Pocket Prep 4 Flashcards

Question

Which of the following would be true of a cued panic attack? It is a controlled panic attack under supervision It sets up further panic attacks It takes place at a random time It takes place as a result of a specific trigger

Answer 1

Correct answer: It takes place as a result of a specific trigger Panic attacks are sudden-onset periods of intense anxiety. The sufferer often feels as though they are having a heart attack. A cued panic attack is one in which there is a specific environmental trigger for onset, such as being in a high place or seeing a thunderstorm. An uncued panic attack would be one without such a trigger or taking place at a random time. Panic attacks are not usually enacted under supervision, and the term does not refer to a set of panic attacks.

Answer 2

Correct answer: The woman is following cultural norms that discourage sharing personal information with others There may be special issues present in counseling groups with multicultural clients. For example, some cultures discourage sharing personal information with others and individuals may not want to defy family customs. In this situation, while the woman's silence might be resistance, it might also be a result of her cultural beliefs and norms. The group counselor should respect this possibility and explore reasons other than resistance for her behaviors.

Answer 3

Correct answer: Neurosis is a failure in learning Alfred Adler defined the complicated notion of neurosis as a failure in learning that leads to distorted perceptions about the world. Though now less common as a descriptor of client characteristics, neurosis can be said (in psychoanalytic terms) to be the failure of the ego to deal with the conflicting pressures of id and superego, with various manifestations in client affect and behavior. According to Adler, neurosis is not a brain disease, chosen, or an artifact of the unconscious.

Answer 4

Correct answer: Stage 2 Stage 2 of the group process, as established by Corey, is when group members are oriented to the group process. During this stage, the group counselor typically states expectations and ground rules for the group and helps members share thoughts and feelings with each other. The counselor is particularly important during this part of the group process, as she or he models appropriate interpersonal skills and how to be genuine and spontaneous. Stage 1 is formation, when the group counselor screens and selects group members. Stage 3 is transition, which deals with handling resistance and conflict. Stage 4 is working, when the group becomes more productive and less dependent on the leader.

Answer 5

Correct answer: Medication is not the answer to psychopathology Glasser's reality therapy remains controversial in various ways, one of which is its stance toward psychiatric pharmacology. In short, reality therapy contends that medication is not the answer to psychopathology and that psychological distress is largely the responsibility of the person in therapy. The other statements are not consistent with the perspective of reality therapy toward psychiatric pharmacology.

Answer 6

Correct answer: When behavior and an overt message are incongruent In the language of strategic family counseling, double-bind communication is when a person's behavior is incongruent with their overt message; for example, when a parent says they love a child but does not act loving in practice. The term does not have to do with barriers to communication or different parental communication styles.

Answer 7

Correct answer: middle child Alfred Adler's work focused significantly on birth order and family constellation. According to Adler, birth order affects individuals' psychological environments and affects the child's unique experience. The eldest child tends to get a lot of attention, is hard-working and dependable, and fears losing love when a sibling comes along. Middle children see themselves in competition with the older sibling(s), may view life as unfair, and often feel left out. The youngest child often tends to go his or her own way and is influenced by all other siblings. Individuals who are only children have difficulty cooperating, often handle adult interactions well, and want to be the center of attention.

Answer 8

Correct answer: A man troubled by obsessive thoughts about the past The technique of thought-stopping refers to the practice of taking aggressive action against unwanted thoughts that are obsessive or intrusive. One example of a good candidate for this approach would be a man troubled by obsessive thoughts about the past. The man might be offered the technique of saying "stop" whenever such thoughts begin to intrude. The technique is not a first-line treatment for substance abuse or anxiety, although it may help with automatic thoughts related to larger issues. Delusion is likely not going to be helped by thought-stopping, as the false beliefs will remain.

Answer 9

Correct answer: It is a matter of state law Although there are multiple layers of confidentiality, and all must be considered in practice, this is usually considered to be a matter of state law. Federal laws (such as HIPAA) are also applicable, as well as professional or local standards. It is part of a professional's competence to know all of the prevailing codes concerning privileged communication and be able to explain these to patients.

Answer 10

Correct answer: To identify the antecedents of behavior In Linehan's dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), chain analysis refers to the process of identifying the antecedents of behavior in order to understand one's own behavior as a process that can be analyzed, understood, and altered. Chain analysis in this context does not refer to identifying the results of behavior, the impact of behavior, or the meaning of behavior.

Answer 11

Correct answer: Having a discussion about their fear of dogs Systematic desensitization is a strategy usually designed to reduce one's fear of something. The goal is to proceed from the least vivid interaction with the stimulus to the most vivid interaction. In this case, the person having a discussion about their fear of dogs is not just the likely first step of the assessment; it will also be somewhat stressful in its own right and is therefore a good first step. Visiting a busy dog kennel, encountering a live therapy dog, and seeing a picture of an angry dog would all be significantly more stressful and belong to the later stages of a systematic desensitization process.

Answer 12

Correct answer: In groups where members are committed to a common goal Group counselors should explore several types of leadership styles and decide which style works best for them in certain group situations. The laissez-faire style of leadership works best in groups that share a common goal and are self-motivated. The democratic style of leadership is well-liked, but not as efficient as the autocratic style of leadership. This style leads to quick decision-making but may not always take every group member's opinion into consideration.

Answer 13

Correct answer: When the counselor is especially concerned with group members' ability to relate to each other Counselors may want to form heterogeneous groups since they more accurately reflect real-world experiences and expose group members to a variety of opinions and backgrounds. However, if counselors are concerned about group members being able to relate to each other and their problems, they should try to create homogeneity within the group so that the group is made up of similar kinds of members.

Answer 14

Correct answer: An open-ended question The practice of counseling rests on the ability of the client and the therapist to communicate effectively, as well as for the therapist to be able to gather as much information as possible about a client's circumstances. Closed-ended questions (e.g., yes/no) have their uses but do not gain as much information as open-ended questions, such as "How do you feel about your relationship with your wife?' Open-ended questions put the client in control in terms of how much and what information to divulge.

Answer 15

Correct answer: Reality therapy William Glasser's reality therapy is different from other treatment modalities and schools of therapy in various ways. One of them is the overall approach to the client. In reality therapy, the idea seems to be to act as the client's friend, with as little pretense as possible to traditional therapeutic roles. Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), transactional analysis (TA), and psychoanalysis rely on more standard roles in the therapeutic dyad.

Answer 16

Correct answer: When the group is strongly aligned toward a common goal Although all groups take on an identity of their own, the leadership style of the designated group leader has a major impact on function and results. A laissez-faire style of leadership is very "hands-off" and allows the group to function largely without direction. This would be most appropriate in cases where the group is strongly aligned toward a common goal, as the group members will each be motivated to cooperate without direction. Psychoeducation, the exploration of sensitive traumatic issues, and teaching a skill all call for the group leader to take on a more active and directive role.

Answer 17

Correct answer: Unique skills and training are required Trauma and disaster counseling is a highly specialized and rapidly growing field. It has been proven effective as per a variety of standard and non-standard instruments, which suggest that trauma and disaster counseling are the preferred mode of treatment for certain cases. However, unique skills and training are required, and it is not a field in which beginners are as effective as experts.

Answer 18

Correct answer: Preconscious The mind is sometimes conceptualized as having three levels, defined by what kind of information is contained and how accessible it is. The preconscious mind contains everything the mind is not currently aware of but can call upon if needed, such as a cookie recipe or a conversation one had yesterday. The conscious mind contains all the information of which the mind is currently aware. The unconscious mind contains everything the mind has that is neither part of current awareness nor consciously accessible. Protoconscious is a fabricated term.

