspective believe that the client is capable of finding solutions. Frequently used techniques of SFBT include the miracle question (what would be different if a miracle occurred in the client's life), the exceptions questions (what things were like when the problem didn't exist), and scaling questions (rating changes in the client's affect, emotions, etc., from one to ten).

Answer 132

Correct answer: systematic desensitization Systematic desensitization is based on the theory of reciprocal inhibition, the belief that a person cannot be anxious and relaxed at the same time. The goal of systematic desensitization is to associate negative stimuli that cause anxiety with positive events. In this type of intervention, images that the client finds anxiety-provoking are paired with muscle relaxation and other techniques.

Answer 133

Correct answer: A person has a choice between two different types of new car Leon Festinger researched the concept of cognitive dissonance, which suggests that human beings seek to avoid internal conflict between their attitudes and their behavior. There are various types of conflict according to this theory; one is approach-approach conflict, which is the choice between two positives. Since a person cannot have both, there will still be some measure of internal conflict, such as to justify one choice over another. Approach-approach conflict does not involve positive feedback. The other choices do not depict a choice between two desirable items.

Answer 134

Correct answer: Transitions from one life stage to another are opportunities for growth Gail Sheehy is known for her claim that life stages are marked by transitional periods that are likely to be different for each individual. Sheehy saw these stages as opportunities for growth, because crises challenge individuals to make positive changes.

Answer 135

Correct answer: schema Jean Piaget is known for his work studying cognitive development in children and adults. Piaget used the term "schema" to refer to mental structures that process information, perceptions, and experiences. This toddler has a schema in which all moving objects with wheels are called cars. Over time, this child will most likely accommodate his experiences so that he will be able to distinguish between cars, bicycles, and trucks, and will understand the differences between each object.

Answer 136

Correct answer: A male known to the child The demographics of child abuse have been measured and studied. II the majority of cases, the abuser tends to be a male who is known to the child and not a stranger.

Answer 137

Correct answer: Psychopharmacology Gender-variant individuals are those whose behavior and gender expression does not match feminine and masculine gender norms. Often, family therapy is recommended to help these individuals navigate social interactions and their own identities. Supportive therapy and group therapy with other gender-variant individuals may help as well. Psychopharmacology is not recommended, since gender variance is not viewed as a disorder.

Answer 138

Correct answer: A family that handles its crises in a way that does not threaten stability In terms of family dynamics as expressed in family therapy, morphostasis refers to the way in which a family is able to handle its crises in a way that does not threaten stability. The family can be said to be less amenable to change but will be resistant to shock. The concept does not refer to enhancing function, addressing dysfunction, or handling regression.

Answer 139

Correct answer: The majority express their intentions to someone Suicide is a complicated and individualistic phenomenon, but certain common factors can be identified that can help prevent it. One key factor about suicide is that those who complete it have expressed their intentions to someone in the vast majority of cases. This may involve almost any medium and chosen other and is not necessarily expressed online or to their age peers. This expression underlies the importance of taking any such mention of suicide by a client very seriously.

Answer 140

Correct answer: Feeding and eating disorders There are many different behavioral disruptions listed in the DSM-5 in five separate categories: feeding and eating disorders, elimination disorders, sleep-wake disorders, sexual dysfunctions, and paraphilic disorders. In addition to medical and behavioral interventions, individuals with eating disorders or elimination disorders are particularly likely to benefit from family counseling.

Answer 141

Correct answer: The client was diagnosed with autism at a younger age and the counselor was asked to help with skill-building rather than diagnostic clarification Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder typically diagnosed in childhood. Individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders usually have contact with several medical professionals before counselors become involved, though counselors in schools and community mental health agencies may be in contact with these individuals. Symptoms of autism typically have a biological basis and appear very early in childhood, and it is usually a medical professional rather than a counselor who diagnoses it. Medications cannot mask symptoms of autism, such as the lack of ability to understand social cues. Children with autism can learn social skills with individualized interventions that provide social scripts and models.

Answer 142

Correct answer: A counselor who encourages her clients to be flexible workers and to pursue freelance work when possible Mark Savickas is known for his postmodern approach to career counseling that is based on construction theory, which posits that individuals construct their own reality. Savickas' approach considers the changing nature of the workplace and the move toward flexible work schedules and more freelance employment.

