Pocket Prep 2

Question 1

Which of the following is true about remarriage after divorce?

Answer 1

Correct answer: 30% of divorced persons remarry within a year of divorce

According to statistics, about 30% of divorced persons remarry within a year of their divorce.

Question 2

When is it appropriate for supervisors to counsel their supervisees?

Answer 2

Correct answer: Under no circumstances

Counselors providing supervision to supervisees should not provide actual counseling services under any circumstances.

Question 3

To what would a Cognitive Behavioral Therapist (CBT) most likely ascribe a client’s depression?

Answer 3

Correct answer: Faulty thinking

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy generally ascribes much of a client’s depression, anxiety, or other issues to faulty thinking such as catastrophizing, assuming, or other errors in the way a person evaluates their environment and input.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapists generally do not ascribe mental health issues to unresolved grief, developmental trauma, or organic issues.

Question 4

According to Robert Carkhuff’s scale, what is considered the minimum level of empathic acceptance?

Answer 4

Correct answer: Three

Robert Carkhuff designed a five point scale that describes different levels of empathy, genuineness, and respect. This scale goes from One (zero empathy) to Five (the most desirable level of empathy). Level three on this scale is considered the minimum level of acceptance of another.

Question 5

Does EMDR require eye movement to be effective in treating conditions caused by trauma?

Answer 5

Correct answer: No, eye movement is not required

Suprisingly, it has been found that, in treating some kinds of conditions caused by trauma, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR), does not always need the eye movement component to be effective.

Question 6

Are treatment plans considered part of psychotherapy notes?

Answer 6

Correct answer: No, under no circumstances

Psychotherapy notes belong to a special class of clinical documentation. These notes are considered separate documentation in their own right, and treatment planning would not be included.

Question 7

Which of the following cultures is most likely to encourage low-context communication?

Answer 7

Correct answer: Canada

The manner and content of communication changes according to culture. In low-context communication, a direct, explicit message is expected. This way of communication, broadly speaking, is more common in the U.S., the U.K., and Canada.

In high-context communication, much of the message is implicit and depends on context. This is the communicative style more common in the Middle East, Italy, Spain, and many Asian countries.

Question 8

In group therapy, which of the following would be the most likely if psychodrama was being used?

Answer 8

Correct answer: Roleplaying

Psychodrama has been known since early in the last century as a way in which to help a therapeutic group understand the emotional dynamics at play in a situation brought to the group. Key to this effort is roleplaying, in which different group members take on different roles in the situation to foster greater understanding and empathy.

The other items are not as likely in a psychodrama scenario.

Question 9

Which of the following is the main purpose of a “safety contract”?

Answer 9

Correct answer: To prevent suicide by agreeing on a contact strategy

A “safety contract,” though it may go by other names, is a document or agreement that stipulates that a person who may be at risk for impulsive suicide will contact someone who can help them rather than go through with ending their life.

It does not have to do with homicide, and it is not an assessment tool.

Question 10

What is the difference between a cued and an uncued panic attack?

Answer 10

Correct answer: A cued panic attack has an identifiable trigger, while an uncued panic attack does not

Panic attacks can be described as being cued or uncued. A cued panic attack requires a certain environmental or emotional trigger, while an uncued panic attack does not. This distinction is not relative to when panic attacks take place in order.

Question 11

Which of the following is a known issue with narrative therapy and non-dominant cultures?

Answer 11

Correct answer: Some cultures require an “expert” stance from counselors

Narrative therapy is a social constructivist mode of therapy in which a client is encouraged to change their “story” to better fit their circumstances, needs, and reality. Narrative therapy is very useful with immigrant groups who are often looking to change the way in which they understand their experience. However, the modality requires some adjustment for cultures in which an “expert” stance is required from counselors, as the process is collaborative and much depends on the client’s initiative.

Question 12

Which of the following would be the most accurate statement about solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT)?

Answer 12

Correct answer: Treatment goals are small and realistic

In solution-focused brief therapy, the point is to quickly identify, assess, and address treatment plan goals that are small and realistic.

In SFBT, treatment goals are not long-term or completely invented by the counselor.

Question 13

What is meant by the concept of “real culture”?

Answer 13

Correct answer: All behaviors within a culture, including the unapproved behaviors

The concept of “real culture,” which describes all behaviors within a culture including those that are illicit or unapproved, is often counterpoised with the idea of “ideal culture,” which refers to how individuals are supposed to behave.

The concept does not expressly address diversity, advertising culture, or indigenous populations.

Question 14

How does narrative therapy work?

Answer 14

Correct answer: By having a client reconstruct their story

Narrative therapy rests on the assumption that human beings live “narratives” that are stories they tell themselves about themselves and others. Narrative therapy works by taking the story one has and reconstructing it to be more supportive of the individual and likely more truthful and devoid of cognitive distortions.

Narrative therapy is not just about trauma, and it is not about creating a story from scratch or under hypnosis.

Question 15

Should group members change roles in a healthy group?

Answer 15

Correct answer: Yes, in a healthy therapeutic group, roles often change

In counseling groups, roles can often change. In fact, when group members can change roles—for instance, roleplaying various parts in a group member’s situational or therapeutic issue—this often leads to better therapeutic outcomes.

In general, roles are not fixed in healthy therapeutic groups.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the “risky shift” phenomenon?

Answer 16

Correct answer: Groups make more radical choices than individuals

The “risky shift” phenomenon addresses the tendency for any group, but therapeutic groups in particular, to make more radical or risky choices than individual members would make. This is another expression of “groupthink,” in which a group takes on a character or performs actions that individual members would not.

The quantity of decisions is not addressed by the concept.

Question 17

Which of the following should be told to clients about your duty to warn?

Answer 17

Correct answer: “If I really believe you may harm someone, I have to take action.”

Counselors have a duty to warn if the counselor believes that someone else may come to harm. Clients should know that if the counselor really thinks that the client will harm someone, various jurisdictionally-defined steps are likely to follow.

The other responses sound too threatening or restrictive, or don’t relate to the client in layman’s terms.

Question 18

Which of the following would be an example of reciprocal causality in a marriage?

Answer 18

Correct answer: Partner A in a marriage communicates badly, resulting in partner B becoming hostile and communicating badly

In general, the notion of reciprocal causality in a relationship such as a marriage suggests that one party does not simply create behavior that influences another; rather, it suggests that human interactions of whatever kind involve a circular or reciprocal causality, as in this example.

Question 19

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about group exercises?

Answer 19

Correct answer: Group exercises should be more robust as the group matures.

A therapeutic group experiences a life cycle that has a definite beginning and progression, though the ending may be in doubt. At the beginning of the group, less robust clinical exercises are probably more useful than in-depth, robust clinical work. As the group progresses, more robust group exercises are more appropriate.

There is no indication that there should be a start or stop to group exercises corresponding to the group’s developmental stage.

Question 20

What is the point of reframing in counseling?

Answer 20

Correct answer: To redefine events and circumstances

Reframing in counseling refers to the practice of helping a client redefine events and circumstances in their situation, usually with a perspective that puts the client in a different position than the one they entered therapy with. Doing so often helps a client develop a sense of control and may change the inner narrative of their situation, issues, or circumstances for the better.

The concept does not refer to confrontation, unconscious issues, or general communication.

Question 21

What is another word for “abrecation” as it is used in counseling?

Answer 21

Correct answer: Catharsis

Abrecation is synonymous with the better-known term “catharsis.” First used in psychodynamic contexts, the term refers to the way a purging of emotions takes place during therapy as a result of the process.

Question 22

Which of the following most accurately captures the dilemma of client self-report?

Answer 22

Correct answer: It is a necessary information gathering tool, but clients often lie

The dilemma of client self-reports is that, to some degree, counselors depend on client self-report in order to formulate care, perform assessment, and arrive at a treatment plan. However, the unfortunate truth is that clients often lie for a variety of reasons, either overtly or by leaving out important information.

Question 23

Which of the following best captures the meaning of competence in regard to counseling?

Answer 23

Correct answer: Being able to help a client

Competence can mean various things when applied to specific client groups, but in general, being competent means being able to help a client. This involves having the right qualifications, experience, and ability sufficient to meet the client’s need. It also reflects the counselor’s wellness and fitness for their job.

Question 24

According to Diana Baumrind’s typology of parenting styles, which kind of children will Permissive Passive Indulgent parents produce?

Answer 24

Correct answer: Poor social skills, demanding, drug and alcohol abuse

According to Diana Baumrind’s typology of parenting styles, the Permissive Passive Indulgent parent has a low level of control over the parental situation and is easily manipulated. This style of parent rarely says no, is reluctant to apply punishment, and seeks to be seen as the child’s friend. This style of parenting tends to produce children that have poor social skills, can be very demanding, and that often engage in drug and alcohol abuse.

Question 25

According to Aaron Beck, what are automatic thoughts?

Answer 25

Correct answer: Scripts in the mind that distort reality Aaron Beck, considered one of the founders of Cognitive therapy, suggested that most people suffer from "automatic thoughts" that are cognitive distortions unhealthy to the mind. According to Beck, we are often unaware of these structured ways of feeling and thinking until their presence is confronted. Automatic thoughts are not psychotic or adjacent to psychosis, nor are they usually obsessive.

Question 26

Why is narrative therapy considered a social constructivist theory?

Answer 26

Correct answer: Narrative therapy involves a person constructing a personal reality Social constructivist theories suggest that human beings construct their own realities either partially or completely. In narrative therapy, this is done by a person who tells a different "story" than the one that made them seek out therapy to begin with, and thereby constructing a better-fitting personal reality than otherwise might exist. Narrative therapy does not actually depend on input from the social world, may or may not involve collaboration, and does not depend on independence from society at large.

Question 27

According to research, who tends to be more introspective?

Answer 27

Correct answer: Those of higher social class Introspection has been studied to determine who is more prone to the habit of looking inward and examining oneself. In general, it is those in higher social classes that tend to introspect more, simply because their more basic needs have been addressed and they have the luxury of doing so. This habit of introspection is more related to social class than privilege per se.

Question 28

In which of the following ways is hypnosis most controversial?

Answer 28

Correct answer: In recalling lost memories Hypnosis has been used to help many with such issues as pain control, addressing insomnia, and dealing with habit-related problems such as gambling and smoking. It is more controversial when used to reconstruct lost memories; often these are not accurate and referred to most often as "pseudomemories."

Question 29

Which of the following is the definitional belief of all racism?

Answer 29

Correct answer: That one race is better than another Though the topic is in substantial discussion in modern times and is subject to much change, particularly in terms of specific jargon, the essential belief of all racism is that one race is better than another. Racism does not absolutely depend on ideas about culture or resources.

Question 30

In terms of experimental design, what is the point of a pre- and post-test?

Answer 30

Correct answer: To more accurately gauge effect of the intervention In experimental design, it is common to establish a baseline by using a pre-test for whatever index is being measured. After the experiment provides an intervention, a post-test is generally used to help gauge the effect of the chosen intervention. The purpose of pre-and post-tests in experimental design is not to provide better documentation, satisfy review board requirements, or get feedback from experimental staff.