Answer 19

Correct answer: Figuring out what level of exposure to cats is most distressing Systematic desensitization deals with a person's systematically reduced anxiety when exposed to a certain stimulus. It is generally seen as proceeding through four stages. Relaxation training to gain control of one's responses Construction of anxiety hierarchy to gain intellectual knowledge of one's fear Imaginative desensitization to explore one's fear in safe circumstances In vivo sensitization to gain control over the feared stimulus The progression is necessarily stepwise and iterative. In this case, as the physical responses to cats have already been mastered, the next step is to arrange an intellectual hierarchy of distress with respect to cats. Then would come the exercise of visualization, followed by direct exposure. Deep breathing and other response exercises have already been done.

Answer 20

Correct answer: The client's failed relationships in the past William Glasser's reality therapy focuses almost exclusively on the here and now, including the improvement of present circumstances like relationships and opportunities for growth. Personal responsibility is stressed as a driver of client wellness. Reality therapy focuses far less on the past in any sense, including past relationships.

Answer 21

Correct answer: To help clients stay with their feelings Experiential therapy attempts to keep the client "in the moment" with their feelings in order to relive a past experience vividly in the therapeutic environment. Confrontation may be used to help clients stay with their feelings and not drift into intellectualization or over-cognition. Confrontation in experiential therapy would not be used to call attention to falsehood per se, nor would it be to heighten personal awareness or address negative persona

Answer 22

orrect answer: "Did you notice you described your accident the same way your colleague did?" In the context of group work, linking refers to the practice of referring similar conditions or experiences within the group to each other. In other words, linking occurs when one group member finds their issue directly resonating with that of another. Directly eliciting this connection is the technique of linking. The other statements do not consist of a group member linking their experience with another directly.

Answer 23

Correct answer: Ability to describe trauma related to passivity Assertiveness training seeks to help an individual express all their emotions, express their own rights without violating those of others, and know the difference between assertion and aggression. It does not focus as much on the past, including assessments of how trauma may or may not have contributed to a more passive character; rather, it is a skill-building technique related to expression in present reality

Answer 24

Correct answer: Krumboltz John Krumboltz developed the Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC), based on Bandura's social learning theory. Important concepts in Krumboltz's theory include reinforcement theory, cognitive information processing, and classical behaviorism as ways of modifying and molding career development and decision making.

Answer 25

Correct answer: Dogs and horses Animal-assisted therapy has been recognized as contributing to better relationship building, as relationship building with an animal mirrors in many ways the trust and relationship building done with humans. The most commonly used animals in animal-assisted therapy are dogs and horses, with specialties available in these disciplines, but many other kinds of animals could be used. The other animals listed are not as commonly used as dogs and horses.

Answer 26

Correct answer: He will take on aspects of his grandfather's personality Defense mechanisms are ways in which the psyche protects itself from unwanted disruptions to its equilibrium. If Frederick engages in introjection, he is most likely to take on aspects of his grandfather's personality in an attempt to ward off grief. Forgetting about his grandfather might signal repression. Becoming hostile at the mention of his grandfather would not necessarily be a defense mechanism. Insisting that his grandfather is still around in some way would be classic denial.

Answer 27

Correct answer: A group helping people with early methamphetamine problems Groups are sometimes formed around a particular well-known issue for those suffering from that particular problem. In prevention groups, the focus is on avoiding harm altogether or mitigating harm from a disease process that already exists. A secondary prevention group seeks to deal with an early stage problem where significant harm can still be avoided, as in the case of a group helping people with early methamphetamine problems. The other groups either deal with a problem that is not yet manifest or already severe.

Answer 28

Correct answer: Maintenance Prochaska's five-stage model of change is widely used in treatment contexts. It consists of five stages: Precontemplation, in which a person likely does not see the need to change Contemplation, in which a person is ambivalent about change Preparation, in which a person gathers resources and information to change Action, in which the first steps of change are enacted Maintenance, in which desired behaviors are repeated

Answer 29

Correct answer: They are supported by research but are not more effective than single-patient modalities Hundreds of studies attest to the efficacy of group work; the modality of group therapy in its various forms is well-supported by research. However, it is not accurate to say that group treatment is more effective than single-patient modalities. Shy clients or those preoccupied with interpersonal dynamics may not benefit from group work, but group work can provide advantages that single-patient modalities cannot, such as affiliation, social accountability, and non-expert engagement.

Answer 30

Correct answer: Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic family counseling, developed by Nathan Ackerman, builds on concepts from classical psychoanalysis. Key concepts include addressing introjects (imprints or memories) from other relationships of significance, as well as psychological heritage (the psychodynamic history of one's family of origin). Gestalt family counseling, behavioral counseling that takes place within the context of family counseling, and reality family therapy do not address these concepts explicitly.

Answer 31

Correct answer: To use more than one theoretical school of psychotherapy FrederickThorne's psychotherapy integration, as opposed to eclecticism, does not simply take techniques of various schools of psychotherapy; rather, it fully integrates more than one theoretical school of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy integration does not refer to forming one's own theoretical school, nor does it directly address psychological unification.

Answer 32

Correct answer: Genogram A genogram is a tool counselors can use to assess family dynamics. Genograms, used particularly by Bowen and his followers, are representations of a family tree that are used to explore relationships between family members. Families can complete a genogram together either during or between sessions.

Answer 33

Correct answer: Open groups allow members to join after the initial selection, while closed groups do not The main difference between open and closed groups is that open groups allow members to join after the initial selection, while closed groups do not. The distinction is not based on whether group members can contribute topics, leadership changes, or clinical focus.

Answer 34

Correct answer: "You definitely won't find a mate and will spend every minute alone for the rest of your life." Paradoxical interventions in therapy are used to violate the expectations of the client in a therapeutic manner. Perhaps by doing so, various therapeutic benefits are realized. One of these would be an internal challenge to the catastrophizing of the client; in this case, by exaggerating the client's fear to a point where the client can take a new perspective and begin to deal with reality rather than emotional reality construction. This is called positioning. The other statements are not paradoxical but are more traditional therapeutic questions.

Answer 35

Correct answer: T-group A T-group (training group) is designed to help its members acquire specific skills and is often enacted in business or professional contexts. A counseling group is designed to address issues of personal growth and development, while group therapy is a deeper and more clinical modality that addresses pathology. A psychoeducation group teaches its members about a specific issue they are facing.

Answer 36

Correct answer: It helps group members have a common understanding of what is being expressed, and can increase familiarity with emotions and feelings Irvin Yalom originally suggested that certain leadership functions—emotional stimulation, caring, meaning attribution, and executive leadership—are present in group counseling, no matter the style or theoretical orientation of the leader. Meaning attribution refers to the cognitive understanding that is made of the events in the group, which can enhance collective experiences and increase familiarity with emotions and feelings.

Answer 37

Correct answer: A person who does not react automatically to the emotions of others According to Bowen's intergenerational family therapy, a person can be considered differentiated when they are in control of the engagement of their intellectual self as opposed to their emotional self. One example might be a person who does not react automatically to the emotions of others. Differentiation in this context does not refer to family boundaries or individual identity.

Answer 38

Correct answer: Yes, in many circumstances The concept of neuroplasticity essentially means that the brain is not static and can adapt and positively change in response to circumstances. By training new skills and engaging in new relational and behavioral patterns, the brain's neural network can be restructured by psychotherapy. This is true for those suffering from trauma in addition to other presentations.

Answer 39

Correct answer: The triangle Murray Bowen is well-known for his comprehensive contributions to the field of systems family counseling. Bowen's approach is transgenerational, meaning that he believes communication patterns and dynamics are passed down from one generation to the next. He believes that triangles within family systems represent the most basic building blocks of a family's emotional system. In a triangle, emotional discomfort that exists between two family members may be somewhat alleviated by bringing in a third family member to resolve the stress. Bowen also stresses the importance of self-differentiation, projection onto children in families, birth order and sibling position, and societal regression.