Answer 143

Correct answer: 35 to 45 years for men, about five years earlier for women The concept of midlife crisis refers to a period in which a person realizes that their life is half over and begins to adjust to that knowledge by evaluating past events. According to consensus among theorists, it tends to take place at about 35 to 45 years of age for men, and about five years earlier in women.

Answer 144

Correct answer: Personality is more important than circumstances when evaluating others The fundamental attribution error is a phenomenon of evaluation. It suggests that when we are evaluating others, permanent and dispositional factors such as personality are more important than transitory and circumstantial factors. For example, a person who gets fired from their job is more likely to be evaluated as having that outcome due to who they are than a more circumstantial factor such as the business environment.

Answer 145

Correct answer: Conduct disorder Conduct disorder is under the DSM-5 umbrella category of disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders. These typically appear first in childhood or adolescence and include severe problems with emotional and/or behavioral regulation. Conduct disorder can be diagnosed when individuals meet certain criteria such as aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, deception or theft, and/or serious violations of rules.

Answer 146

Correct answer: meta-analysis Meta-analyses compare research findings across studies in order to bring together as much information as possible about a specific question. Rather than base all of her knowledge about treatment for adolescent depression on one study, this counselor is compiling research results from the past ten years to give a much better picture of what interventions are likely to work best.

Answer 147

Correct answer: Autism and Asperger's disorder are now both autism spectrum disorder There are many categorical and philosophical changes in the DSM-5. One of these is the elimination of the Asperger's disorder diagnosis and the inclusion of clients with these symptoms under the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. In the DSM-5, mental retardation is now an intellectual disability, neurocognitive disorders include dementia and delirium, and both agoraphobia and panic disorder have been added to the anxiety disorders category.

Answer 148

Correct answer: O*NET O*NET is a comprehensive database that categorizes occupations according to worker characteristics, amount of education and training needed, and other factors. On the website, users can search in a variety of ways, such as by specific occupation, education, basic skills, and many others. The Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) has been largely replaced by O*NET but still offers summaries of about 12,000 occupations. The Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) is published every other year and offers information about current salaries and projected trends. The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI 3) is a top-of-the-line computer-assisted career guidance system that can supplement the assessments and guidance of career counselors.

Answer 149

Correct answer: Trait-factor and needs-based Actuarial theorists focus on the individual's needs, traits, interests, or other internal structure. Trait-factor and needs-based theories are two types of actuarial theories as they each focus on a specific concept (personality traits and unmet needs) to explain career selection.

Answer 150

Correct answer: A daughter who is not allowed to go out unless she cleans her room The Premack principle suggests that a behavior that one is not likely to engage in (a low probability behavior, or LPB) can be reinforced by a behavior that one is likely to engage in (a high probability behavior, or HPB). Thus, a daughter not allowed to go out (HPB) until she cleans her room (LPB) is an illustration of this principle. A son allowed to compete in sports is not being reinforced according to this schedule. The Premack principle does not deal with interactions outside the family or refer to family rules per se.

Answer 151

Correct answer: The counselor should ask questions about the client's personal values, particularly as they pertain to cultural norms Career counselors must be sensitive to clients' backgrounds and cultural norms. Although the client may not have any values in common with other Asian individuals, it is worthwhile for the counselor to explore the client's personal values to guide the direction as they assist the client.

Answer 152

Correct answer: Edward Thorndike Edward Thorndike developed the law of effect, which states that when a reward follows a stimulus-response connection, the connection is strengthened. Therefore, the law of effect determines the probability of a behavior being repeated based on its consequences. Like Thorndike, John Watson and B.F. Skinner are known for their contributions to behaviorism, but they did not develop the law of effect. Robert Havighurst focused on stages of growth and the importance of individuals mastering developmental tasks before moving from one stage to the next.

Answer 153

Correct answer: Neurocognitive Neurocognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism and intellectual disabilities, most likely have a biological basis. Neurocognitive disorders tend to appear later in life, while neurodevelopmental disorders begin in childhood.

Answer 154

Correct answer: 3 Developmental processes can be observed with consistency across human populations. One of these is gender identity, which in most cases proceeds with a person having arrived at a firm gender identity by the age of 3. There are many influences on this identity, such as genetics, culture, and socialization.