Question 31

Which of the following is a requirement of confidentiality standards?

Answer 31

Correct answer: That computer systems demonstrate security Confidentiality of records means that counselors must be able to demonstrate that their electronic systems are secure enough to assure a standard of privacy. Confidentiality standards do not suggest that one cannot use accounting or management software, or even that computers cannot do counseling.

Question 32

If a group leader addresses the issues of the group as a whole, what is this called?

Answer 32

Correct answer: Horizontal intervention Horizontal interventions in group contexts are when group leaders address the group as a whole. Vertical interventions are those which address individuals. "Upwards" and "downwards" interventions are fabricated terms in this context.

Question 33

Which of the following best characterizes the purpose of crisis intervention?

Answer 33

Correct answer: To deal with situational stress Crisis intervention is a mode of helping that is directed primarily at what is, in essence, a normal process, though it is stressful. Crisis intervention is a brief, time-limited mode of assistance whose purpose is to help a client manage the stress of the crisis situation. Other modalities would be helping in more detail with trauma, psychopathology, and anxiety.

Question 34

Which of the following best describes authoritarian parenting?

Answer 34

Correct answer: Bossy parenting, insulting direction, producing anxious and withdrawn children According to Diana Baumrind's typology of parenting styles, the authoritarian parenting style is characterized by bossy parenting, insulting verbal abuse and punishment as direction, and unexplained rules, resulting in anxious and withdrawn children who may engage in antisocial behavior.

Question 35

According to research, what do structured exercises early in the group accomplish?

Answer 35

Correct answer: They tend to improve communication between members The research seems to support the notion that in a clinical group, early structured activities can help foster communication between members. Something as simple as an "ice breaker" is an example from a less clinical context. The research does not indicate that early structured exercises elicit authoritarianism, create animosity, or inhibit communication

Question 36

How does the Rogerian perspective of client-centered counseling aid in client adherence to treatment planning?

Answer 36

Correct answer: By putting the client in a position of power Carl Rogers founded the school of psychotherapy known by various names as "person-centered" or "client-centered," which explicitly puts the client in a position of power in knowing and managing their own issues in collaboration with a therapist. By doing so, Rogerian perspectives aid in treatment planning by enabling more than passive participation on the part of clients. Rogerian perspectives do not encourage the client to be passive, and though these approaches might decrease fear and increase rapport, they aid in treatment planning by granting the client a sense of power in the therapeutic relationship.

Question 37

Is the Rosenthal effect an aspect of informal or formal observation, both, or neither?

Answer 37

Correct answer: Both The Rosenthal effect suggests that an experimenter's beliefs about an individual can cause the person observed to behave in a certain way and therefore skew experimental data. It applies to both informal and formal ways of observation.

Question 38

Which of the following is another name for "nondirective" counseling?

Answer 38

Correct answer: Person-centered Nondirective counseling is synonymous with person-centered or client-centered approaches in which the counselor's effort is more directed toward affective considerations such as empathy and less directive of the client in general. The term does not refer to psychodynamic, behaviorist, or brief therapy modalities.

Question 39

What is the purpose of a primary prevention group?

Answer 39

Correct answer: To prevent a problem from occurring A primary prevention group is meant to educate, provide services, or otherwise contribute to preventing a problem from occurring. Other kinds of groups, such as secondary prevention, attempt to limit harm from a known issue, with tertiary prevention groups seeking to deal with existing problems that are already severe.

Question 40

Which of the following refers to a group intervention that addresses individuals within the group?

Answer 40

Correct answer: Vertical intervention When providing counseling to a group, it is common to refer to interventions that address individuals as vertical intervention, and those which address the group as a whole as horizontal intervention. The other two terms are fabricated in this context

Question 41

According to the work of Sigmund Freud, what is the most likely result of trauma?

Answer 41

Correct answer: Fixation According to Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory of development, the most likely result of being traumatized is that a person will remain psychologically fixated on that stage, with attendant behaviors and characteristics of personality. The result of trauma, according to Freud, was not depression, confusion, or retaliation per se.

Question 42

In terms of family therapy, what is an "irrelevant distractor"?

Answer 42

Correct answer: A communicative role Virginia Satir, as a part of experimental conjoint family therapy, offered terminology for various roles that do not serve the purpose of addressing family issues when they are present. One of these is the "irrelevant distractor," who, when the family system is under stress, will resort to the strategy of using irrelevant information to block progress. The term applies to the person and not the material of their distracting behavior.

Question 43

What do "overprotective," "avoidant," and "acceptant" all have in common, according to the work of Anne Roe?

Answer 43

Correct answer: They are all parenting styles According to Anne Roe, there are three parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, and acceptant. Each of these styles has implications for the child's later desire for and ability to have fruitful connections with others and endure relationship stresses such as separation. Anne Roe did not use the terms to refer to attachment, depression, or anxiety.

Question 44

Is a counselor more or less effective when they are of the same gender and ethnicity as their client?

Answer 44

Correct answer: Research does not show a correlation in this regard Though the research is not robust, there is no substantial evidence to suggest that counselors are more or less effective with those with whom they share ethnic or gender similarity.

Question 45

What is the ideal size for a therapeutic group?

Answer 45

Correct answer: Six to eight In order to accomplish their work effectively, therapeutic groups should have an optimal size of about six to eight people. With more, focus tends to be lost, and with fewer, the therapeutic gain of the group process tends to be less.

Question 46

To which of the following does codependency refer?

Answer 46

Correct answer: The phenomenon of being addicted to an addicted person Though the term can refer to various aspects of relational dynamics in substance abuse, the concept of codependency essentially refers to one person being "addicted" to caregiving, supporting, or otherwise engaging in an unhealthy relationship of support for a person who is experiencing substance use issues. The term does not refer to two people being addicted to the same substance, though this does sometimes occur in codependent scenarios.

Question 47

Which of the following is a true statement regarding bullying?

Answer 47

Correct answer: Girls are more bullied than boys According to research, girls are more bullied than boys. This is not variable according to frequency or severity.

Question 48

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding unconditional positive regard?

Answer 48

Correct answer: The counselor accepts the client Carl Rogers and the humanistic school of counseling coined the term "unconditional positive regard" to refer to the stance of the counselor with respect to the client. The counselor is expected to accept the client as an individual in need of helping; not necessarily believing or trusting the client. The concept refers to more than listening to the client.

Question 49

Of the following, who would be the best candidate for implosive therapy?

Answer 49

Correct answer: A person with a fear of spiders Implosive therapy involves the client imagining a feared stimulus in the safe setting of the counselor's office. It is used to address fear on the part of clients, and would therefore be appropriate to a person with a fear of spiders. As fear is not the major issue, it would not benefit as a service those who are experiencing delusions, those with substance use problems, or a person with bipolar disorder.

Question 50

Which of the following is one of the common critiques of behavior therapy?

Answer 50

Correct answer: It does not yield insight Behavior therapy is widely used in its various forms to help increase desired behavior and extinguish undesirable behavior. One of the most common critiques of behavior therapy is that it yields no real insight, as its focus is not on internal process but on exhibited behavior. Behavior therapy does work, is not too complicated for most people (it is routinely practiced by people with no training), and it is relatively easy to measure.

Question 51

Do Rogerian factors such as warmth and genuineness affect client outcomes?

Answer 51

Correct answer: Research does not support the idea that Rogerian factors support positive therapeutic outcomes Though of definite help in establishing rapport and eliciting information from clients, the research does not support the idea that Rogerian factors support positive therapeutic outcomes per se. Therapeutic outcomes seem to be more related to what the client does, rather than what the therapist does

Question 52

Which of the following is true according to assimilation-contrast theory?

Answer 52

Correct answer: Clients tend to see counselor statements as more congruent with their own beliefs than they actually are According to assimilation-contrast theory, when a counselor makes a statement that a client agrees with, the client is more likely to see the counselor's statement as more aligned with the client's beliefs than they actually are. This theory does not suggest that clients think counselor statements are irrelevant, or that counselors are not trustworthy.

Question 53

Are group modalities indicated for persons in crisis?

Answer 53

Correct answer: No, group modalities are generally unsuitable for persons in crisis Crisis is a time-limited state in which normal states of stress are elevated. In general, groups are not suitable for persons in crisis, as the individual nature of any crisis forces a client's attention inward. In addition, the problem solving aspect of an individual's response to crisis requires much individual attention. This does not change if the group concentrates on the individual. Rather than causing harm, group modalities for persons in crisis simply do not provide the kind of clinical attention that would be the most useful.

Question 54

Of the three types of prevention groups, primary, secondary, and tertiary, which is the most individualized

Answer 54

Correct answer: Tertiary Prevention groups seek to limit the harm of a situation or condition, or prevent such a situation or condition from happening in the first place. Primary prevention seeks to prevent a situation altogether, secondary prevention seeks to prevent a problem from becoming more severe, and tertiary prevention seeks to address an already severe problem from a management perspective. Of the three, the tertiary prevention group would be the most individualized, as it deals with the individual difficulties present in long-standing, chronic problems.

Question 55

According to Sigmund Freud, what is the essence of dreaming?

Answer 55

Correct answer: Wish fulfillment Sigmund Freud's belief about dreams was that they were the unconscious mind's way of playing out either negative or positive wish fulfilment about events that took place during the day that the dream occurred. Freud did not believe that dreams were reprocessing, distraction, or social recalibration per se.

Question 56

Which of the following is a common liability of groups?

Answer 56

Correct answer: Lack of appropriate therapeutic goals In many groups, particularly those considered "unstructured," one common potential liability is the lack of concrete, appropriate therapeutic goals for the group members. A therapeutic group should have goals, though there is flexibility in exactly how these are formulated and applied.

Question 57

In terms of overall effectiveness, which is more effective, group or individual work?

Answer 57

Correct answer: Group and individual work are similar in effectiveness Though there is some research to indicate that individual therapy is more effective with depressed clients, across the broad range of clients, group and individual work have similar degrees of effectiveness.

Question 58

Which is the most likely third party that would require client information?

Answer 58

Correct answer: Insurance companies For various reasons related to payment, insurance companies will regularly be in need of client information. Though not uncommon, it is far less common to be required to provide information to court systems. Less common are the requirements, if any, of institutional review boards and professional journals.

Question 59

If you desire to record sessions, does a client have to agree to this?

Answer 59

Correct answer: Yes, they must agree for you to record sessions Counselors are not allowed to record clients without their knowledge or consent, though the particulars of the prohibition may vary by jurisdiction.

Question 60

What is the difference between anxiety and phobia?

Answer 60

What is the difference between anxiety and phobia?