Answer 40

Correct answer: 10-15 The technique of systematic desensitization relies on a stepwise, iterative process of controlling nervous system responses, creating a hierarchy of fear with respect to the feared stimulus, imaginative exercises with respect to the feared stimulus, and finally in vivo exposure to a feared stimulus. According to behaviorists, one should construct a list of 10-15 items to create an effective hierarchy of fear with respect to the feared stimulus, which is graded from low to high at approximately equal intervals

Answer 41

Correct answer: Four When forming groups of young children, counselors should be careful to consider the participants' developmental ages, abilities, and attention spans. Typically, no more than four children should be included in a group for children who are five or six years old. Older children may be able to tolerate a larger group setting.

Answer 42

Correct answer: The person is experiencing punishment as an aspect of treatment Aversive treatment is aimed at reducing a behavior, generally by adding a punishment. An example would be the treatment of alcoholism with Antabuse, which produces great discomfort when alcohol is ingested. Aversive treatment does not involve the frequency or setting of treatment, and it would not involve rewards.

Answer 43

Correct answer: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Carl Jung was a strong proponent of the collective unconscious, which has developed in the human species over time and contains archetypes for humans' intense emotional responses. Goals of Jungian therapy include getting to know oneself, integration of self, and transformation of self. Jung introduced the concepts of introversion and extraversion, both of which are measured on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

Answer 44

Correct answer: Wilderness therapy is more clinical in nature There are two modalities that tend to use outdoor settings and challenges as their main treatment setting. Adventure-based counseling is a less clinical mode in which participants share a challenge or experience that is mostly meant to build camaraderie and enhance communication. A more clinical option is wilderness therapy, which is specifically meant to treat particular populations such as at-risk adolescents. Both modalities can deal with trauma, but neither is expressly designed to do so.

Answer 45

Correct answer: Talking themselves in and out of going to the gym The stages of change model described in the work of Prochaska is a standard way of evaluating where a client is in a change process. The first stage, precontemplation, would be someone who does not believe change is necessary, such as a person who does not believe fitness is important. The next stage of contemplation is characterized by ambivalence, such as a person talking themselves into and out of going to a gym. The next stage, preparation, would be most like generating a list of gyms to attend or ideas about change. Action would be attending a gym three times a week, and maintenance would be keeping this practice consistent.

Answer 46

Correct answer: "I accept you in all of your complexity." In Rogerian therapy, the concept of unconditional positive regard refers to the therapist being accepting of the client as a human being in all of their complexity. This is not the same as liking the client or supporting all of their choices but rather being a nonjudgmental, safe other. Unconditional positive regard does not involve assisting clients with choices per se.

Answer 47

Correct answer: Putting the client's feelings in the counselor's words Several unique communicative skills are valuable in a therapeutic context. One of the main ones is paraphrasing, which amounts to taking input from the client, such as their feelings, and relating it back to the client in the counselor's words. This is a helpful technique to clarify the client's feelings and enable more full communication. Paraphrasing does not apply to calling the client's attention to a discrepancy, going over what happened in the last session, or bring

Answer 48

Correct answer: Preoperational Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist and developmental theorist known for his theory of cognitive development. His theory is based on the belief that children learn best through interactions with others, and it breaks down development into sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. During the preoperational stage, which typically occurs between ages two and seven, the child begins to speak in multi-word sentences, expands his or her imagination, engages in symbolic play, and begins to possess a relative sense of time. The sensorimotor stage occurs during the first two years of life, when children experience the world through crawling and beginning to walk, as well as with their five senses. The concrete operational stage occurs from age seven to eleven and is marked by an increased ability to think logically and about others' perspectives. The formal operational stage is the fourth and final stage and occurs from age eleven through adulthood. During this stage, children develop abstract thought and complex problem-solving skills.

Answer 49

Correct answer: Countertransference Countertransference, a common occurrence in psychoanalytic counseling, is the projection of the counselor's feelings and perceptions onto the client. In this situation, the counselor is feeling irritated and frustrated with the client because of characteristics that remind her of her father. The counselor should continue to pay attention to the emotional triggers that occur within that relationship and seek counsel from a colleague or mentor if necessary.

Answer 50

Correct answer: The group leader stops an interaction that has become an argument The role of the group leader in group therapy can change from group to group and within the context of an individual group. In some cases, the role calls for intervention when the work of the group has become less productive or when harm could result from a given group process or interaction. This is called blocking, and an example would be stopping a non-therapeutic interaction when it has gone too far. The other examples address processes by the group or its members or deal with a group leader's primary role, which is to shape the function of the group. These are not examples of blocking.

Answer 51

Correct answer: A life script is a plan developed at an early age that a client follows through life According to Eric Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA), a life script is a plan developed at an early age that a client follows through life. In analyzing this script, one can arrive at useful truths about self-concept and relational patterns. TA does not suggest that the life script is formed through trauma per se, that the life script is a therapeutic product, or that it is an end-of-life narrative activity.

Answer 52

Correct answer: First-order change is more superficial, while second-order change is deeper In the language of solution-focused brief therapy (SBFT), a first-order change is superficial and does not lead to lasting change, while a second-order change does lead to more lasting and systemic change. These terms are not specifically related to psychopathology or group/individual status.

Answer 53

Correction: Sympathy places distance between individuals, while empathy encourages engagement In the practice of counseling, it is important to draw a distinction between sympathy and empathy. Sympathy tends to be an expression that places a distance between individuals and is mainly a way to avoid engagement; in most cases, it expresses pity and seeks to end dealing with the presented circumstance. Empathy is an actual engagement with the feelings of the individual and is seen as far more desirable in a therapeutic context. The terms are not equivalent.

Answer 54

Correct answer: Moderate amounts Irvin Yalom is well-known for his contributions to the field of group leadership and the various functions that contribute to successful groups. According to Yalom, effective leaders use moderate amounts of emotional stimulation, moderate amounts of executive direction, frequent use of caring functions, and consistent use of meaning attribution.

Answer 55

Correct answer: Metacognition Metacognition refers to a person's tendency to be aware of their thoughts. It is a key concept in cognitive therapy, in which the monitoring of one's thoughts and examination for patterns is central. Supercognition, supracognition, and self-cognition are all fabricated terms.

Answer 56

Correct answer: Directive and enacted in the here and now Structural family therapy is directive and enacted in the here and now. It explicitly diagnoses and addresses maladaptive family systems through direct participatory observation and changes in the present. Structural family therapy is not abstract, discussion-based, or focused on the past, nor is it explicitly focused on pathology.

Answer 57

Correct answer: To facilitate members helping each other with their problems Group counselors have many responsibilities when leading groups and must have some general knowledge about how to encourage and mediate group dynamics. Linking is the process of looking for common themes in the group content or process and connecting them. This approach can help members work on each other's problems.

Answer 58

Correct answer: Alan will forget about his father Defense mechanisms serve the purpose of alleviating anxiety and protecting the psyche from troublesome or vivid emotions. Repression would most likely make Alan forget about his father, as thoughts about the troublesome stimulus (his father) would be repressed. Repression would result in an unconscious forgetting or denial of the stimulus or thought, not the urge to contact, discuss, or become hostile toward the stimulus.

Answer 59

Correct answer: The therapist is an expert, and the client is receptive The status of a therapist and a client is important to consider as part of a therapeutic process. Most models favor some form of a vertical therapeutic relationship, in which the therapist is seen as the expert, and the client is seen as receptive to that expertise. Many models, however, favor a horizontal therapeutic relationship in which neither party is seen as the expert. A vertical therapeutic relationship does not involve shared expertise or the absence of expertise.