Answer 155

Correct answer: Affection and warmth are more important than sustenance Harry Harlow's famous experiments dealt in part with how the development and behavior of young rhesus monkeys were affected by the presence and character of a wire monkey or a cloth monkey as a mother figure. Although the experiments were varied in their formation, one standout conclusion was that the infant rhesus monkeys seemed more interested in a cloth monkey mother (which is a more warm and affectionate figure) than a wire monkey mother, even when the wire monkey mother dispensed food and the cloth monkey did not. The conclusion seems to be that parental affection and warmth are more important in some ways than sustenance. The experiments did not indicate that affection and warmth are matters of perception or that affection is not significant to development.

Answer 156

Correct answer: Affection and warmth are more important than sustenance Harry Harlow's famous experiments dealt in part with how the development and behavior of young rhesus monkeys were affected by the presence and character of a wire monkey or a cloth monkey as a mother figure. Although the experiments were varied in their formation, one standout conclusion was that the infant rhesus monkeys seemed more interested in a cloth monkey mother (which is a more warm and affectionate figure) than a wire monkey mother, even when the wire monkey mother dispensed food and the cloth monkey did not. The conclusion seems to be that parental affection and warmth are more important in some ways than sustenance. The experiments did not indicate that affection and warmth are matters of perception or that affection is not significant to development.

Answer 157

Correct answer: The brain changes in response to the environment Neuroplasticity is the way the brain changes in response to the environment. Research suggests that neuroplasticity is present at every age of development, and learning and other stimuli can help form new neuronal connections long after childhood. Research does not suggest, and the notion of neuroplasticity does not support, the idea that the brain does not change past a certain age or that the brain has complete control over its own structure.

Answer 158

Correct answer: Sweating and shaky hands Physiological symptoms refer to those that affect the physical functioning of the body. Some physiological effects of alcohol include sweaty and shaky hands, nausea, headaches, muscle aches, and fatigue. Cognitive effects include the inability to think clearly and depressive thoughts. Behavioral effects include becoming violent when drunk, being unable to function at work, and acting differently when under the influence of alcohol.

Answer 159

Correct answer: Psychoanalysis Career counselors who operate from a social cognitive perspective attempt to strengthen self-efficacy by exposing clients to learning experiences such as vicarious learning (modeling), social persuasion, personal performance accomplishments, and the client's physiological states and reactions. Psychoanalysis is a longer-term therapeutic approach that addresses early childhood experiences and current defenses, and is not used in the self-efficacy approach.

Answer 160

Correct answer: Neuropsychological Neuropsychological assessments measure brain dysfunctions and abilities such as language expression, motor skills, memory, and perceptual skills. Examples of neuropsychological assessments include the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery and the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test, which is often used with children.

Answer 161

Correct answer: During middle age According to the available research, the fear of death seems to peak in middle age in most individuals. This is coterminous with the onset of what is usually referred to as a midlife crisis, in which the consciousness of death and evaluation of one's former life are significant factors. Fear of death tends to be low in childhood and adolescence. Among older adults, it decreases as acceptance of death is achieved.

Answer 162

Correct answer: Personality John Holland's career theory is structural in approach, but he believes that career choice is an expression of personality. He identified six personality types that develop due to parental influences, genetic factors, and the environment. These types include realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional.

Answer 163

Correct answer: Personality John Holland's career theory is structural in approach, but he believes that career choice is an expression of personality. He identified six personality types that develop due to parental influences, genetic factors, and the environment. These types include realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional.

Answer 164

Correct answer: To help the client receive financial assistance from insurance companies Treatment plans are important documents and agreements between counselor and client to ensure that all parties agree on the goals of treatment and how those goals will be reached. While some insurance companies do require treatment plans for the insured, the main purposes of a treatment plan are to help the client resolve problems, to help the client function at a higher level, and, if applicable, to help the client move to the least restrictive environment.

Answer 165

Correct answer: A relatively high degree of nonverbal communication Cultures can be described as belonging to one of two groups with respect to their communicative norms. In high-context communicative cultures, things outside the lexical content of the message are emphasized, such as nonverbal communication and respect for tradition. The lexical context of the message is less significant in these cultures. By contrast, low-context communicative cultures tend to emphasize the detail of the message content over other, more contextual factors.

Answer 166

Correct answer: Emotions are temporary, while moods are more persistent Both emotions and mood have an extremely important role in individuals' overall psychological functioning. Emotions are usually viewed as temporary, lasting for a short period, whereas mood is more persistent over a longer period of time.