Question 61

Which of the following is a valid reason not to use the theory of Carl Rogers in inpatient treatment

Answer 61

Correct answer: There is no reason not to use the theory of Carl Rogers in inpatient treatment The work of Carl Rogers is often called a humanistic way of mental health treatment. There is no reason why his techniques, which stress genuineness and the value of every person as an individual, should not be used in inpatient settings. Acute patients may or may not benefit from the use of these techniques, reject them, or use them; they can still be used effectively with the majority of patients.

Question 62

Which of the following is not a category of roles identified by specialists in group counseling?

Answer 62

Correct answer: Structural Specialists in group counseling identify three roles in a group: task (a job that needs done), maintenance (tending to group process), and self-serving roles. "Structural" is not such an identified role category.

Question 63

Which of the following is most accurate about retired people in terms of modern demographics?

Answer 63

Correct answer: The number of retired people is increasing Owing to well-known and well-established shifts in demographics in modern populations worldwide, people are living to much greater ages. This results in more and more people who are retired living longer and needing psychological services for longer at a more vulnerable time in their lives.

Question 64

Which of the following is the main problem with dual relationships?

Answer 64

Correct answer: They can interfere with the helping process for a client Dual relationships, which in some cases cannot be avoided, are mainly a problem due to the fact that care for the client can be compromised. Objectivity can suffer if the therapeutic relationship is not the only relationship at work. These relationships are not always morally wrong, do not always invite legal consequences, and are not always in violation of codes of ethics or conduct.

Question 65

What is androcentric bias?

Answer 65

Correct answer: Bias oriented toward men "Androcentric bias" is a term that emerged from feminist therapy, which suggests that most therapeutic interventions and theories have at their heart a bias oriented toward men in general. The term does not necessarily imply that women are excluded, only that the first consideration is that of men

Question 66

Which of the following refers to the "death instinct"?

Answer 66

Correct answer: Thanatos Sigmund Freud postulated two compelling forces in the psyche; the death instinct, or "thanatos," and the life instinct, or "eros." Freud believed that all instincts in human beings fell into one of these two classes.

Question 67

Which of the following is true of a bimodal curve

Answer 67

Correct answer: It has two peaks In research, results are often graphed to indicate statistical direction. In a bimodal curve, the results are clustered around two modes or peaks in the graphed results

Question 68

What is the technique of "blocking" used for in group therapy?

Answer 68

Correct answer: Keeping the group concentrated on the group work "Blocking" in a group context is designed to help keep the group concentrated on the group work. What is being "blocked" are distractions, gossip, or harmful behavior. The point is not to suppress what could be productive engagement with challenging material, controlling group membership, or accurately distributing group focus.

Question 69

A consultant would be more likely to work in:

Answer 69

Correct answer: An organizational setting Consultants, though they are sometimes used in clinical settings for specific purposes, are much more likely to lend their efforts to work in organizational settings, or in situations where broader organizational issues are the focus.

Question 70

With which of the following kinds of clients would contracting be most indicated?

Answer 70

Correct answer: Clients who are not making progress Contracting with clients is an idea from the school of behaviorism that is used most often when clients are not making progress. A contract between therapist and client would allow the therapeutic relationship to continue with visible, mutually-agreed milestones and benchmarks.

Question 71

Which of the following is the best description of confirmation bias?

Answer 71

Correct answer: Accepting supporting information, ignoring conflicting information Confirmation bias refers to the way people often accept information that supports their pre-existing idea, and ignore that which conflicts with their pre-existing idea. The brain seems to prioritize information that supports existing beliefs.

Question 72

Why is group therapy cost-effective in treatment?

Answer 72

Correct answer: More patients can be served at the same time Group therapy is considered highly effective both in terms of efficacy and cost. Essentially, a single therapist can serve more people, providing them therapeutic gain in a context that is more economical than serving single patients. Group therapy is variably reimbursable and resource-heavy in practice.

Question 73

If a counselor's responses are about equal to the client's in terms of empathy, what kind of empathy is this?

Answer 73

Correct answer: Basic empathy Allen E. Ivey suggests that basic empathy is that style of empathy that neither adds nor subtracts from a client's awareness and understanding. It demonstrates a basic level of understanding and feeling the client experiences. The other terms are fabricated.

Question 74

What is "proxemics"?

Answer 74

Correct answer: The study of personal space Proxemics refers to the study of personal space, specifically that which is experienced in relationship to other people. One's notion of personal space is defined by culture, temperament, climate, and other factors; it is significant in counseling due to its implications for communication and comfort in client relationships. The term does not refer to a study of body image, dementia, or affiliation.

Question 75

In therapy, what are "exception question"

Answer 75

Correct answer: Questions that ask clients when they are not experiencing their issue of concern An "exception question" is often asked in brief therapy so that a counselor can know when a client is not experiencing their issue of concern. Such a question could be something like, "When are you not anxious?" The technique puts attention on the fact that the client is not always in a state of dysfunction. Such questions are not meant to distract or elicit information about the client's major issue of concern, but when it is not experienced.

Question 76

Which of the following contexts is necessary for a biopsychosocial interview?

Answer 76

Correct answer: Cultural context A biopsychosocial interview will contain many elements of assessment, aimed at establishing as full a picture as possible of the client's situation. A biopsychosocial interview must contain the cultural context in which the client exists as a guide to culturally-informed treatment. The other contexts are fabricated terms for the purposes of this

Question 77

Which of the following refers to adaptable, adjustable intelligence?

Answer 77

Correct answer: Fluid intelligence Fluid intelligence refers to that element of intellectual functioning that is adaptable to the situation and is more adjustable to circumstances. Crystallized intelligence refers to intelligence that is more fixed and rigid. A-factor intelligence and S-factor intelligence are fabricated terms.

Question 78

Which of the following is a downside to group unity?

Answer 78

Correct answer: Conformity Human groups, in whatever context, form in various stages. Clinical counseling groups follow these norms, including their negative aspects, such as groupthink and conformity. Thus, too much unity can prevent individual group members from speaking out, or can enforce tacit norms that have not been part of the clinical design of the group. The other items are not considered downsides to group unity commonly found in therapeutic groups

Question 79

Should gambling addiction be treated similarly to other addictive disorders?

Answer 79

Correct answer: Yes, the treatment modalities are similar Though many treatment considerations around gambling disorder are novel, the therapeutic consensus seems to be that a gambling addiction problem can be treated in much the same way as other addictions, including (and principally) cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Gambling issues can be treated in this way with or without a substance use co-occurring component.

Question 80

Which of the following best defines a group process?

Answer 80

Correct answer: The way in which group material is handled In group work, a process refers to the way in which group material is handled, such as what to do with the input group members give to the group. A process in this context would not refer to group work content per se, the goals of the group, or the characteristics of group members

Question 81

Which of the following would be an example of family sculpting

Answer 81

Correct answer: Family members arranging themselves spatially Family sculpting is a term from family therapy in which, during the course of the family therapy session, family members arrange themselves to reflect their relationships spatially; thus, members who do not feel close would arrange themselves distally and so on. The term does not refer to art or family design.

Question 82

What is the paradox of religious and spiritual involvement for clients?

Answer 82

Correct answer: Spirituality offers benefits but can create strain There is a paradox involved in clients embracing religion or spirituality, or in therapists relying on religious or spiritual content. Though spirituality and religion can offer a number of benefits, the same content can create issues. For example, religion is capable of increasing a client's well being through mood, identification with an other, and marital satisfaction; however, religion can also create anxiety and depression.

Question 83

Who provides the motivation in motivational interviewing

Answer 83

Correct answer: The client Motivational Interviewing is a style of clinical interviewing that seeks to aid the client in finding their own motivation for change. This is in contrast to other styles of behavioral interview in which the counselor might be more directive with a change process. It is believed that adherence and commitment to change is better when the motivation for change comes from within the person.

Question 84

Which of the following specifically refers to reinforcing small behaviors that approximate the larger and more desirable behavior sets

Answer 84

Correct answer: Shaping Shaping refers to the technique of reinforcing small behaviors that approximate the larger and more desirable behavior sets that are the eventual goal. Operant conditioning refers to the general technique of consequencing behavior. Classical conditioning refers to the general technique of pairing things together. Systematic desensitization is the technique of managing response to a feared stimulus by staged exposure

Question 85

What is the point of confrontation in counseling?

Answer 85

Correct answer: To call attention to something Confrontation has a somewhat negative connotation, but its use in counseling can be constructive. Simply put, its real purpose is to call attention to something that is of therapeutic value to confront, such as an inconsistency or lack of clarity in a client statement or response. In this way, it is actually an aid to understanding. Confrontation is not meant, in this context, to create conflict, disrupt delusion, or just to call out client untruths.

Question 86

With which of the following is crisis intervention mainly concerned?

Answer 86

Correct answer: Those who are experiencing a normal reaction to stress Crisis intervention is mainly directed at helping those individuals who are experiencing the overwhelming stress that is definition to a state of crisis. Pathology per se is not addressed as part of crisis intervention; abnormal behavior or symptoms will require another modality to address effectively.

Question 87

According to research, how many people does it take to produce conformity in a group?

Answer 87

Correct answer: Three The phenomenon of conformity in groups has been studied to indicate exactly when a process of groupthink begins to take hold. The available research seems to suggest that it takes as little as three persons in a group to begin producing conformity.

Question 88

What is the main purpose of summarization in counseling?

Answer 88

Correct answer: To verify understanding Summarization is a technique that involves the counselor restating what they understand the client to have said. This technique is meant to let the client hear what they are understood to have expressed during a session, and to give the client a chance to make corrections if needed. Though the technique may improve rapport and illuminate inconsistencies, that is not its main purpose. Summarization is not expressly meant to address trauma.

Question 89

What is the most likely result of a negative feedback loop, according to family therapy

Answer 89

Correct answer: Homeostasis Family therapy assumes that families are systems with complicated but identifiable dynamics that define the family's function, dysfunction, and identity. Feedback loops are what the family uses in communicating with itself; positive feedback loops are thought of as resulting in change, while the negative variety does not induce any change at all. Much energy in family systems is devoted to preserving even a dysfunctional status quo or homeostasis. The result of a negative feedback loop will not be change, nor will it generally result in abuse.

Question 90

How is hair-pulling classified in the DSM-5?

Answer 90

Correct answer: As an obsessive-compulsive or related disorder Hair-pulling (trichotillomania) is classified as an obsessive-compulsive or related disorder in the DSM-5.

Question 91

In clinical groups involving children, should there be more or less participants than in adult groups?

Answer 91

Correct answer: There should be less participants than in an adult group Children can benefit from clinical groups, but there are considerations that complicate their participation. For various reasons having to do with focus, discipline, and attention, a clinical group for children should optimally be at around three or four, as opposed to eight in an adult group

Question 92

Which of the following is true about sliding fee scales?

Answer 92

Correct answer: They are ethical and legal Though they may be difficult to administer properly, sliding fee scales (in which clients pay differentially based on their ability to pay) are both ethical and legal.

Question 93

Under which of the following circumstances would you assess a Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)?