Answer 60

Correct answer: Circular causality Reciprocal determinism is a concept universally understood by family therapists and is the belief that every family member influences every other family member in a continuous process. Circular causality is the belief that forces are moving in many different directions simultaneously, resulting in a complex variety of outcomes. Counselors who focus on circular causality during family sessions focus on the process, not the content. Linear causality refers to the belief that one event or interaction directly causes another, so content and language help explain what is occurring within the family.

Answer 61

Correct answer: Circular causality Reciprocal determinism is a concept universally understood by family therapists and is the belief that every family member influences every other family member in a continuous process. Circular causality is the belief that forces are moving in many different directions simultaneously, resulting in a complex variety of outcomes. Counselors who focus on circular causality during family sessions focus on the process, not the content. Linear causality refers to the belief that one event or interaction directly causes another, so content and language help explain what is occurring within the family.

Answer 62

Correct answer: A client who is nervous in interpersonal interactions Rational emotive imagery is a technique often used in rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT). It involves having the client imagine a threatening circumstance, and then approaching that circumstance with logical thought instead of an emotional response. Clients who have thought disorders or struggle with mood/depression would be poor choices, unless the focus would be on an individual, threatening life circumstance that would benefit from analysis.

Answer 63

Correct answer: Physiological reactions are the same in both versions of systematic desensitization The modality of systematic desensitization can be used to describe a graduated form of regulated exposure to a feared stimulus. Research has shown no major difference in physiological reactions between in vivo and virtual versions of this modality. Virtual systematic desensitization has been shown to be effective.

Answer 64

Correct answer: The person's phenomenological world The school of person-centered counseling as popularized by Carl Rogers focuses on the phenomenological world of the person in counseling. The emphasis is on helping the person reach a self-actualized, personally meaningful existence. Person-centered counseling would not focus on inner conflict, honesty in relationships, or the person's essential moral character.

Answer 65

Correct answer: A focus on A-B-C theory Transactional Analysis Groups focus on the study and repair of the pattern of one's interpersonal interactions, with a focus on being free of scripts and games. Transactional Analysis includes content based on dynamic ego states (parent, adult, and child), and is leader-centered in its character. The A-B-C theory is used in Rational Emotive Behavior therapy.

Answer 66

extinguish the effect of a troublesome stimulus Systematic desensitization is a technique designed to reduce or extinguish the effect of a troublesome stimulus by some form of mitigated exposure to increasingly tolerable levels of the troublesome stimulus. For example, a person who is afraid of spiders might first have a conversation about spiders, then see pictures, and at some later stage be exposed to a live spider. The goal of systematic desensitization is not to increase receptivity to any stimuli or substitute one stimulus for another. It is not meant to train resistance to interpersonal assessment.

Answer 67

Correct answer: 1.0 The Global Scale for Rating Helper Responses was designed to assess counselor skills and point out directions in which they could be built. This scale is scored from 1.0 to 5.0, with 1 indicating that a counselor is non-empathic, scolding, and otherwise not attending to a client's needs, and 5.0 indicating a full understanding of all levels of client needs and an ability to facilitate growth.

Answer 68

Correct answer: scapegoating Scapegoating occurs when several group members target an individual member of the group and criticize that person. This is a normal group process, but one that should not be tolerated due to its potential for damaging relationships. Intellectualizing is the process of keeping group content on a cognitive, rather than emotional, level. Blocking and linking are responsibilities of the group leader that are meant to encourage group cohesion and constructive discussion.

Answer 69

Correct answer: Having a group member be the focus of a session Group therapy involves a wide variety of specific skills and interventions. Some of these more specifically address an individual, making them the focus of a session or given intervention; these are called vertical interventions. Horizontal interventions would involve all the members of the group. A group can deal with itself, target a specific diagnosis, and split into subgroups without practicing vertical intervention.

Answer 70

Correct answer: They are unconscious processes that protect the conscious Defense mechanisms are unconscious processes that protect the conscious. This is done by resolving, deflecting, dismissing, or otherwise short-circuiting the problematic stimuli or thought processes in the unconscious mind. In this way, the mind is protected from conflict and threats to its equilibrium. Defense mechanisms do not expand emotional expression per se.

Answer 71

Correct answer: "What are you feeling right now?" Fritz Perls' Gestalt therapy is a here-and-now focused, experiential school of therapy that attempts to focus the client on present circumstances and their own responsibility. One of its techniques is to use here-and-now questions to enhance a focus on the present. The other questions deal too much with the past and abstraction to be characteristic of Gestalt.

Answer 72

Correct answer: Yalom Irvin Yalom is well-known for his contributions to the field of group counseling. He developed a list of eleven curative factors that he believes exist in successful group work. These include altruism, universality, interpersonal learning, imparting information, developing socialization techniques, imitative behavior, group cohesiveness, catharsis, corrective recapitulation of the primary family group, instillation of hope, and existential factors. Yalom believes that if these factors are present in a group, group members will grow and develop.

Answer 73

Correct answer: In childhood REBT focuses on the identification and correction of false interpretive beliefs about reality. These false beliefs emerge, according to REBT, in childhood. They are reinforced throughout subsequent life and become concretized in the personality. REBT does not suggest that irrational beliefs are a result of trauma, emerge in adolescence, or result from abnormal brain development.

Answer 74

Correct answer: Enhance a client's control of their body One well-known behaviorist technique is biofeedback, which involves the client enhancing their control of their body in some way. This generally refers to a client being able to more productively interact with their autonomic nervous system, (e.g., to control their heart rate in response to stress). Biofeedback does not have to do with control of behavior per se, nor does it address a client's unconscious or their circumstances.

Answer 75

Correct answer: Enhance a client's control of their body One well-known behaviorist technique is biofeedback, which involves the client enhancing their control of their body in some way. This generally refers to a client being able to more productively interact with their autonomic nervous system, (e.g., to control their heart rate in response to stress). Biofeedback does not have to do with control of behavior per se, nor does it address a client's unconscious or their circumstances.

Answer 76

Correct answer: Our interpretation of events According to the beliefs of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), our essential problem is not our experience of events but our interpretation of events. We abandon rational thinking in favor of our own irrational interpretation of events. The problem, according to REBT, is not our traumatized childhood, inner conflict, or dysfunctional personalities.

Answer 77

Correct answer: They are part of normal, healthy development Daniel Levinson was a 20th-century American psychologist whose studies focused on typical stages in his adult subjects' lives. Levinson's Stage-Crisis View theory posits that there are predictable, stable, and transitional periods in life and that the social conflicts that arise during these periods must be resolved. He proposed that midlife crises are not only common but are part of normal, healthy development.

Answer 78

Correct answer: linking In group counseling, linking is the process of relating group members' thoughts, comments, and feelings to each other to increase cohesion and (at times) interaction. Linking is one of many techniques group counselors can use to enhance group members' experiences and to effect change.

Answer 79

Correct answer: Warm-up, action, and closure There are many group dynamic issues for counselors to remember in terms of group content and process. The content and process are often organized into three distinct group sections: warm-up, action, and closure. In well-functioning groups, there is a smooth transition from one section to the next, and there is a balance between content and process in each section.

Answer 80

Correct answer: Milan systemic family therapy Milan systemic family therapy refers to an approach that views the family as a system that aims to maintain balance. Systemic family therapists often use a variety of techniques, including circular questioning, which is the process of asking different family members the same questions about relationships. The family counselor can then use the ways that members differ in how they interpret events and interactions to suggest new ways of thinking about things, thereby hopefully changing family rules and relationships.

Answer 81

Correct answer: Flooding involves actual exposure to a feared stimulus Desensitization strategies are designed to reduce the anxiety that occurs when a person is exposed to a feared stimulus, as in the case of a phobia. The technique of flooding differs from other, more gradual applications of this strategy by making the exposure to the feared stimulus total and immediate. Flooding is not necessarily indicated or contraindicated for persons with severe trauma and mood disorder. Its suitability depends on how the counselor evaluates their possible success with this technique in response to a feared stimulus.