Answer 167

Correct answer: Homeostasis can be good or bad The concept of homeostasis as it applies to families can indicate a good state or a bad state. Homeostasis itself is only a description meaning a steady state of functioning or equilibrium as the family attempts to preserve its cohesion. The nature of that steady state can be pathological. Homeostasis implies holding to patterns, not rejecting them.

Answer 168

Correct answer: A family where members are overly involved with each other Closeness in a family is generally seen as desirable, but there are exceptions. In a family that is characterized by enmeshment, everyone is overly involved with each other, and individual autonomy decreases as the identity of the family as a whole predominates. Enmeshment does not suggest a family where members are isolated, where decision-making is democratic, or where outsiders are welcomed.

Answer 169

Correct answer: The child cannot differentiate between themselves and the world According to the work of Jean Piaget, egocentrism is the state of not really knowing the differentiation between the outside world and self (i.e., living in a world that is constantly referring back to the self). The concept does not describe an elevated self-concept, the idea that the world does not exist without oneself, or demanding behaviors.

Answer 170

Correct answer: A concept in child development Lev Vygotsky suggested that cognitive development is produced by external factors and circumstances. He described a zone of proximal development that marked the difference between what a child can do on their own and what they will need help to do. This concept does not refer to a psychotherapeutic technique, a social psychology phenomenon, or a theory of Sigmund Freud.

Answer 171

Correct answer: A daughter sees her mother as "all good" or "all bad" depending on the circumstances Splitting in the context of object relations generally refers to the way people can make significant people in their lives either all good or all bad depending on the circumstances. The assignment is not a permanent one, nor is it necessarily attached to a real aspect of the significant other's personality. The concept as it exists in object relations does not refer to a phenomenon children engage in under traumatic circumstances.

Answer 172

Correct answer: Resiliency Resiliency is the ability to adapt relatively well to situations despite exposure to adverse experiences or circumstances. This quality is seen sometimes in individuals who have been exposed to traumatic or potentially devastating events, yet manage to maintain healthy relationships and are able to function well. Plasticity refers to the ease and smoothness that most individuals experience in moving from one developmental stage to the next. Tabula rasa is John Locke's view that children begin as a "blank slate" who are influenced by their environments over time. Thought blocking occurs when someone with a psychiatric illness stops speaking suddenly due to feelings of anxiety surrounding the content of the conversation.

Answer 173

Correct answer: The circumstances in the desert Dream analysis as described by Sigmund Freud contains two levels of content, both of which are worthy of analysis and relate to each other. The manifest content of the dream is the circumstances and "story" of the dream (in this case, the circumstances in the desert). This is a symbolic expression of the latent content of the dream, which is the unconscious meaning of the manifest content. In this case, the latent meaning might be the woman's anxiety about not having a partner or feeling helpless in her life. The manifest content is not the meaning of the dream or relative to the woman's memory or ideas about real deserts.

Answer 174

Correct answer: Cognitive information processing Cognitive information processing was presented by Reardon, Lenz, Sampson, and Peterson (2008) as a way of approaching career problems by using a sequential procedure called CASVE. This procedure uses the skills of communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, and execution.

Answer 175

Correct answer: Jean Piaget Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist and developmental theorist known for his theory of cognitive development. His theory is based on the belief that children learn best through interactions with others, and it breaks down human development into sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. Sigmund Freud is best known for his development of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic theory. John Bowlby is notable for his development of attachment theory and a focus on relationships in early childhood. Erik Erikson created the eight stages of psychosocial development, based on the idea that individuals experience specific types of tension in different stages of life.

Answer 176

Correct answer: Proximity, physical attractiveness, similar values Research has shown that three factors tend to stand out when people are attracted to each other. These are proximity (literally the physical closeness of the person), physical attractiveness (though there are some variations as to what this means), and similar values. The research does not support the idea that genetic similarity, similar backgrounds, or similar educations are as important as the three factors listed.

Answer 177

Correct answer: Networking and regularly checking employers' websites In the past, the best way to find job openings was to regularly check newspaper classifieds. In today's internet-driven world, most employers list job openings on their websites rather than taking time to advertise widely. Career counselors should encourage clients to regularly check the websites of potential employers to check for possible opportunities. Networking, the process of informally making social connections with others in one's desired field, can also be an effective way of finding employment.