Answer 93

Correct answer: Under no circumstances, as it is no longer used in formal diagnosis The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), a number from 1 to 100 that roughly assessed a client's overall level of functioning, is no longer used as part of a formal diagnosis. Some counselors may still find it useful.

Question 94

Which of the following is the best short definition of congruence as it applies to counseling?

Answer 94

Correct answer: Behaving like one's true self Congruence, a term first used in this respect by Carl Rogers, suggests that counselors should attempt to behave like their true selves as much as possible in an attempt to lend genuineness to the therapeutic process and remove affectations that distract from the work at hand. The other items relate to some of the ethics of the profession at large, but are not definitions of congruence.

Question 95

What is the focus of solution-oriented therapy?

Answer 95

Correct answer: A plan of action Solution-oriented therapy deals with a current problem or set of problems in a client's life that need attention. The focus of therapy is not as much on an understanding of self, therapeutic rapport, or the exploration of trauma; rather, this type of therapy is to arrive at a plan of action that addresses the problem or problems at hand.

Question 96

Which of the following best describes authoritative parenting?

Answer 96

Correct answer: High expectations, rules are explained, child is happy and emotionally-regulated According to Diana Baumrind's typology of parenting styles, the authoritative style of parenting is characterized by high expectations but the rules are explained to the child. This style of parenting seems to result in children that are happy and emotionally-regulated, with good social skills

Question 97

Which of the following traits has been proven by research to be the most useful in group leaders?

Answer 97

Correct answer: None Despite the fact that such items as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense are considered helpful to some degree, research has yet to reliably identify any single trait as more valuable than the rest in group leaders.

Question 98

Which of the following traits has been proven by research to be the most useful in group leaders?

Answer 98

Correct answer: None Despite the fact that such items as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense are considered helpful to some degree, research has yet to reliably identify any single trait as more valuable than the rest in group leaders.

Question 99

According to person-centered counseling, should the counselor present as a professional?

Answer 99

Correct answer: No, the counselor should not present as a professional According to Carl Rogers' person-centered counseling, the counselor's affect and presentation are key to therapeutic effort. Within this school of counseling, genuineness and acceptance of the client are stressed, with the counselor's professional expertise not being presented as openly as in other styles of therapy.

Question 99

According to person-centered counseling, should the counselor present as a professional?

Answer 99

Correct answer: No, the counselor should not present as a professional According to Carl Rogers' person-centered counseling, the counselor's affect and presentation are key to therapeutic effort. Within this school of counseling, genuineness and acceptance of the client are stressed, with the counselor's professional expertise not being presented as openly as in other styles of therapy.

Question 100

Is a client's right to confidentiality absolutely assured?

Answer 100

Correct answer: No, there are circumstances that require its violation A client has the right to confidentiality. However, there are circumstances, such as court proceedings related to crimes or lawsuits, that may require that confidential records be provided to an outside entity such as a court

Question 101

Which of the following is the best description of senile psychosis?

Answer 101

Correct answer: Disconnect from reality brought on by age Senile psychosis refers to disconnect from reality brought on by age. It may or may not include dissociation, and schizophrenia may or may not be present.

Question 102

To which school of therapy does the acronym WDEP belong?

Answer 102

Correct answer: Reality therapy The acronym WDEP stands for Wants, Direction (or doing), Evaluation, and Plan. It narrates the process and theory of reality therapy according to an adaption of basic scientific method. The acronym is not used in feminist, narrative, or Adlerian therapy.

Question 103

When should group risks be discussed with clients who are joining a therapeutic group?

Answer 103

Correct answer: At the beginning of the initial session There are certain risks to group therapy, among which are risks to confidentiality and others that may arise due to the specific nature of the group. The proper time to inform a new participant about these risks is at the beginning of the initial session, thereby granting that individual full freedom of choice about what they would like to do about the risk. It is not a matter of what the group will decide. Informing a client about risks of therapy is the role of the group facilitator.

Question 104

When should group risks be discussed with clients who are joining a therapeutic group?

Answer 104

Correct answer: At the beginning of the initial session There are certain risks to group therapy, among which are risks to confidentiality and others that may arise due to the specific nature of the group. The proper time to inform a new participant about these risks is at the beginning of the initial session, thereby granting that individual full freedom of choice about what they would like to do about the risk. It is not a matter of what the group will decide. Informing a client about risks of therapy is the role of the group facilitator.

Question 105

What are group norms?

Answer 105

Correct answer: The standards of acceptable behavior within the group Norms are standards of acceptable behavior in any culture, including the microculture of a therapeutic group. Some of these will be overt and can be easily articulated by group members, while others will be more tacit in nature. The term does not refer to individual members of the group, the number of people in the group, or its aspirational goals.

Question 106

Which of the following is often true of middle children, according to Adler?

Answer 106

Correct answer: Middle children are often in competition with older children Alfred Adler analyzed families and arrived at many conclusions regarding the personality of children according to birth order. His assessment of middle children is that they are often in competition with older siblings and are driven to excel in order to surpass them.

Question 107

What is the position of Glasser's Reality therapy with regard to medication?

Answer 107

Correct answer: Psychotropic drugs are not the answer William Glasser's Reality therapy is controversial for many reasons. It stresses personal responsibility for mental wellness, taking issue with many of the ways mental illness is categorized, diagnosed, and treated. One of its more remarkable positions is its stance on psychotropic medication, which essentially amounts to saying that psychotropic medication is not a realistic answer to personal problems.

Question 108

Do self-help groups such as AA groups require a professional?

Answer 108

Correct answer: No, in most circumstances One of the advantages of a self-help group like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is that they can be run without a professional. In many cases, this is expressly part of such a group's identity. Such groups can always ask to consult with a professional, no matter what the subject matter of the group may be.

Question 109

Which of the following refers to the model in which a recovering addict helps a practicing addict?

Answer 109

Correct answer: Chemical dependency (CD) The chemical dependency, or CD, model of substance use treatment, is notable due to its use of a recovering addict to help a practicing addict. It is believed, according to this model, that the experience of being an addict is so unique and unknown to those who have not experienced it that a recovering addict is much more helpful in substance use treatment of addicted persons. The other models do not exist and are fabricated.

Question 110

How does humanistic therapy support identifying strengths of an individual?

Answer 110

Correct answer: Humanistic therapy believes in humans achieving full potential It is important in treatment planning for the client to be supported by identified strengths that support their clinical effort. Humanistic therapy, with its focus on the ability of all humans to reach their full potential, is ideal for the finding and use of such strengths. Humanistic therapy may or may not address past trauma or specific psychopathologies in a given circumstance, but is always characterized by a focus on humans achieving their full potential.

Question 111

According to congruity theory, what effect does liking have on the part of the client in a counselor-client relationship?

Answer 111

Correct answer: The client is more likely to accept suggestions According to congruity theory, a client is more likely to accept suggestions if there is a positive, liking relationship on the part of the client with respect to the counselor. Clients may or may not develop transference issues in scenarios where they like their counselor.

Question 112

Which of the following is the point of defense mechanisms, according to Sigmund Freud?

Answer 112

Correct answer: Protection against anxiety The defense mechanisms, such as denial, rationalization, projection, and so on, were, according to Sigmund Freud, protection against the anxiety produced by one's life. Thus, if one practices denial, one does not have to face whatever is being denied. Freud did not suggest that defense mechanisms were protection against depression, psychosis, or violence.

Question 113

What is the difference between an autoplastic versus an alloplastic approach?

Answer 113

Correct answer: Autoplastic refers to changes in self, alloplastic refers to changes in environment The term "autoplastic" refers to the plasticity of what one can change or do in oneself; the term "alloplastic" refers to the plasticity of what one can change in the environment. The two terms refer to different perspectives on what might help a client arrive at necessary change and are not necessarily mutually exclusive.

Question 114

Is material in a diagnostic interview protected in the same way as other patient data?

Answer 114

Correct answer: Yes, in most circumstances A diagnostic interview exists for the purpose of arriving at a codified explanation in medical or psychiatric terms for the client's behavior. It, like almost all other client data, is protected by HIPAA and other considerations according to the relevant Code of Ethics.

Question 115

Which of the following best summarizes the nature of an approach-approach conflict?

Answer 115

Correct answer: Two attractive options are presented simultaneously According to Kurt Lewin, an "approach-approach" conflict is one of the classic conflicts that results in inner frustration. In this type of conflict, two attractive options are presented simultaneously; the frustration arising from the dilemma of choice. Two unattractive options presented simultaneously would represent an avoidance-avoidance conflict. One attractive and one unattractive option would result in approach-avoidance conflict.

Question 116

When does marital satisfaction tend to be highest?

Answer 116

Correct answer: At the time of the wedding Research indicates that marital satisfaction tends to be highest at the time of the wedding, though there is idiosyncratic ebb and flow in most marriages.

Question 117

How does "free association" work?

Answer 117

Correct answer: A client is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind "Free association" is a technique of client input used in psychoanalysis. The general idea is that a client is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, with little interference or direction from the counselor. The technique has little to do with association with people.

Question 118

How does "free association" work?

Answer 118

Correct answer: A client is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind "Free association" is a technique of client input used in psychoanalysis. The general idea is that a client is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, with little interference or direction from the counselor. The technique has little to do with association with people.

Question 119

Can training raise an IQ score?

Answer 119

Correct answer: Yes, in some circumstances In some cases, training can raise an IQ score; keep in mind that the assertion is that the person can learn skills which can raise their score, not that their brain has changed per se. This ability to change is not dependent on an IQ breakpoint of 75.

Question 120

Can training raise an IQ score?

Answer 120

Correct answer: Yes, in some circumstances In some cases, training can raise an IQ score; keep in mind that the assertion is that the person can learn skills which can raise their score, not that their brain has changed per se. This ability to change is not dependent on an IQ breakpoint of 75.

Question 121

Is Narcan intoxicating to the person receiving it?

Answer 121

Correct answer: No, it is not intoxicating Narcan (naloxone) can stop overdoses due to its similar chemical structure to opioids. It is not intoxicating to anyone.

Question 122

Is Narcan intoxicating to the person receiving it?

Answer 122

Correct answer: No, it is not intoxicating Narcan (naloxone) can stop overdoses due to its similar chemical structure to opioids. It is not intoxicating to anyone.

Question 123

To which of the following does "stress inoculation" refer to?

Answer 123

Correct answer: A three-step process to reducing stress Stress inoculation refers to the three-step process innovated by Donald Meichenbaum which seeks to deal with stress. First, there is an educational stage where the client monitors themselves, followed by a rehearsal stage in which the learning is applied to practice, and finally, an application stage where the learning is put to use in the real world situation causing stress.

Question 124

To which of the following does "stress inoculation" refer to?

Answer 124

Correct answer: A three-step process to reducing stress Stress inoculation refers to the three-step process innovated by Donald Meichenbaum which seeks to deal with stress. First, there is an educational stage where the client monitors themselves, followed by a rehearsal stage in which the learning is applied to practice, and finally, an application stage where the learning is put to use in the real world situation causing stress.