Answer 82

Correct answer: It is meant to address psychopathology Crisis intervention is a specific modality meant to address the normal process of crisis, which can be stressful and debilitating. This process goes through various stages from establishing the safety of the client to the use of new skills and is limited in scope to the crisis itself. Crisis intervention is not meant to address psychopathology but to enhance function during a challenging but normal time.

Answer 83

Correct answer: It is meant to address psychopathology Crisis intervention is a specific modality meant to address the normal process of crisis, which can be stressful and debilitating. This process goes through various stages from establishing the safety of the client to the use of new skills and is limited in scope to the crisis itself. Crisis intervention is not meant to address psychopathology but to enhance function during a challenging but normal time.

Answer 84

Correct answer: Coming up with a list of options Prochaska postulated a structured, stepwise model of change that is widely used in therapeutic contexts. It contains five stages. The first, precontemplation, is one in which a person may or may not know they need to change. The second, contemplation, is when a person is most ambivalent about whether to change. Preparation, as seen in this example, is when a person is gathering resources and information for change. Action is the stage in which change begins, and maintenance is the habitual realization of the changes that have begun.

Answer 85

Correct answer: Imagining being in a dark room Systematic desensitization deals with a person's systematically reduced anxiety when exposed to a certain stimulus. It is generally seen as proceeding through four stages. Relaxation training to gain control of one's responses Construction of anxiety hierarchy to gain intellectual knowledge of one's fear Imaginative desensitization to explore one's fear in safe circumstances In vivo sensitization to gain control over the feared stimulus The progression is necessarily stepwise and iterative. In this case, the first two steps have been done, so the next step would be the imaginative exercise of imagining being in a dark room. Going into a dark room would be the last stage. Learning how to control responses and thinking of what is most fearful about a dark room would have been accomplished earlier in the process.

Answer 86

Correct answer: Imagining being in a dark room Systematic desensitization deals with a person's systematically reduced anxiety when exposed to a certain stimulus. It is generally seen as proceeding through four stages. Relaxation training to gain control of one's responses Construction of anxiety hierarchy to gain intellectual knowledge of one's fear Imaginative desensitization to explore one's fear in safe circumstances In vivo sensitization to gain control over the feared stimulus The progression is necessarily stepwise and iterative. In this case, the first two steps have been done, so the next step would be the imaginative exercise of imagining being in a dark room. Going into a dark room would be the last stage. Learning how to control responses and thinking of what is most fearful about a dark room would have been accomplished earlier in the process.

Answer 87

Correct answer: Increase self-understanding and explore a full range of feelings Person-centered groups typically encourage openness and an exploration of a full range of feelings. Techniques include active listening and reflection rather than structured techniques found in other types of groups. The focus of person-centered groups is on increasing self-understanding and personal insight.

Answer 88

Correct answer: Education, rehearsal, application Meichenbaum developed a three-stage stress inoculation technique that is meant to help one know and reduce one's own stress. The first stage, education, helps the client understand how they respond to stress through inner dialogue. The second, rehearsal, is when new strategies of self-talk are used. The third, application, is when the new self-talk is used in practice

Answer 89

Correct answer: A group that only meets for four sessions Group counselors can choose from one of three main styles of leading groups: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire. Autocratic leaders are typically direct and set clear goals and boundaries for groups. This type of leadership works best when time restraints are an issue, when membership frequently changes, or when the group needs to coordinate with other groups. Democratic leaders allow members to express their ideas and aim to encourage discussion and participation. Laissez-faire leaders allow group members to be in charge of all decision-making and it works best when group members are very motivated.

Answer 90

Correct answer: A client with a fear of flying imagining a plane crash in the therapist's office Implosive therapy is a behaviorist technique meant to desensitize a client to a feared stimulus. One example would be a client with a fear of flying imagining a plane crash in the safe environment of a therapist's office. This would likely be followed by more iterations with the goal of reducing experienced distress. Implosive therapy generally does not involve others, nor would it usually ask a client to critically examine their life choices. It would most likely not ask a client to relive a crisis unless that crisis was in some way a current source of fear or distress.

Answer 91

Correct answer: A client with a fear of flying imagining a plane crash in the therapist's office Implosive therapy is a behaviorist technique meant to desensitize a client to a feared stimulus. One example would be a client with a fear of flying imagining a plane crash in the safe environment of a therapist's office. This would likely be followed by more iterations with the goal of reducing experienced distress. Implosive therapy generally does not involve others, nor would it usually ask a client to critically examine their life choices. It would most likely not ask a client to relive a crisis unless that crisis was in some way a current source of fear or distress.

Answer 92

Correct answer: To help a person explore their feelings about another The empty chair technique is used often in various models of therapy. It involves an empty chair in which the client imagines another person to be. That person will be someone that the client will benefit from "talking to" in this manner and can aid in clarifying and exploring feelings about another. The technique does not involve switching roles and is more geared toward the exploration of a relationship than overcoming fear or addressing trauma.

Answer 93

Correct answer: To help a person explore their feelings about another The empty chair technique is used often in various models of therapy. It involves an empty chair in which the client imagines another person to be. That person will be someone that the client will benefit from "talking to" in this manner and can aid in clarifying and exploring feelings about another. The technique does not involve switching roles and is more geared toward the exploration of a relationship than overcoming fear or addressing trauma.

Answer 94

Correct answer: "What are you going to do to address this problem?" Choice theory asserts that the most important driver of patient wellness is the patient's behavioral choices in the here and now. Like other therapeutic orientations that focus on the responsibility taken and used by the client, choice theory is mainly concerned with the present and not with the past exploration of causal elements of present issues. The other statements do not suggest a present orientation focused on patient choices in reality.

Answer 95

Correct answer: Suicidal patients and those with borderline personality disorder Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) is a treatment modality first used to address suicidal patients and those with borderline personality disorder. It has a substantial evidence base and is now used to treat a variety of other issues. DBT involves skills training, individual treatment, and a high degree of contact with the therapist. It is considered a cognitive behavioral method.

Answer 96

Correct answer: Transition Group work is generally conceptualized to follow a four-stage process. In the first stage, orientation, the group is formed and acquainted. The next stage, transition, is when interpersonal dynamics are worked out and conflict is most likely to occur. When this is resolved, the working phase can begin. When the work is complete, it is appropriate to measure progress in the termination stage.

Answer 97

Correct answer: It is helpful to elicit client responses Though it can be uncomfortable for clients and therapists and should be carefully applied, the use of silence in therapy sessions is a widely known and useful counseling practice. There are several benefits to silence, including allowing for greater control of the session's emotional level, giving control to the client, and forming a space in which a client has time to find the best response to a therapeutic direction or idea. Silence can be mildly uncomfortable but should not be threatening if properly used. There is no directive as to which clients are more or less able to benefit: it is a tool to be carefully applied like any other with a variety of clinical presentations.

Answer 98

Correct answer: To notify the possible target of violence A "duty to warn" is when a professional becomes aware that a person in their care has made a credible threat to harm someone else. Although state requirements vary along with organizational procedures, the point is to notify the possible target of violence that this violence might occur. This warning is not about confidentiality for patients and does not have anything to do with inter-agency relationships or treatment decisions.

Answer 99

Correct answer: The explanations people offer for events influence future expectations for success and failure There are many theories regarding individuals' motivation and understanding of their own behaviors. Attribution theory refers to the way that explanations individuals offer for their outcomes influence their expectations of future success and failure. This also influences how motivated individuals may be to succeed. The belief that rewards are contingent on our own actions refers to an internal locus of control, while the belief that the future is determined more by chance than by being contingent on certain events refers to an external locus of control. The fact that the expectations people have for themselves are often higher than what they are able to accomplish does not describe attribution theory.