Answer 178

Correct answer: Intimacy versus isolation According to Erikson, intimacy versus isolation is a stage in early adulthood when the young adult seeks intimate relationships and is tasked with either giving up some independence or becoming lonely and isolated. Generativity versus stagnation occurs in middle adulthood when adults desire to contribute to society and produce something valuable. Integrity versus despair occurs during later adulthood when older adults view life as either meaningful or full of regrets. Industry versus inferiority occurs during latency (ages six to eleven) when children are tasked with mastering social and academic skills.

Answer 179

Correct answer: The self Lawrence Kohlberg suggested three stages of moral development. The first stage, preconventional, would be characterized by a fear of punishment guiding moral choices. The second, conventional, would be characterized by an adherence to society's standards. The last, post-conventional, means that the self is able to construct a prosocial morality of its own.

Answer 180

Correct answer: At conception Developmental psychologists deal with the array of issues and factors that influence human development from its earliest point of conception. As a baby in the womb can be affected in later behavior by the behavior and situation of the mother, prenatal development of psychology can be meaningfully addressed. Developmental psychologists do not contend that human psychological development begins at birth or any later time.

Answer 181

Correct answer: Men and women tend to keep the same habits as earlier in life As men and women age, they may or may not experience a decline in sexual interest and activity. However, later interest, activity, and practice tend to be the same as earlier interest, activity, and practice. Physical and psychological factors related to aging are major influences. This tendency to keep the same habits is not broken by gender, and sexual interest does not always drop dramatically.

Answer 182

Correct answer: Men and women tend to keep the same habits as earlier in life As men and women age, they may or may not experience a decline in sexual interest and activity. However, later interest, activity, and practice tend to be the same as earlier interest, activity, and practice. Physical and psychological factors related to aging are major influences. This tendency to keep the same habits is not broken by gender, and sexual interest does not always drop dramatically.

Answer 183

Correct answer: Development of the head happens first Human development can be described as cephalocaudal, meaning that the head develops before lower regions of the body such as the legs. This is a developmental trajectory that continues into early childhood. Cephalocaudal does not mean the legs, spine, or upper limbs develop first.

Answer 184

Correct answer: 15–24 years Super's explanation of career development consists of vocational development stages and vocational development tasks. Vocational development stages are growth (birth to age 14 or 15, development of capacity and interests), exploratory (ages 15 to 24, tentative choices made), establishment (ages 25 to 44, trial and stabilization), maintenance (ages 45 to 64, adjustment process), and decline (age 65 and up, retirement).

Answer 185

Correct answer: To reduce the chance of an ethical dilemma occurring, counselors should avoid the topic of spirituality with clients Because over 90 percent of Americans believe in a higher power, counselors should be prepared to discuss issues of spirituality with their clients. This might require counselors to explore matters regarding their own spiritual beliefs, and counselors may have to work to familiarize themselves with a variety of spiritual issues.

Answer 186

Correct answer: Establish a relationship with the client Within the career counseling process there are several steps: establishing a relationship, identifying the problem, conducting an assessment, providing information, making a decision, and implementing the plan. Career counseling is built upon the relationship between the counselor and the client, and the individual must be able to trust the counselor for the process to be most effective.

Answer 187

Correct answer: Conduct disorder and other forms of psychopathology The work of John Bowlby focused on the nature and importance of attachment in human beings. Among other conclusions, Bowlby suggested that if a child was poorly bonded and badly attached in the critical periods of early childhood, various forms of psychopathology would result, including conduct disorder. Bowlby's work did not specifically suggest thought disorder, mood disorder, or substance disorders would result from poor attachment and bonding.

Answer 188

Correct answer: Positive reinforcement Reinforcement and punishment strategies are defined by (a) whether they add or remove something and (b) whether their aim is to increase or reduce a behavior. All reinforcement seeks to increase a behavior—in this case, by adding something, making it positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement would be the removal of something undesirable in order to increase behavior. All punishment seeks to reduce a behavior, either by adding something (positive punishment) or taking something away (negative punishment).

Answer 189

Correct answer: Yes, as DBT helps with controlling suicidal ideation Marsha Linehan's dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a mindfulness-focused treatment strategy that was first designed for use with persons diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. However, it is helpful for other conditions due to its focus on inner thought patterns and control of impulses with skill-building strategies. DBT does help suicidal clients with various aspects of their condition, including suicidal ideation.