Question 125

Under what conditions can counselors accept referral fees

Answer 125

Correct answer: Under no conditions According to ethical standards, counselors are not allowed to accept referral fees under any conditions, agreements notwithstanding.

Question 126

Which of the following is true about teen suicide?

Answer 126

Correct answer: It is difficult to accurately gauge the seriousness of suicidal ideation In any case where suicide is mentioned, the situation should be taken seriously and the appropriate steps taken to ensure safety. While it is true that people use suicidal gestures and statements for a variety of reasons, it is difficult to accurately gauge the seriousness of suicidal ideation, and all such statements must be followed up on and addressed appropriately. Teen suicide is sadly not uncommon, and suicide seems to be more common among men than women in most age groups.

Question 127

Which of the following is the most common eating disorder?

Answer 127

Correct answer: Binge eating disorder According to research, binge eating disorder (in which a person engages in a period of concentrated overeating) is the most common eating disorder.

Question 128

Which of the following is the most common eating disorder?

Answer 128

Correct answer: Binge eating disorder According to research, binge eating disorder (in which a person engages in a period of concentrated overeating) is the most common eating disorder.

Question 129

Which of the following schools of therapy would be the most likely to directly confront clients in treatment?

Answer 129

Correct answer: Gestalt therapy Particularly if practiced as originally conceived by its founder Fritz Perls, Gestalt therapy can be considered fairly confrontational to clients. Gestalt concentrates on "here-and-now" awareness of self in hopes of increasing both psychological and bodily awareness. The other schools of therapy mentioned would not necessarily confront clients in treatment in the same direct way.

Question 130

Which of the following is the essence of the "matching hypothesis"?

Answer 130

Correct answer: We tend to choose partners who match our level of attractiveness The matching hypothesis asserts that when choosing long-term mates, we tend to choose partners who match our overall level of attractiveness. The matching hypothesis does not assert that attitude, personality type, or mental illness is a factor in matching.

Question 131

Does Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) encourage religion?

Answer 131

Correct answer: AA involves belief in a higher power Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an open, commonly available program that seeks to help individuals who have profound alcohol issues. Though it does not seem to advance any particular faith, it does involve belief in a higher power, as statements of helplessness against one's own issues are fundamental to the beginning of involvement in AA. AA is not atheist, and is directive about spirituality.

Question 132

Which of the following is an open-ended question?

Answer 132

Correct answer: How did that make you feel? An open-ended question is one that is asked without a specific answer in mind. It is often used in person-centered and other kinds of counseling where a subjective account of the client's experience is desirable. The other questions are not open-ended, as they seek a specific answer

Question 133

Which of the following is an open-ended question?

Answer 133

Correct answer: How did that make you feel? An open-ended question is one that is asked without a specific answer in mind. It is often used in person-centered and other kinds of counseling where a subjective account of the client's experience is desirable. The other questions are not open-ended, as they seek a specific answer

Question 134

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about cultural formation interviews?

Answer 134

Correct answer: They indicate cultural explanations for behavior Cultural formation interviews are useful in many ways; though they do not mainly exist for diagnostic, treatment planning, or therapeutic decision-making except in the broadest sense. A cultural formation interview mainly helps to explain a client's behavior by placing it in the proper context.

Question 135

Which of the following best defines anglo-conformity theory?

Answer 135

Correct answer: Adhering to dominant macroculture is desirable Anglo-conformity theory suggests that, despite individual and cultural differences, adhering to the dominant macroculture is desirable and, by extention, that values and folkways of source cultures should be discouraged in the interest of this conformity. The other statements do not accurately recapitulate the meaning of anglo-conformity theory.

Question 136

What are some examples of group roles that are assumed by group members?

Answer 136

Correct answer: Energizer and gatekeeper Any group, whether clinical or not, will eventually develop in such a way that people assume various roles. Such roles generally have to do with a function of group cohesion or maintenance, and may or may not be explicitly intended or stated. Two examples of such roles are energizer (a person who keeps positive energy flowing in the group) and gatekeeper (someone who wants to control various elements of the group). The other terms do not refer to roles that people assume in therapeutic groups.

Question 137

What are some examples of group roles that are assumed by group members?

Answer 137

Correct answer: Energizer and gatekeeper Any group, whether clinical or not, will eventually develop in such a way that people assume various roles. Such roles generally have to do with a function of group cohesion or maintenance, and may or may not be explicitly intended or stated. Two examples of such roles are energizer (a person who keeps positive energy flowing in the group) and gatekeeper (someone who wants to control various elements of the group). The other terms do not refer to roles that people assume in therapeutic groups.

Question 138

In terms of group therapy, what is a "t-group"?

Answer 138

Correct answer: Training group There are many kinds of groups that have different designations according to their purpose. In contrast to more clinically-oriented groups, a t-group is short for "training group," most often used in business and for personal motivation.

Question 139

What is the purpose of open-ended questioning?

Answer 139

Correct answer: To give the client greater control in response Open-ended questions, those in which there is not a concrete, specific response anticipated by the counselor, are of use in treatment chiefly because they give greater control to the client in terms of how they would like to respond to a given query. The point of open-ended questions is not to make the client speak more often, encourage honesty, or to activate key insights.

Question 140

How would Erik Erikson classify the conflict accruing to those who are struggling with old age?

Answer 140

Correct answer: Integrity versus despair Erik Erikson's most well-known contribution to psychology in general is his stepwise, stage-descriptive stages of psychosocial life. The last of these, integrity versus despair, deals with the struggle in old age between recognizing the value of one's contribution in life versus not doing so and succumbing to a negative generalized worldview. The other listed items are fabricated and not part of Erikson's overall schema.

Question 141

Why might a closed therapeutic group lack members?

Answer 141

Correct answer: It does not allow new members to join A closed therapeutic group tends to lose members more than an open group. A closed group, by definition, either does not admit new members or admits them slowly, while an open group is always open to new membership. A closed group strategy is not expressly designed to "shed" members, and member loss is likely more due to the nature of closed groups than other causes.

Question 142

According to research, which of the following is the most effective way to get two groups to reduce their conflict?

Answer 142

Correct answer: Get the two groups to coordinate on a common goal According to the well-known Robbers' Cave Experiment, two distinct groups of boys reduced their conflict by being provided with a common, or superordinate goal. The other strategies listed would not be as effective in reducing conflict between groups.

Question 143

Which of the following is the best working definition of subtractive empathy?

Answer 143

Correct answer: Empathy that does not fully understand what the client communicates Allen E. Ivey suggested that there were different kinds of empathy; subtractive empathy reduces the quality of the therapeutic interaction by not demonstrating a full understanding of what the client is attempting to communicate. Thus, the overall empathy of the situation is reduced. Subtractive empathy does not reduce stress or cure pathology in clients.

Question 144

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of accurate empathy?

Answer 144

Correct answer: Experiencing the client's point of view Accurate empathy refers to the ability of the counselor to experience the client's point of view in terms of their actual experience in feeling and cognition. The stress is on the client's point of view rather than the counselor's. The concept does not refer to simply expressing concern or its evidence, nor does it refer to protecting the client from harmful information per se.

Question 145

Which of the following is the point of informed consent?

Answer 145

Correct answer: To help clients make decisions with the best information possible Clients should be in a position to make the best decisions possible with the best information possible, whether in counseling or as participants in research. This process is referred to as informed consent. The point of informed consent is not legal protection, research integrity, or counseling quality.

Question 146

When would advice-giving be most appropriate as an intervention?

Answer 146

Correct answer: When clients are in crisis Advice-giving is controversial in counseling, with some saying it is never appropriate and others saying it has its uses. There seems to be a better use for advice-giving when clients are in crisis and there is limited time for the real exploration of feelings. In circumstances where insight therapy relying on exploration of one's emotions is important, advice-giving would be less recommended.

Question 146

When would advice-giving be most appropriate as an intervention?

Answer 146

Correct answer: When clients are in crisis Advice-giving is controversial in counseling, with some saying it is never appropriate and others saying it has its uses. There seems to be a better use for advice-giving when clients are in crisis and there is limited time for the real exploration of feelings. In circumstances where insight therapy relying on exploration of one's emotions is important, advice-giving would be less recommended.

Question 147

What would be a treatment plan goal consistent with reality therapy?

Answer 147

Correct answer: Changing current behavior The controversial school of reality therapy focuses on present behavior. A treatment plan goal consistent with this perspective would be to change current behavior. Reality therapy is known for its skepticism about formal diagnosis and even medication.

Question 148

What is the main difference between structured and unstructured groups?

Answer 148

Correct answer: The nature of the group work Groups can be classified into two general categories based on the nature of the work done in the group. In a structured group, there are more exercises and directed activities, and in an unstructured group, there are less. The concept does not generally refer to the number of people in the group, how open the group is, or the group's length.

Question 149

Which of the following would be an example of milieu therapy?

Answer 149

Correct answer: Managing a client's whole physical and social environment Milieu therapy seeks to help clients with their issues by managing the whole social and physical environment in which therapy is taking place; in effect, the management of the milieu amounts to a kind of therapy in its own right. Milieu therapy does not refer exclusively to managing aspects of a client's social or physical environment, or managing a client's feelings per se.

Question 150

Is a client able to provide informed consent if they have a guardian?

Answer 150

Correct answer: Yes, through their guardian The presence of a guardian who acts on behalf of a client means that the client provides informed consent through their representative. However, assent should also be gained in such an instance, which is the client's own approval.

Question 151

Is a client able to provide informed consent if they have a guardian?

Answer 151

Correct answer: Yes, through their guardian The presence of a guardian who acts on behalf of a client means that the client provides informed consent through their representative. However, assent should also be gained in such an instance, which is the client's own approval.

Question 152

According to research, which of the following has the least need for affiliation?

Answer 152

Correct answer: A third child The need to affiliate, or to have associational bonds with others, appears to decrease with birth order, according to research. Thus, a third child would have the least need for affiliation according to this research.

Question 153

Which of the following is not evaluated by the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT-4)?

Answer 153

Correct answer: General vocabulary The Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT-4) is used to measure academic achievement in such areas as word reading, sentence comprehension, and mathematical computation. It is not a test of general vocabulary.

Question 154

In your initial interview with a client, you consider assigning a V-Code. What does a V-Code represent?

Answer 154

Correct answer: Other factors relevant to treatment In diagnosis, a V-Code is sometimes used to illustrate a situation or condition that the diagnostician believes is significant to the course of treatment, such as psychosocial issues. V-Codes are not used to indicate psychosomatic illness, malingering, or physical illness.

Question 155

To what does psychotherapy integration refer?

Answer 155

Correct answer: Using strategies from various schools of counseling There are many schools of counseling, each of which has unique strengths and potential liabilities. Psychotherapy integration refers to using strategies from various schools of counseling. The term does not refer to the other types of integration listed.

Question 156

To what does psychotherapy integration refer?