Answer 100

Correct answer: To change the client's relationship with their negative thoughts Mindfulness is gaining popularity in many counseling approaches; it consists of two parts. One part of mindfulness is to focus and pay close attention to one's own current emotions, thoughts, sensations, and experiences. The second part is for the therapist to take a nonjudgmental attitude toward what the client is experiencing both internally and externally. The purpose of these two parts of mindfulness is to change the client's understanding of and relationship with their negative thoughts.

Answer 101

Correct answer: To change the client's relationship with their negative thoughts Mindfulness is gaining popularity in many counseling approaches; it consists of two parts. One part of mindfulness is to focus and pay close attention to one's own current emotions, thoughts, sensations, and experiences. The second part is for the therapist to take a nonjudgmental attitude toward what the client is experiencing both internally and externally. The purpose of these two parts of mindfulness is to change the client's understanding of and relationship with their negative thoughts.

Answer 102

Correct answer: It results in psychological differences between siblings Alfred Adler was one of the first thinkers to identify and detail the importance of birth order among siblings in the same household. Generally, according to Adler, birth order results in a different psychological environment for each child and different psychological attributes among siblings to meet the needs of a changing family over time. Birth order is not seen, in this perspective, as being responsible for sibling rivalry, and the phenomenon may or may not result in distress for younger siblings.

Answer 103

Correct answer: It results in psychological differences between siblings Alfred Adler was one of the first thinkers to identify and detail the importance of birth order among siblings in the same household. Generally, according to Adler, birth order results in a different psychological environment for each child and different psychological attributes among siblings to meet the needs of a changing family over time. Birth order is not seen, in this perspective, as being responsible for sibling rivalry, and the phenomenon may or may not result in distress for younger siblings.

Answer 104

Correct answer: Loss of empathy and interest in clients Compassion fatigue is a phenomenon common to counselors who see difficult client issues and a lack of progress. It is most commonly evidenced by a loss of empathy and interest in clients. Compassion fatigue is not marked by inappropriate feelings toward clients, being hyper-engaged with clients, or having greater countertransference with clients.

Answer 105

Correct answer: To induce change to the family system Feedback loops, in the language of family therapy, are the product of interlocking systems within the larger family system. There are two kinds of feedback loops: a positive-feedback loop, which induces change in the family system, and a negative-feedback loop, which is the family system in its natural (likely pathological) state attempting to preserve homeostasis and prevent change. The function of positive feedback loops is not to facilitate certain family interactions.

Answer 106

Correct answer: To induce change to the family system Feedback loops, in the language of family therapy, are the product of interlocking systems within the larger family system. There are two kinds of feedback loops: a positive-feedback loop, which induces change in the family system, and a negative-feedback loop, which is the family system in its natural (likely pathological) state attempting to preserve homeostasis and prevent change. The function of positive feedback loops is not to facilitate certain family interactions.

Answer 107

Correct answer: Mindfulness Linehan's DBT helps individuals with a variety of presentations deal with unacceptable feelings and impulse control. It is divided into four modules: Mindfulness, with the hope of helping a client experience their own emotions fully Distress tolerance, accepting and tolerating the moment non-judgmentally Interpersonal effectiveness, helping a client deal with conflict and relationships Emotional regulation, helping a client increase positive emotions

Answer 108

Correct answer: Mindfulness Linehan's DBT helps individuals with a variety of presentations deal with unacceptable feelings and impulse control. It is divided into four modules: Mindfulness, with the hope of helping a client experience their own emotions fully Distress tolerance, accepting and tolerating the moment non-judgmentally Interpersonal effectiveness, helping a client deal with conflict and relationships Emotional regulation, helping a client increase positive emotions

Answer 109

Correct answer: They place more emphasis on the ego than the id Neo-Freudians are psychoanalysts who have moved away from Freud's emphasis on the id as the main psychological force. More emphasis is placed on the ego, which is controlled by the reality principle. Like Freud, Neo-Freudians still believe in the power of unconscious desires and drives, focus on childhood experiences, and emphasize both psychodynamic and sociodynamic forces.

Answer 110

Correct answer: Person-centered The person-centered approach focuses on the importance of the counselor showing unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding toward the client. The focus is on the client's current feelings and the client's process of becoming and moving toward self-actualization. Carl Rogers is the primary founder of this approach.

Answer 111

Correct answer: Person-centered The person-centered approach focuses on the importance of the counselor showing unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding toward the client. The focus is on the client's current feelings and the client's process of becoming and moving toward self-actualization. Carl Rogers is the primary founder of this approach.

Answer 112

Correct answer: Schizophrenia According to object relations theory, which is based on psychoanalytic concepts, a child must pass through four broad stages of development in order to function normally. If normal progression through these stages does not occur, the individual is at increased risk for attachment disorders and personality disorders such as borderline and narcissism.

Answer 113

Correct answer: A client in crisis Group therapy is a highly versatile modality that can be used effectively for a wide variety of populations. Some benefits of group therapy go beyond specific treatment for a given mental illness or condition, such as affiliation and non-expert feedback. However, clients in a state of crisis would be the least likely of those listed to benefit from a group process. Clients in crisis are generally highly concerned about their own issues of crisis, which will need to be resolved before the client can be an effective member of a therapeutic group. The other groups listed would be normal candidates for group work, depending on the treatment context.

Answer 114

Correct answer: A client in crisis Group therapy is a highly versatile modality that can be used effectively for a wide variety of populations. Some benefits of group therapy go beyond specific treatment for a given mental illness or condition, such as affiliation and non-expert feedback. However, clients in a state of crisis would be the least likely of those listed to benefit from a group process. Clients in crisis are generally highly concerned about their own issues of crisis, which will need to be resolved before the client can be an effective member of a therapeutic group. The other groups listed would be normal candidates for group work, depending on the treatment context.

Answer 115

Correct answer: The client Motivational interviewing is a technique aimed at helping a client discover and utilize their reasons for change. The client is the source of change within MI. The aims are to identify, describe, and deal with ambivalence in a person who is in some stage of a change process. In MI, the source of change is not the therapist, the environment, or a reward/punishment strategy.

Answer 116

Correct answer: Thought disorder The technique of biofeedback, which helps a person rewire neural networks related to autonomic response, is useful to help with migraine headaches, anxiety, and phobias, among others. It is less useful for cases of actual brain disease or psychosis, such as those present in thought disorders.

Answer 117

Correct answer: Thought disorder The technique of biofeedback, which helps a person rewire neural networks related to autonomic response, is useful to help with migraine headaches, anxiety, and phobias, among others. It is less useful for cases of actual brain disease or psychosis, such as those present in thought disorders.

Answer 118

Correct answer: An adult who maintains the high stakes of childhood relationships in adult relationships Protective systems as a concept in family therapy deal with the failure of child role models. As the child ages, the high stakes of childhood relationships are preserved in adult relationships with undue anxiety about failure and danger. The concept does not refer to age-peer relationships among children or protecting the family system.

Answer 119

Correct answer: To put a different perspective on an existing problem or situation It is often helpful in psychotherapy to challenge a client about a given problem or situation. One way to do this is reframing (i.e., to put a different perspective on an existing problem or situation). One example might be taking a client's belief that others dislike him and offering the perspective that perhaps others do not know how to engage with him. The technique is not explicitly meant to shift to another's perspective, nor does it deal with family structure or deny psychopathology

Answer 120

Correct answer: To put a different perspective on an existing problem or situation It is often helpful in psychotherapy to challenge a client about a given problem or situation. One way to do this is reframing (i.e., to put a different perspective on an existing problem or situation). One example might be taking a client's belief that others dislike him and offering the perspective that perhaps others do not know how to engage with him. The technique is not explicitly meant to shift to another's perspective, nor does it deal with family structure or deny psychopathology

Answer 121

Correct answer: Take responsibility for their behaviors and formulate a plan for change Reality group counseling focuses on group members taking responsibility for their behaviors and increasing control over their lives. Techniques used in reality group counseling include honest self-examination, evaluating behavior, formulating a plan for change, and following through with this plan.