Answer 190

Correct answer: They are 35-45 years of age Erik Erikson suggested that there were several stages of psychosocial development, each of which dealt with a different test. At about 23-34 years of age, Erikson suggested that we enter the stage of intimacy vs. isolation, in which a person is learning the balance of dependence on others versus dependence on self. One of the activities of this stage is the experimentation with marriage and family.

Answer 191

Correct answer: self-efficacy theory Self-efficacy theory posits that career success depends on how much an individual believes he or she can be successful. This theory states that whether a behavior will be initiated, how much energy will go into this behavior, and how persistent the individual will be are dependent on the individual's expectations.

Answer 192

Correct answer: It tends to incorporate self-understanding and personal values into its approach Career counseling focuses on the individual's career development, paying special attention to values and attitudes. Career counseling also focuses on self-understanding in the context of decision-making. Career guidance, on the other hand, helps individuals learn what opportunities are available and typically focuses more on logistics than career counseling. Both approaches are important and relevant to finding rewarding and sustainable careers.

Answer 193

Correct answer: Compensatory versus spillover Career counselors often classify leisure activities as either compensatory or spillover. Compensatory activities are those that are very different than those done on the job; an example might be a history professor who spends his free time rock-climbing and running marathons. Spillover activities are the same types of activities that are done on the job; an example of spillover might be a psychologist who spends her free time reading books about cognitive development.

Answer 194

Correct answer: We change our beliefs to match our behaviors to reduce tension Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory suggests that when there is a difference between our beliefs and our behaviors, we will change our beliefs to match our behaviors. This is done to reduce overall tension in the mind and preserve homeostasis. This change does not go in the other direction according to this theory, and it does not involve social acceptance.

Answer 195

Correct answer: Career preferences as they develop in childhood Linda Gottfredson is known for her career development theory "Circumscription and Compromise." According to Gottfredson, vocational self-concept develops in childhood and influences occupation selection. An individual progresses through four stages: orientation to size and power (ages three to five), when children think concretely and begin thinking about occupations they might like; orientation to sex roles (ages six to eight), when children learn that occupations are sex-typed and performed primarily by one sex or the other; orientation to social valuation (ages nine to 13), when children realize that occupations vary in social value and desirability; and orientation to internal unique self (ages 14 and up), when adolescents reflect on their own values and interests and use these to inform occupational decisions.

Answer 196

Correct answer: We tend to end up with people with a similar level of attractiveness to our own The matching hypothesis addresses human mating behavior as a function of our physical attractiveness. Other factors are certainly important, but taken by itself, the phenomenon of physical attractiveness seems to be the main driver in both short-term and long-term sexual behavior. The matching hypothesis asserts that human beings tend to end up in long-term relationships with people who match our level of attractiveness.

Answer 197

Correct answer: The client's subjective experience of events Phenomenology as it applies to counseling refers to the client's inner, subjective experience of events and circumstances. Since this differs dramatically from individual to individual and forms the ground of the person's whole experience, it is a useful subject to address in counseling. Phenomenology does not refer to the client's perception of their mood, their beliefs, or specifically their experience of relationships.

Answer 198

Correct answer: A person whose morals are dictated by society According to the work of Lawrence Kohlberg, there are three levels of moral development. The first stage, preconventional, is exhibited by those whose only moral governance of behavior is fear of punishment. The second stage, conventional, is exhibited by those whose moral governance is a desire to adhere to society's rules. The final stage, post-conventional, is characterized by those who have a self-accepted moral code to follow and independently chose ethical behavior.

Answer 199

Correct answer: Negative punishment There are four general ways in which reinforcement and punishment strategies are conceptualized. In a negative punishment, something is taken away in an attempt to reduce the target behavior. Positive punishment would be the addition of something in order to reduce the behavior. Negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement both seek to increase a behavior, either by removing something (negative) or adding something (positive).

Answer 200

Correct answer: Removal of the multiaxial system The DSM-5 was published in 2013 and includes many changes to the previous version, the DSM-IV-TR. One of the most significant changes is the removal of the multiaxial classification system. Additional changes to the newest DSM include the expansion of the list of V codes, the replacement of Not Otherwise Specified with Unspecified Disorder or Other Specified Disorder, and many changes to the classification of disorders. There is a chapter on bipolar disorders in both the DSM-IV-TR and the DSM-5.