Answer 156

Correct answer: Using strategies from various schools of counseling There are many schools of counseling, each of which has unique strengths and potential liabilities. Psychotherapy integration refers to using strategies from various schools of counseling. The term does not refer to the other types of integration listed.

Question 157

Which of the following is the best working definition of genuineness?

Answer 157

Correct answer: Being oneself in the therapeutic context Genuineness refers to the ability of a counselor to, within the structure of a therapeutic context with its various demands of ethics and procedure, remain themselves. This approach is associated with better therapeutic outcomes. The concept does not refer to authoritarianism, authoritativeness, or expertise

Question 158

What is "linking" in group therapy contexts?

Answer 158

Correct answer: Tying one member's issues to another's In group contexts, "linking" refers to the way one member's struggle can be tied to another's. For example, if one group member struggles with anger, the struggles of another group member with respect to anger can be explicitly addressed in order to bring forth a greater therapeutic understanding. The concept does not refer to material outside the group context, physical movement of group members, or common group themes per se.

Question 159

What is "linking" in group therapy contexts?

Answer 159

Correct answer: Tying one member's issues to another's In group contexts, "linking" refers to the way one member's struggle can be tied to another's. For example, if one group member struggles with anger, the struggles of another group member with respect to anger can be explicitly addressed in order to bring forth a greater therapeutic understanding. The concept does not refer to material outside the group context, physical movement of group members, or common group themes per se.

Question 160

In treatment, who would be most likely assessed by the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS-II)?

Answer 160

Correct answer: Clients with dementia The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS-II) is used to assess an individual's level of personal and social sufficiency. It is regularly used to assess those with brain injury, dementia, and ADHD. The other kinds of clients listed are not regularly assessed with this tool.

Question 161

Which of the following is true regarding behaviorist groups?

Answer 161

Correct answer: They tend to be highly structured Behaviorist therapeutic groups tend to be highly structured and organized. There tend to be many directive tasks, exercises, and measurements of progress and outcomes. One example would be an assertiveness group that depends on progress in individual members that must be formulated, planned, and recorded in some way. Behaviorist groups are effective.

Question 162

Which of the following is true regarding behaviorist groups?

Answer 162

Correct answer: They tend to be highly structured Behaviorist therapeutic groups tend to be highly structured and organized. There tend to be many directive tasks, exercises, and measurements of progress and outcomes. One example would be an assertiveness group that depends on progress in individual members that must be formulated, planned, and recorded in some way. Behaviorist groups are effective.

Question 163

What is first-order change in family systems?

Answer 163

Correct answer: Superficial change In family systems, change is often described as being first-order or second-order change. When change is implemented, first-order change means a superficial change that will not affect the underlying issues in the family. Second-order change deals more with substantive change that meaningfully affects the family system.

Question 164

What is first-order change in family systems?

Answer 164

Correct answer: Superficial change In family systems, change is often described as being first-order or second-order change. When change is implemented, first-order change means a superficial change that will not affect the underlying issues in the family. Second-order change deals more with substantive change that meaningfully affects the family system.

Question 165

According to research, about how much of client outcome is directly related to the therapeutic relationship?

Answer 165

Correct answer: 30% The nature and quality of the therapeutic relationship is highly important to the outcomes of therapy. According to research, about 30% of client outcomes are directly related to the therapeutic relationship.

Question 166

According to research, about how much of client outcome is directly related to the therapeutic relationship?

Answer 166

Correct answer: 30% The nature and quality of the therapeutic relationship is highly important to the outcomes of therapy. According to research, about 30% of client outcomes are directly related to the therapeutic relationship.

Question 167

Developmentally speaking, who is better at "reading" people?

Answer 167

Correct answer: Girls at any age According to research, girls are more responsive to and better able to "read" the subtle emotional and affective cues in other people. This is true at any age

Question 168

Developmentally speaking, who is better at "reading" people?

Answer 168

Correct answer: Girls at any age According to research, girls are more responsive to and better able to "read" the subtle emotional and affective cues in other people. This is true at any age

Question 169

Which of the following is the most accurate statement according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer 169

Correct answer: Lower order needs must be satisfied before higher order needs Abraham Maslow was the originator of what is now known as his "hierarchy of needs," which essentially states that lower order needs, such as eating, must be satisfied before one can progress to higher order needs, such as artistic fulfilment or self-actualization. This hierarchy is generally depicted as a pyramid with such things as food and shelter at the bottom and self-actualization at the very top—which many human beings may not ever achieve.

Question 170

How would a Gestalt therapist ask a person to recount their dream?

Answer 170

Correct answer: Gestalt therapists ask the client to recount the dream as if it is happening in the present One of the main ways in which Gestalt therapists seek to arrive at integration of the personality is by the use of dreams. In Gestalt therapy, the usual way for a dream to be recounted is as if the dream is happening in the moment to the client in the present. Dreams in this mode are not narrated as if they were happening in the past or to another person.

Question 171

What does "terminal drop" refer to?

Answer 171

Correct answer: The loss of intelligence in the last five years of life Terminal drop refers to a theory about intelligence in older people that states there is a marked decline in intellectual functioning in the last five years of life. The term does not refer to general physical decline or breathing.

Question 172

What does "terminal drop" refer to?

Answer 172

Correct answer: The loss of intelligence in the last five years of life Terminal drop refers to a theory about intelligence in older people that states there is a marked decline in intellectual functioning in the last five years of life. The term does not refer to general physical decline or breathing.

Question 173

Which of the following is a well-known criticism of Rogerian counseling?

Answer 173

Correct answer: It is not directive enough Rogerian counseling emphasizes the affective world. In Rogerian counseling, the therapist is expected to be nonjudgmental, genuine, and congruent, while giving the client the maximum opportunity to express and relate their experience. Critics of this approach consider it not directive enough, as in many other therapeutic modalities, a counselor will be more up-front and take more control of the session and course of treatment. Rogerian counseling is usually not accused of encouraging falsehood.

Question 174

Which of the following is true about children who are abused by their parents?

Answer 174

Correct answer: They are more likely to abuse their own children According to research, children who are abused by their parents are more likely to abuse their own children. The research does not suggest that these parents report abuse more than other parents.

Question 175

What is a counselor's obligation with regard to providing technologically-accessible services to clients with disabilities?

Answer 175

Correct answer: Such services must meet ADA standards When providing technologically-accessible services to clients with disabilities, counselors must ensure that such services meet the standards of the ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act). This will be in addition to meeting any local, state, or board standards that may apply.

Question 176

What is a counselor's obligation with regard to providing technologically-accessible services to clients with disabilities?

Answer 176

Correct answer: Such services must meet ADA standards When providing technologically-accessible services to clients with disabilities, counselors must ensure that such services meet the standards of the ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act). This will be in addition to meeting any local, state, or board standards that may apply.

Question 177

In terms of treatment planning, why would participation in a psychoeducational group be suggested?

Answer 177

Correct answer: In order to give information or knowledge to participants The point of psychoeducation is to provide a participant with knowledge relative to their condition. For example, a person who is experiencing schizophrenia in a novel way may be assigned to a group so that peers can help educate that person. The point of psychoeducation is not to encourage self-disclosure, participation, or assist in managing psychosis.

Question 178

In terms of treatment planning, why would participation in a psychoeducational group be suggested?

Answer 178

Correct answer: In order to give information or knowledge to participants The point of psychoeducation is to provide a participant with knowledge relative to their condition. For example, a person who is experiencing schizophrenia in a novel way may be assigned to a group so that peers can help educate that person. The point of psychoeducation is not to encourage self-disclosure, participation, or assist in managing psychosis.

Question 179

Which of the following would be the most accurate statement about the perspective of family counseling?

Answer 179

Correct answer: Pathology resides in the family system The core statement about family counseling is that pathology resides in family systems. This system-related pathology can be meaningfully addressed through counseling the family as a unit. Family counseling does not make the case that pathology rests in individuals per se, or that pathology cannot be assessed or is relative.

Question 180

Which of the following would be the most accurate statement about the perspective of family counseling?

Answer 180

Correct answer: Pathology resides in the family system The core statement about family counseling is that pathology resides in family systems. This system-related pathology can be meaningfully addressed through counseling the family as a unit. Family counseling does not make the case that pathology rests in individuals per se, or that pathology cannot be assessed or is relative.

Question 181

What is a caste system?

Answer 181

Correct answer: A system in which there are superior and inferior members in a formal hierarchy Contact with clients often involves contact with other cultures who practice government and society in different ways than one's own. A caste system is one in which there are superior and inferior members in a formal hierarchy. Quite often, these castes are defined economically, such as some castes doing work others will not. The designation is not primarily due to battles for control, economic tools, or common ownership of goods

Question 182

What is a caste system?

Answer 182

Correct answer: A system in which there are superior and inferior members in a formal hierarchy Contact with clients often involves contact with other cultures who practice government and society in different ways than one's own. A caste system is one in which there are superior and inferior members in a formal hierarchy. Quite often, these castes are defined economically, such as some castes doing work others will not. The designation is not primarily due to battles for control, economic tools, or common ownership of goods

Question 183

Which of the following would be the least likely to adhere to a formal process of assessment?

Answer 183

Correct answer: A Rogerian counselor The different schools of thought in various perspectives on psychology affect how practitioners adhering to those schools deal with treatment. For example, a Rogerian counselor would be the least likely to rely on the formal psychological process of assessment, as traditionally Rogerians place more emphasis on the affective environment of the counseling milieu itself. The other kinds of counselors mentioned would be much more likely to adhere to a formal process of treatment, given their theoretical perspective.

Question 184

Which of the following would be the least likely to adhere to a formal process of assessment?

Answer 184

Correct answer: A Rogerian counselor The different schools of thought in various perspectives on psychology affect how practitioners adhering to those schools deal with treatment. For example, a Rogerian counselor would be the least likely to rely on the formal psychological process of assessment, as traditionally Rogerians place more emphasis on the affective environment of the counseling milieu itself. The other kinds of counselors mentioned would be much more likely to adhere to a formal process of treatment, given their theoretical perspective.

Question 185

What is the best treatment of choice for those with eating disorders?

Answer 185

Correct answer: Family therapy Though individual circumstances and cases vary, what currently seems to be the best treatment of choice for those with eating disorders is family therapy; this may be due to the more social elements of these disorders, as well as the ability of close affiliative relationships and structure to help address them. The other treatments listed are not frontline treatments for eating disorders.

Question 185

What is the best treatment of choice for those with eating disorders?

Answer 185

Correct answer: Family therapy Though individual circumstances and cases vary, what currently seems to be the best treatment of choice for those with eating disorders is family therapy; this may be due to the more social elements of these disorders, as well as the ability of close affiliative relationships and structure to help address them. The other treatments listed are not frontline treatments for eating disorders.

Question 186

What is "colorism"?

Answer 186

Correct answer: Discrimination based on skin tone or color Colorism refers to the type of discrimination, often practiced within a given race or ethnicity, that uses skin color or tone as the basis of discrimination. Colorism does not refer to political party or to race or ethnicity.