Answer 122

Correct answer: Take responsibility for their behaviors and formulate a plan for change Reality group counseling focuses on group members taking responsibility for their behaviors and increasing control over their lives. Techniques used in reality group counseling include honest self-examination, evaluating behavior, formulating a plan for change, and following through with this plan.

Answer 123

Correct answer: Receives a lot of attention, is dependable and responsible Alfred Adler postulated a range of attributes according to the birth order in a family. Oldest children, according to this view, get a lot of attention, tend to be dependable and responsible, and are achievement-oriented. Youngest children tend to be pampered and go their own way, only children tend to deal with adults well and want center stage, and middle children can feel left out and see life as unfair.

Answer 124

Correct answer: Receives a lot of attention, is dependable and responsible Alfred Adler postulated a range of attributes according to the birth order in a family. Oldest children, according to this view, get a lot of attention, tend to be dependable and responsible, and are achievement-oriented. Youngest children tend to be pampered and go their own way, only children tend to deal with adults well and want center stage, and middle children can feel left out and see life as unfair.

Answer 125

Correct answer: Countertransference is the extra feelings brought into the therapeutic relationship by the therapist Sigmund Freud identified the notion of transference, which is the way in which patients tend to bring extra feelings into the therapeutic relationship, usually transferring these from another relationship such as a parent. Countertransference is the extra feelings a therapist brings into the therapeutic relationship. These notions are current and have not been disproven by research.

Answer 126

Correct answer: Attacks on a cohesive group result in less cohesion Group cohesion is the state of a group that exists when group members find the group attractive and it provides them with a feeling of belonging and inclusion. The phenomenon has many aspects that are unique to group work, such as the fact that attacks on a cohesive group result in greater cohesion of that group. Group members are more likely to identify with group members that are perceived as powerful and/or attractive.

Answer 127

Correct answer: Attacks on a cohesive group result in less cohesion Group cohesion is the state of a group that exists when group members find the group attractive and it provides them with a feeling of belonging and inclusion. The phenomenon has many aspects that are unique to group work, such as the fact that attacks on a cohesive group result in greater cohesion of that group. Group members are more likely to identify with group members that are perceived as powerful and/or attractive.

Answer 128

Correct answer: risky shift phenomenon Risky shift phenomenon occurs when a group makes decisions that are riskier and less conservative due to group discussions. This is a common occurrence in groups, as shared risk makes the individual risk less. Studies also show that extensive discussion about a particularly risky course of action tends to lessen perceived risk.

Answer 129

Correct answer: Men complete suicide more, and women attempt suicide more The phenomenon of suicide appears differently in women and men. It appears that men complete suicide more (generally because of the use of more lethal means), but women seem to attempt suicide more often than men.

Answer 130

Correct answer: Individual, Interpersonal, Organization, Community The Group Work Grid refers to R. K. Coyne's four levels of intervention: Individual, Interpersonal, Organization, and Community populations. Individual: To prevent, correct, or enhance individual personal or task functions; the focus being helping an individual. Interpersonal: To prevent, correct, or enhance interpersonal or task functions; the focus being on interpersonal interactions. Organization: To prevent, correct, or enhance organizational or task functions; the focus being on organizational behavior. Community: To prevent, correct, or enhance task functions at the community level; the focus being on the larger interactions within communities These are different from the various models of group development, such as Gerald Corey's stages (initial, transition, working, and termination) or Bruce Tuckman's stages (forming, storming, norming, and performing).

Answer 131

Correct answer: Individual, Interpersonal, Organization, Community The Group Work Grid refers to R. K. Coyne's four levels of intervention: Individual, Interpersonal, Organization, and Community populations. Individual: To prevent, correct, or enhance individual personal or task functions; the focus being helping an individual. Interpersonal: To prevent, correct, or enhance interpersonal or task functions; the focus being on interpersonal interactions. Organization: To prevent, correct, or enhance organizational or task functions; the focus being on organizational behavior. Community: To prevent, correct, or enhance task functions at the community level; the focus being on the larger interactions within communities These are different from the various models of group development, such as Gerald Corey's stages (initial, transition, working, and termination) or Bruce Tuckman's stages (forming, storming, norming, and performing).

Answer 132

Correct answer: To understand the structure of a family's systems A genogram is a structural diagram of a family, with various symbols used to denote gender, status of being alive or dead, divorce, and many others. This most often goes back at least three generations. The point of this is to illustrate and understand the structure of a family's systems, which might otherwise not be apparent. Genograms do not address genetic patterns, nor are they simply meant to deal with communication. They are not diagnostic but informational.

Answer 133

Correct answer: There is a lack of norms among group members There are many advantages to group counseling, including the opportunity to experience social support, peer confrontation, and new behaviors; having a safe place to practice new skills; and getting exposure to an experience that more nearly replicates the participants' everyday world. In addition, group norms develop over time, providing members with a chance to practice their skills in a subset of the "real" world.

Answer 134

Correct answer: Practicing positive statements Donald Meichenbaum contributed the idea of cognitive behavior modification, which involves thought replacement of negative thoughts with positive ones. In keeping with this idea, stress inoculation is practiced by an individual practicing positive statements under stress with the aim of reducing negative thoughts and controlling responses to stress. Taking charge of one's own medication, connecting with others who have similar issues, and roleplaying successful interactions with peers may all be helpful but are not characteristic of stress inoculation.

Answer 135

Correct answer: Practicing positive statements Donald Meichenbaum contributed the idea of cognitive behavior modification, which involves thought replacement of negative thoughts with positive ones. In keeping with this idea, stress inoculation is practiced by an individual practicing positive statements under stress with the aim of reducing negative thoughts and controlling responses to stress. Taking charge of one's own medication, connecting with others who have similar issues, and roleplaying successful interactions with peers may all be helpful but are not characteristic of stress inoculation.

Answer 136

Correct answer: A stage when members trust each other and often achieve success Group development takes place in five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. During the forming stage, members establish goals for the group but continue to focus on themselves. The storming stage is typically marked by conflict as members work out personality differences. During the norming stage, members accept differences between each other and begin to work together. The performing stage is when members trust each other and often achieve success. The final stage, adjourning, is when group members celebrate their successes and assess their work.

Answer 137

Correct answer: Action Prochaska suggested a model of change that is widely used in treatment contexts. It consists of five stages. In the first stage, precontemplation, a person does not know or understand their need to change, as when James was cued by his family member. In the second stage, contemplation, a person is ambivalent about changing, just as James was ambivalent about starting his program. In the next stage, preparation, resources and knowledge are gathered to help institute change. In the fourth stage, action, concrete action is begun toward change. In the last stage, maintenance, those changes are maintained.

Answer 138

Correct answer: A psychoeducational group providing information about play therapy Psychoeducational groups focus on providing education and information to group members and building skills. These groups can be preventative, remedial, or simply there to provide information to interested parties. For parents curious about the purpose of play therapy, this group may be an excellent way to gain information, get answers to questions, and connect with other parents.

Answer 139

Correct answer: A psychoeducational group providing information about play therapy Psychoeducational groups focus on providing education and information to group members and building skills. These groups can be preventative, remedial, or simply there to provide information to interested parties. For parents curious about the purpose of play therapy, this group may be an excellent way to gain information, get answers to questions, and connect with other parents.