Answer 201

Correct answer: Nearly 50% The prevalence of alcohol issues in the lives of clients reflects not only their own experience but also their experience in their family of origin. These can go together, and both require clinical attention in some form. Nearly 50% of people have been exposed to alcohol dependence in their immediate family in some form.

Answer 202

Correct answer: Play therapy Play therapy is best suited for children who lack the verbal and emotional maturity to talk about their feelings. Instead, they express their feelings, act out goals, and direct their own lives through play. Counselors can then comment on the child's play and help them organize the play to best resolve their feelings.

Answer 203

Correct answer: positive-reinforcing stimulus A positive-reinforcing stimulus is a reward that, sometimes unintentionally, maintains or increases a behavior. In this situation, the child is receiving verbal and sometimes physical attention from his parents when he throws tantrums, so he continues to throw the tantrums in order to get their attention. A punishment, or negative-reinforcing stimulus, results in weakening or termination of the undesired behavior. Classical conditioning is the process of forming an association between two stimuli, resulting in a learned response.

Answer 204

Correct answer: Work with the client to determine the underlying causes of their inability to make a decision Though there are several steps in the career counseling process (establishing a relationship, identifying the problem, conducting an assessment, providing information, making a decision, and implementing the plan), it is common for some steps to be repeated and revisited as the counseling process moves forward. If a client is unable to make a career decision after spending significant time with a career counselor, it is likely that there are other reasons for this hesitancy, such as the presence of emotional or psychological stress. The career counselor, assuming they have a good relationship with the client, can try to explore the underlying reasons, or the counselor may refer the client for personal counseling elsewhere.

Answer 205

Correct answer: Tiedeman For Tiedeman and his colleague O'Hara, career development and its accompanying cognitive development parallel Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Like Erikson, Tiedeman believed that each stage of career decision making consists of two phases, either Anticipation or Preoccupation and Implementation or Adjustment. The individual's task is to differentiate the ego, resolve psychosocial crises, and process developmental tasks in order to successfully navigate career development.

Answer 206

Correct answer: Males complete suicide more often than females The phenomenon of suicide expresses itself differentially in males and females in adolescence, with males completing suicide more often. This is thought to be due mainly to the choice of more deadly means, which seems to be true of males across age groups. Suicide is unfortunately not rare in adolescents; it is often the second or third leading killer of adolescents in a given year.

Answer 207

Correct answer: According to an assessment, a client's strengths are a match with the social work profession There are many types of interests individuals may have, and knowing these interests can help career counselors assist clients in finding suitable occupations and predicting occupational satisfaction. Tested interests are those measured by assessments or tests, such as an inventory that shows how a client's strengths match those needed in the social work profession. Manifested interests are those that can be observed, such as a person's course of study, past jobs held, and activities the person likes. Expressed interests are interests that an individual reports.

Answer 208

Correct answer: At the time of the wedding Many studies have arrived at the conclusion that for most couples, marital satisfaction is highest at the time of the wedding itself. Although some improvement in marital satisfaction tends to emerge when a child leaves home, for most couples the happiest time of marriage seems to be when it begins. These studies do not say the greatest time of marital satisfaction is any other time but the wedding.

Answer 209

Correct answer: Sensorium The mental status exam typically includes appearance and behavior, thought processes, mood and affect, intellectual functioning, and sensorium. Sensorium refers to the client's ability to be aware of the location, the time, and their identity. If a client is not oriented to these things, the clinician should make note of it and explore reasons why.

Answer 210

Correct answer: deinstitutionalization Deinstitutionalization refers to the process of moving individuals with severe mental illness out of residential institutions and into communities. Unfortunately, beginning in the 1980s there was an increase in homelessness and in the criminal justice system due to not enough community mental health services being available.

Answer 211

Correct answer: Two parents in conflict putting their child in the middle In the context of Bowen's intergenerational family therapy, triangulation refers to when two parties in conflict take a third party into their relationship to act as a sort of emotional mediator, hoping this will add stability to the original relationship. One example might be two parents in conflict putting their child in the middle. In this context, triangulation does not refer to the overt manipulation of relationships by children or the targeting or differential treatment of any individual family member.