Question 187

Are you allowed to accept a gift from a client?

Answer 187

Correct answer: Yes, under certain circumstances The goal of many areas of financial guidance in counseling is the avoidance of exploitation. You may accept a gift from a client under certain circumstances. Generally, the gift must be of insignificant monetary value and must be in some way therapeutic for the client

Question 188

Are you allowed to accept a gift from a client?

Answer 188

Correct answer: Yes, under certain circumstances The goal of many areas of financial guidance in counseling is the avoidance of exploitation. You may accept a gift from a client under certain circumstances. Generally, the gift must be of insignificant monetary value and must be in some way therapeutic for the client

Question 189

What is the recommendation of the CDC with respect to ADHD medication for children?

Answer 189

Correct answer: Behavior therapy as the first line of treatment for age 6 or less The CDC now recommends that children at age 6 or less should receive behavior therapy as the first line of treatment before medication is attempted.

Question 190

What is the recommendation of the CDC with respect to ADHD medication for children?

Answer 190

Correct answer: Behavior therapy as the first line of treatment for age 6 or less The CDC now recommends that children at age 6 or less should receive behavior therapy as the first line of treatment before medication is attempted.

Question 191

A counselor trained in motivational interviewing is helping a person with a substance use problem navigate their desire to change. Which of the following techniques would this counselor be most likely to use?

Answer 191

Correct answer: Evoking Motivational interviewing is a departure from more traditional interviewing or motivational techniques in that it puts the emphasis on the client to come up with the energy and some of the structure of their desired change. A counselor trained in motivational interviewing would be unlikely to try to persuade, confront, or give advice to a client; rather, they would evoke the client's own desire and motivation for change.

Question 192

A counselor trained in motivational interviewing is helping a person with a substance use problem navigate their desire to change. Which of the following techniques would this counselor be most likely to use?

Answer 192

Correct answer: Evoking Motivational interviewing is a departure from more traditional interviewing or motivational techniques in that it puts the emphasis on the client to come up with the energy and some of the structure of their desired change. A counselor trained in motivational interviewing would be unlikely to try to persuade, confront, or give advice to a client; rather, they would evoke the client's own desire and motivation for change.

Question 193

To which of the following does congruence refer in therapeutic contexts?

Answer 193

Correct answer: When external and internal states match Congruence in therapeutic contexts refers to the ability of the counselor to present the client with a unified personality of helping; in other words, the client should always feel that the counselor's external presentation matches their internal state. The concept does not refer to expertise, client presentation, or sympathy.

Question 194

To which of the following does congruence refer in therapeutic contexts?

Answer 194

Correct answer: When external and internal states match Congruence in therapeutic contexts refers to the ability of the counselor to present the client with a unified personality of helping; in other words, the client should always feel that the counselor's external presentation matches their internal state. The concept does not refer to expertise, client presentation, or sympathy.

Question 195

What is a "critical period" in terms of development?

Answer 195

Correct answer: A time when a specific developmental process is underway A "critical period" in terms of development is a time when a specific developmental process, such as language acquisition or bonding, is taking place. If the process does not take place appropriately during the critical period, the likelihood is that the process will be much more difficult to complete. The term does not refer to acute illness, personality, or trauma per se.

Question 196

In advocating for clients, what is important to remember about psychotherapy notes?

Answer 196

Correct answer: They are kept separate from the rest of the client's record Psychotherapy notes are considered part of the client's record overall, but are to be stored separately with another level of security. In advocating for clients, it's important to remember that psychotherapy notes are not always considered part of the overall record for third-party purposes.

Question 197

Which of the following would be a possible reason not to apply a co-occurring diagnosis?

Answer 197

Correct answer: If the client would come to harm as a result Typically, "co-occurring diagnosis" refers to two diagnoses in the same individual at the same time; usually referring to substance abuse and something else. When applying any diagnosis, the diagnostician should be aware of the possible ethical implications of so doing. There are situations, for example, when having a given diagnosis may harm the client in some way. The other reasons presented do not indicate a reason not to apply a co-occurring diagnosis.

Question 198

Which of the following would be a possible reason not to apply a co-occurring diagnosis?

Answer 198

Correct answer: If the client would come to harm as a result Typically, "co-occurring diagnosis" refers to two diagnoses in the same individual at the same time; usually referring to substance abuse and something else. When applying any diagnosis, the diagnostician should be aware of the possible ethical implications of so doing. There are situations, for example, when having a given diagnosis may harm the client in some way. The other reasons presented do not indicate a reason not to apply a co-occurring diagnosis.

Question 199

What is a "means test"?

Answer 199

Correct answer: A way of determining eligibility for assistance in social programs In order to qualify for many kinds of government assistance or other social programs, a "means test" is often applied to determine if the person, according to the standard set by the body in question, qualifies for that assistance or program. The term does not refer to legal or mental health issues.

Question 199

What is a "means test"?

Answer 199

Correct answer: A way of determining eligibility for assistance in social programs In order to qualify for many kinds of government assistance or other social programs, a "means test" is often applied to determine if the person, according to the standard set by the body in question, qualifies for that assistance or program. The term does not refer to legal or mental health issues.

Question 200

In cases of intimate partner violence, which of the following generally precedes physical abuse?

Answer 200

Correct answer: Verbal abuse In most cases of intimate partner violence, verbal abuse precedes physical abuse. Isolation, departure from the home, and child abuse are not necessarily associated with intimate partner violence in the same way.

Question 201

In cases of intimate partner violence, which of the following generally precedes physical abuse?

Answer 201

Correct answer: Verbal abuse In most cases of intimate partner violence, verbal abuse precedes physical abuse. Isolation, departure from the home, and child abuse are not necessarily associated with intimate partner violence in the same way.

Question 202

Which of the following is true about sexual relationships between counselors and clients?

Answer 202

Correct answer: These relationships result in harm in most cases Though relationships between clients and counselors that are romantic, sexual, or violate other boundaries are classified as dual relationships and are forbidden according to various ethical codes, it is not generally understood that these relationships result in actual harm to clients in most cases, many times due to the fact that counseling generally stops when the sexual relationship begins. Though it is impossible to speak in absolutes, this harm is one of many reasons such relationships are prohibited.

Question 203

Which of the following is true about sexual relationships between counselors and clients?

Answer 203

Correct answer: These relationships result in harm in most cases Though relationships between clients and counselors that are romantic, sexual, or violate other boundaries are classified as dual relationships and are forbidden according to various ethical codes, it is not generally understood that these relationships result in actual harm to clients in most cases, many times due to the fact that counseling generally stops when the sexual relationship begins. Though it is impossible to speak in absolutes, this harm is one of many reasons such relationships are prohibited.

Question 204

Which of the following does emotional intelligence (EQ) refer to?

Answer 204

Correct answer: Empathy, impulse control, motivation Emotional Intelligence (EQ) is a different way of looking at intelligence that concentrates on more affective issues such as empathy, impulse control, and motivation. EQ is often cited as an alternative to what is seen as the more cognitive aspects of intelligence regularly measured with assessments of IQ.

Question 205

Which of the following does emotional intelligence (EQ) refer to?

Answer 205

Correct answer: Empathy, impulse control, motivation Emotional Intelligence (EQ) is a different way of looking at intelligence that concentrates on more affective issues such as empathy, impulse control, and motivation. EQ is often cited as an alternative to what is seen as the more cognitive aspects of intelligence regularly measured with assessments of IQ.

Question 206

What is circular causality in the context of family therapy?

Answer 206

Correct answer: The notion that issues have multiple origins in family systems In family therapy, the notion of circular causality highlights the idea that, in a family system, presenting issues are often multifaceted and complicated, particularly with respect to their origins. By contrast, linear causality would assume a straight-line progression of causality with easily identifiable antecedents. The term does not refer to passing issues from one member to another, rumination, or self-contemplation.

Question 207

In Allen E. Ivey's model of additive empathy, what is being added?

Answer 207

Correct answer: Understanding and awareness Allen E. Ivey suggested that the most desirable level of empathy was additive empathy; that kind of empathy which adds understanding and awareness to the therapeutic situation. In subtractive empathy, there is a lack of empathic understanding, and overall empathy is subtracted from. In basic empathy, a successful communication has been accomplished but little else. The other items are not what Allen E. Ivey suggested are elements of additive empathy.

Question 208

In Allen E. Ivey's model of additive empathy, what is being added?

Answer 208

Correct answer: Understanding and awareness Allen E. Ivey suggested that the most desirable level of empathy was additive empathy; that kind of empathy which adds understanding and awareness to the therapeutic situation. In subtractive empathy, there is a lack of empathic understanding, and overall empathy is subtracted from. In basic empathy, a successful communication has been accomplished but little else. The other items are not what Allen E. Ivey suggested are elements of additive empathy.

Question 209

Which of the following would be the least likely to mandate a breach of client's confidentiality?

Answer 209

Correct answer: A client request Clients should be made aware that there are times when their right to confidentiality may be at risk. Most often, these necessary breaches take place in the context of a court case, or cases of homicide or suicide. The legal system in its various forms may require records, and according to the local procedure, a counselor will likely have to comply. A client's request for their own records is rarely going to violate that client's confidentiality.

Question 210

Which of the following would be the least likely to mandate a breach of client's confidentiality?

Answer 210

Correct answer: A client request Clients should be made aware that there are times when their right to confidentiality may be at risk. Most often, these necessary breaches take place in the context of a court case, or cases of homicide or suicide. The legal system in its various forms may require records, and according to the local procedure, a counselor will likely have to comply. A client's request for their own records is rarely going to violate that client's confidentiality.

Question 211

Which of the following is the greatest ethical risk in group counseling?

Answer 211

Correct answer: Lack of confidentiality The main ethical risk involved in group counseling is that confidentiality cannot be guaranteed. This is, unfortunately, a feature of the group process. Physical safety concerns, a lack of competence, and a lack of efficacy are not usual features of a group process.

Question 212

Which of the following is the greatest ethical risk in group counseling?

Answer 212

Correct answer: Lack of confidentiality The main ethical risk involved in group counseling is that confidentiality cannot be guaranteed. This is, unfortunately, a feature of the group process. Physical safety concerns, a lack of competence, and a lack of efficacy are not usual features of a group process.

Question 213

Is the Mental Status Exam (MSE) an aptitude test?

Answer 213

Correct answer: No, as it does not indicate potential The Mental Status Exam (MSE) is a tool used to quickly assess a client's overall level of orientation and mental function. It is not an aptitude test, even though it addresses overall mental function and status of the sensorium. The MSE is not an arbitrary tool, as it has established method and coverage areas.

Question 214

Is the Mental Status Exam (MSE) an aptitude test?

Answer 214

Correct answer: No, as it does not indicate potential The Mental Status Exam (MSE) is a tool used to quickly assess a client's overall level of orientation and mental function. It is not an aptitude test, even though it addresses overall mental function and status of the sensorium. The MSE is not an arbitrary tool, as it has established method and coverage areas.