Answer 212

Correct answer: Two parents in conflict putting their child in the middle In the context of Bowen's intergenerational family therapy, triangulation refers to when two parties in conflict take a third party into their relationship to act as a sort of emotional mediator, hoping this will add stability to the original relationship. One example might be two parents in conflict putting their child in the middle. In this context, triangulation does not refer to the overt manipulation of relationships by children or the targeting or differential treatment of any individual family member.

Answer 213

Correct answer: Projection Projection, a type of defense mechanism, occurs when a person attributes their own feelings and urges to another person. In this situation, the wife is so uncomfortable expressing her own feelings that she accuses her husband of not expressing his. Denial is the inability to recognize significant factors in one's life. Repression occurs when someone forgets as a way of coping with uncomfortable feelings. Reaction formation is when someone takes on feelings that are the opposite of what he or she actually feels.

Answer 214

Correct answer: Stages can be skipped or repeated Kubler-Ross conceived a structural pattern of adjustment in people she observed who were dying. These are: Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance Kubler-Ross found that people often skip stages or repeat them before moving on to another stage. Kubler-Ross' theory has since been extrapolated to many other areas dealing with grief and acceptance.

Answer 215

Correct answer: The counselor should gently inform the client that discrimination by some employers, particularly in teaching and caretaking professions, can be very strong and they should suggest that the client feel supported by friends and family as she plans to pursue this career When working with gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender clients, career counselors should consider the fact that many employers still discriminate against individuals who are not heterosexual. Assuming the career counselor has a strong, positive relationship with the client in this situation, it is best to initiate a conversation about the possibility that she will encounter negative attitudes, particularly in traditional settings such as elementary schools.

Answer 216

Correct answer: The counselor should gently inform the client that discrimination by some employers, particularly in teaching and caretaking professions, can be very strong and they should suggest that the client feel supported by friends and family as she plans to pursue this career When working with gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender clients, career counselors should consider the fact that many employers still discriminate against individuals who are not heterosexual. Assuming the career counselor has a strong, positive relationship with the client in this situation, it is best to initiate a conversation about the possibility that she will encounter negative attitudes, particularly in traditional settings such as elementary schools.

Answer 217

Correct answer: A demanding child with poor boundaries and poor social skills The work of Diana Baumrind on parenting styles suggests a typology of parenting that is directly related to certain outcomes. In general, John appears to be practicing a permissive parenting style, one in which there is little expressed authority, minimal discipline, and total indulgence of the child's desires. This parenting style is associated with children who have poor boundaries, are demanding, and have poor social skills.

Answer 218

Correct answer: dimensional assessments Several changes were made to the newest version of the DSM, the DSM-5. One of these changes is the reliance on dimensional assessments rather than descriptions of disorders that are based on categories. Clients' experiences are now assessed for severity, frequency, and duration rather than whether or not a particular symptom is present. The DSM-5 eliminated the multiaxial system and does not include extensive descriptions of different therapy modalities. ICD-10 classification codes are included in the DSM-5, but clinicians using the DSM-5 do not rely on them.

Answer 219

Correct answer: Viewing violence increases aggression in children The available research on the topic supports the conclusion that viewing violence increases aggression in children. This could be due to a mimic effect, in which children do what they see performed by others, or there may be social learning implications. Another possibility is that as human beings witness violence, they become more desensitized to it, and aggression resulting in violence increases. There does not seem to be a distinction between witnessed aggression in vivo as opposed to other means.

Answer 220

Correct answer: Rorschach There are many psychological assessments, called projective tests, that can give counselors and other mental health practitioners additional information about clients' unconscious drives and feelings. Projective tests include the Rorschach Inkblot test, the Thematic Apperception test, the Incomplete Sentences Blank, and others. Personality tests include the California Psychological Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The WISC-IV is a measure of cognitive intelligence.

Answer 221

Correct answer: What one person lacks, another provides There are many ways to view how human beings form and maintain relationships. One such view is complementarity theory, which suggests that one personality can make up what another personality lacks in terms of strengths and that weaknesses are similarly balanced by strengths in a partner or significant other. Social exchange theory does not deal with the perception of faults, our responsiveness based on positive feedback, or the similarity of flaws.

Answer 222

Correct answer: self-injurious and suicidal behavior Clients with dissociative disorders are those who experience disruptions in the normal integration of behavior, consciousness, identity, memory, body representation, and motor control. Dissociative disorders are common in individuals who have experienced trauma. They are often comorbid with depression, anxiety, and substance use, as well as suicidal and self-injurious behavior.