Question 215

Which of the following are considered psychotherapy notes?

Answer 215

Correct answer: Clinical impressions Psychotherapy notes form a special class of clinical documentation. They are to be kept separate from the rest of the clinical record, and contain items such as therapeutic conversations, clinical impressions, and analysis. Other items, such as medication changes, overall prognosis, and results of testing are not considered psychotherapy notes.

Question 216

Which of the following are considered psychotherapy notes?

Answer 216

Correct answer: Clinical impressions Psychotherapy notes form a special class of clinical documentation. They are to be kept separate from the rest of the clinical record, and contain items such as therapeutic conversations, clinical impressions, and analysis. Other items, such as medication changes, overall prognosis, and results of testing are not considered psychotherapy notes.

Question 217

How might "thought stopping" help with ruminative thoughts?

Answer 217

Correct answer: By interrupting the ruminative thoughts The technique of thought stopping is meant to directly interrupt the flow of ruminative symptoms by literally stopping the flow of the troublesome thinking, with or without a prompt. Thought stopping does not change context, alter background, or address anxiety specifically; it essentially stops the flow of ruminative thoughts with a conscious effort of will.

Question 218

How might "thought stopping" help with ruminative thoughts?

Answer 218

Correct answer: By interrupting the ruminative thoughts The technique of thought stopping is meant to directly interrupt the flow of ruminative symptoms by literally stopping the flow of the troublesome thinking, with or without a prompt. Thought stopping does not change context, alter background, or address anxiety specifically; it essentially stops the flow of ruminative thoughts with a conscious effort of will.

Question 219

Which of the following is generally the most effective reinforcement strategy?

Answer 219

Correct answer: Variable reinforcement When reinforcement strategies are used to shape desired behavior, a variable reinforcement strategy tends to be more effective than fixed schedule reinforcement, simple negative reinforcement, or no reinforcement at all.

Question 220

Which of the following is generally the most effective reinforcement strategy?

Answer 220

Correct answer: Variable reinforcement When reinforcement strategies are used to shape desired behavior, a variable reinforcement strategy tends to be more effective than fixed schedule reinforcement, simple negative reinforcement, or no reinforcement at all.

Question 221

Which of the following is the most well-known criticism of behavior therapy?

Answer 221

Correct answer: It treats symptoms but not causes Behavior therapy, in its many forms as descended from the work of B. F. Skinner, does seem to have a good track record of proven results in treating various issues. However, in directly addressing specific behaviors and treating them, it tends to ignore the inner life of the person and therefore can be said to treat symptoms of problems rather than causes of those problems (as in more insight-oriented psychotherapy).

Question 222

Which of the following is the most well-known criticism of behavior therapy?

Answer 222

Correct answer: It treats symptoms but not causes Behavior therapy, in its many forms as descended from the work of B. F. Skinner, does seem to have a good track record of proven results in treating various issues. However, in directly addressing specific behaviors and treating them, it tends to ignore the inner life of the person and therefore can be said to treat symptoms of problems rather than causes of those problems (as in more insight-oriented psychotherapy).

Question 223

In Freud's model of the mind, which of the following accurately describes the individual parts?

Answer 223

Correct answer: Id, ego, superego Sigmund Freud's model of the mind is understood to have three parts: the ego, which is responsible for negotiating between the other parts; the id, which is the raw energy source connected to the pleasure principle; and the superego, which amounts to what society expects from the individual and is related to the reality principle. The Oedipus is not one of these parts; overego is a fabricated term.

Question 224

In Freud's model of the mind, which of the following accurately describes the individual parts?

Answer 224

Correct answer: Id, ego, superego Sigmund Freud's model of the mind is understood to have three parts: the ego, which is responsible for negotiating between the other parts; the id, which is the raw energy source connected to the pleasure principle; and the superego, which amounts to what society expects from the individual and is related to the reality principle. The Oedipus is not one of these parts; overego is a fabricated term.

Question 225

In developing children, who tends to have better verbal skills?

Answer 225

Correct answer: Girls tend to have better verbal skills than boys Research indicates that developing girls tend to have better verbal skills than boys of the same age. This may or may not be lifelong in individuals, and there is no proven breakpoint related to age 18.

Question 226

In developing children, who tends to have better verbal skills?

Answer 226

Correct answer: Girls tend to have better verbal skills than boys Research indicates that developing girls tend to have better verbal skills than boys of the same age. This may or may not be lifelong in individuals, and there is no proven breakpoint related to age 18.

Question 227

What is "therapeutic surrender"?

Answer 227

Correct answer: The moment when a client lets down their guard with someone from a different culture In multicultural counseling, therapeutic surrender refers to the moment when a client from one culture lets down their guard with someone from a different culture. This moment is key to the establishment of trust and productive therapeutic rapport. The term does not refer to when a client begins to participate in therapy, switches to a new culture, or expects self-disclosure from their counselor.

Question 228

What is "therapeutic surrender"?

Answer 228

Correct answer: The moment when a client lets down their guard with someone from a different culture In multicultural counseling, therapeutic surrender refers to the moment when a client from one culture lets down their guard with someone from a different culture. This moment is key to the establishment of trust and productive therapeutic rapport. The term does not refer to when a client begins to participate in therapy, switches to a new culture, or expects self-disclosure from their counselor.

Question 229

Which of the following best defines "flight from reality" in counseling?

Answer 229

Correct answer: Resorting to psychosis to escape current reality In providing empathic clinical counseling, it is important to remember that psychosis is sometimes part of a mind's inability to deal with current difficulties or other issues. This is known as "flight from reality." The term does not refer to lying, ending therapy, or a lack of empathy.

Question 230

According to Freud, what is the manifest content of a dream?

Answer 230

Correct answer: The surface meaning or events in a dream According to Sigmund Freud, dreams have two types of content; latent content, which is the hidden meaning behind the events of a dream; and manifest content, which is the more available, surface meaning or plot of a dream. The terms do not refer to physical sensations experienced in a dream.

Question 231

Which of the following is the most accurate characterization of persistent depressive disorder relative to other depressive disorders?

Answer 231

Correct answer: Persistent depressive disorder is less severe in intensity Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is a chronic depression of relatively low intensity that persists for two years or more for more days than not. It tends to be of lower intensity than other depressive disorders. The depressive disorders have widely variable effects on the soma.

Question 232

Which of the following is the most accurate characterization of persistent depressive disorder relative to other depressive disorders?

Answer 232

Correct answer: Persistent depressive disorder is less severe in intensity Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is a chronic depression of relatively low intensity that persists for two years or more for more days than not. It tends to be of lower intensity than other depressive disorders. The depressive disorders have widely variable effects on the soma.

Question 233

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between punishment and self-esteem?

Answer 233

Correct answer: Children can be punished and still have high self-esteem According to research, children can be punished and still have high self-esteem. Where self-esteem seems to be at risk is when children are punished capricously, personally (without separating behavior from person), or without explanation.

Question 234

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between punishment and self-esteem?

Answer 234

Correct answer: Children can be punished and still have high self-esteem According to research, children can be punished and still have high self-esteem. Where self-esteem seems to be at risk is when children are punished capricously, personally (without separating behavior from person), or without explanation.

Question 235

Which of the following does "dislocated worker" refer to

Answer 235

Correct answer: A person who lost their job due to company action such as downsizing The term "dislocated worker" refers to a person who has lost their job due to company action such as downsizing or moving locations. The term does not refer to industry pressures, misconduct on the part of the employee, or job loss within the past year.

Question 236

Which of the following does "dislocated worker" refer to

Answer 236

Correct answer: A person who lost their job due to company action such as downsizing The term "dislocated worker" refers to a person who has lost their job due to company action such as downsizing or moving locations. The term does not refer to industry pressures, misconduct on the part of the employee, or job loss within the past year.

Question 237

Which of the following statements would be most congruent with social comparison theory?

Answer 237

Correct answer: "I compare myself with others to see where I should be." Social comparison theory suggests that we compare ourselves with others to evaluate ourselves and orient our aspirations and current status to an overall social standard. Social comparison theory does not suggest that the objective of such comparison is feeling better or dismissing others.

Question 238

As often found in grief and loss, which of the following is true about denial?

Answer 238

Correct answer: It tends to be consciously chosen Denial is often cited as the first of many stages when responding to grief or loss. Denial, in contrast to other defense mechanisms such as sublimation or repression, tends to be consciously chosen, even if that choice is to refuse to think about the stress-inducing situation at hand. Denial is not necessarily destructive and lasts a highly variable and idiosyncratic amount of time.

Question 239

What is transference?

Answer 239

Correct answer: Extraneous feelings brought into the therapeutic relationship by the client Transference refers to the way clients sometimes "transfer" feelings from other relationships into the therapeutic setting. These feelings can take many forms, whether hostility or attraction or something else. Transference does not refer to old emotional content or traumatic outcomes per se.

Question 240

What is transference?

Answer 240

Correct answer: Extraneous feelings brought into the therapeutic relationship by the client Transference refers to the way clients sometimes "transfer" feelings from other relationships into the therapeutic setting. These feelings can take many forms, whether hostility or attraction or something else. Transference does not refer to old emotional content or traumatic outcomes per se.

Question 241

Why should you not be online "friends" with your client?

Answer 241

Correct answer: It can lead to dual relationships The biggest reason not to engage in online "friendships" with clients is that the practice can lead to dual relationships. This sort of relationship could compromise the therapeutic work. Such a practice, if elective, would not violate confidentiality per se, and it may or may not create a conflict of interest.

Question 242

Why should you not be online "friends" with your client?

Answer 242

Correct answer: It can lead to dual relationships The biggest reason not to engage in online "friendships" with clients is that the practice can lead to dual relationships. This sort of relationship could compromise the therapeutic work. Such a practice, if elective, would not violate confidentiality per se, and it may or may not create a conflict of interest.

Question 243

Should you tell a client about your legal responsibilities with regard to suicide?

Answer 243

Correct answer: Yes, as early as possible As a matter of legal responsibility and client rights, clients have a right to know your legal responsibility with regard to the phenomenon of suicide, including such things as suicidal statements. The point is not to inhibit expression, but to help clients understand what the possible consequences could be of making such statements or gestures

Question 244

Should you tell a client about your legal responsibilities with regard to suicide?

Answer 244

Correct answer: Yes, as early as possible As a matter of legal responsibility and client rights, clients have a right to know your legal responsibility with regard to the phenomenon of suicide, including such things as suicidal statements. The point is not to inhibit expression, but to help clients understand what the possible consequences could be of making such statements or gestures

Question 245

Which of the following would be the best definition of an open group?

Answer 245

Correct answer: A group that is open to new members after beginning An open group usually refers to one that is open to new members after beginning, such as a substance use group that is ongoing and allows new people to join. Such groups may or may not restrict or open membership at the beginning.