Answer 140

Correct answer: "You only live once." Defense mechanisms are ways in which the psyche protects itself from unwanted thoughts or inner conflict. These take many forms; in this case, rationalization would most likely cause Denise to respond with "You only live once." Rationalization creates an acceptable reason for behavior that the mind can fall back on when questioned by itself or others. "You're the one spending all your money" sounds like projection, which is ascribing one's motives to others. "I don't spend that much money" could signal denial.

Answer 141

Correct answer: Adlerian Adlerian group counselors aim to help group members explore life assumptions, recognize their own strengths and accept responsibility, and increase self-esteem. The Adlerian group approach has been shown to be successful when used in parent-education models in schools. The Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP) program, developed by Don Dinkmeyer, is one such program.

Answer 142

Correct answer: Fusion with mother Object relations theory is based on psychoanalytic concepts, as it asserts that relationships that we form early in life affect our interpersonal interactions with others in the present. There are four stages of development that should be navigated in the first three years of life: fusion with mother (first three to four weeks), symbiosis (third to eighth month), separation/individuation (begins the fourth or fifth month), and constancy of self and object (occurs by the 36th month).

Answer 143

Correct answer: Fusion with mother Object relations theory is based on psychoanalytic concepts, as it asserts that relationships that we form early in life affect our interpersonal interactions with others in the present. There are four stages of development that should be navigated in the first three years of life: fusion with mother (first three to four weeks), symbiosis (third to eighth month), separation/individuation (begins the fourth or fifth month), and constancy of self and object (occurs by the 36th month).

Answer 144

Correct answer: Eight When forming groups, counselors should be careful to consider the number of group members to invite. For adult groups with only one leader (rather than co-leaders), the optimum size is eight. This gives group members the opportunity to build relationships with all other group members without feeling overwhelmed by the number of people.

Answer 145

Correct answer: Eight When forming groups, counselors should be careful to consider the number of group members to invite. For adult groups with only one leader (rather than co-leaders), the optimum size is eight. This gives group members the opportunity to build relationships with all other group members without feeling overwhelmed by the number of people.

Answer 146

Correct answer: "Why do you want to change?" Motivational interviewing is a technique whose purpose is to actuate client change by finding within the client their real reason for the desire to change. An essential part of the process is to identify and deal with sources of ambivalence, as part of the function of ambivalence is to prevent the discomfort of change. The other statements do not put the burden of identifying motivation on the client, which is the core of MI.

Answer 147

Correct answer: "Why do you want to change?" Motivational interviewing is a technique whose purpose is to actuate client change by finding within the client their real reason for the desire to change. An essential part of the process is to identify and deal with sources of ambivalence, as part of the function of ambivalence is to prevent the discomfort of change. The other statements do not put the burden of identifying motivation on the client, which is the core of MI.

Answer 148

Correct answer: Sublimation Defense mechanisms are means by which the mind protects itself from inner conflict resulting from unwanted desires, motives, or emotions. Sublimation means that the person takes unwanted energy and channels it into more productive or prosocial activity, such as someone taking their work anxiety and working out in a gym. Projection is the assignment of one's own undesirable issues to others, denial is the rejection of facts that cause stress, and reaction formation is taking unwanted feelings and acting out the opposite. None of these would be considered positive in the same way as sublimation would be.

Answer 149

Correct answer: Sublimation Defense mechanisms are means by which the mind protects itself from inner conflict resulting from unwanted desires, motives, or emotions. Sublimation means that the person takes unwanted energy and channels it into more productive or prosocial activity, such as someone taking their work anxiety and working out in a gym. Projection is the assignment of one's own undesirable issues to others, denial is the rejection of facts that cause stress, and reaction formation is taking unwanted feelings and acting out the opposite. None of these would be considered positive in the same way as sublimation would be.

Answer 150

Correct answer: enmeshed Enmeshment occurs in families that have diffuse boundaries and the separation between family members is unclear. In this example, the mother and son have difficulty distinguishing themselves from one another, which seems to be a significant barrier to the marital relationship and the father-son relationship. The counselor can urge the mother to encourage her son to be more independent and to express his own feelings, opinions, and beliefs without fear of judgment.

Answer 151

Correct answer: enmeshed Enmeshment occurs in families that have diffuse boundaries and the separation between family members is unclear. In this example, the mother and son have difficulty distinguishing themselves from one another, which seems to be a significant barrier to the marital relationship and the father-son relationship. The counselor can urge the mother to encourage her son to be more independent and to express his own feelings, opinions, and beliefs without fear of judgment.

Answer 152

Correct answer: The Father Eric Berne described three ego states in his work on transactional analysis (TA). These are the Parent (who has internalized all of society's rules and expectations), the Adult (who is rationally operating in the world), and the Child (who contains spontaneity and desire). The interaction of these ego states is TA's primary focus. The Father is not one of the ego states described by Berne.

Answer 153

Correct answer: An educational group about alcoholism Groups can sometimes be arranged to help those with a certain issue. If a well-known problem is present, prevention groups can be used as a strategy for either avoiding or mitigating harm. A primary prevention group would be something like an educational group about the risks of alcohol. Primary in this case means that the harm or condition has not yet taken hold, and there is an opportunity to avoid it altogether. The other options deal with people who already have issues related to alcoholism.

Answer 154

Correct answer: An educational group about alcoholism Groups can sometimes be arranged to help those with a certain issue. If a well-known problem is present, prevention groups can be used as a strategy for either avoiding or mitigating harm. A primary prevention group would be something like an educational group about the risks of alcohol. Primary in this case means that the harm or condition has not yet taken hold, and there is an opportunity to avoid it altogether. The other options deal with people who already have issues related to alcoholism.

Answer 155

Correct answer: The brain's ability to reorganize itself Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to reorganize itself. This can take place in many ways, from the construction of new neural pathways to the production of neurotransmitters. In this context, neuroplasticity does not refer to the ability of the brain to recover from physical injury, recognize others, or change in response to others.

Answer 156

Correct answer: A group for survivors of sexual abuse, led by a survivor Self-help groups are support systems to help with psychological stress of some sort and are typically not led by a professional. A self-help group that addresses issues faced by those with a history of sexual abuse could foster invaluable support for survivors by offering a safe space for group members to share with others who have had similar experiences. Alcoholics Anonymous is one of the most well-known self-help groups.

Answer 157

Correct answer: A group for survivors of sexual abuse, led by a survivor Self-help groups are support systems to help with psychological stress of some sort and are typically not led by a professional. A self-help group that addresses issues faced by those with a history of sexual abuse could foster invaluable support for survivors by offering a safe space for group members to share with others who have had similar experiences. Alcoholics Anonymous is one of the most well-known self-help groups.

Answer 158

Correct answer: They are based on constructivist theory Brief therapy and narrative therapy have in common a basis in constructivist theory, which is the idea that, to some degree, reality is constructed socially. The practice implication is that by addressing this social construction or personal narrative, positive change can be enacted. Narrative theory may not be highly limited in scope. The two therapies do not necessarily involve a rigorous examination of the past. They may or may not involve the study of cognitive patterns.

Answer 159

Correct answer: One cannot be both anxious and relaxed at the same time Joseph Wolpe contributed the theory of reciprocal inhibition, which states that a person cannot be both anxious and relaxed at the same time. This suggests that if a person with anxiety practices relaxation, they become less anxious. This theory is the foundation of systematic desensitization, part of which is the reduction of anxiety through positive pairing with anxiety-provoking stimuli. The other statements, though generally true, do not define Wolpe's theory of reciprocal inhibition.

Answer 160

Correct answer: The structure of TA groups, and contracts that can be adjusted for different cultural values Transactional Analysis (TA) groups focus on a combination of action and affect, and the leader is regarded as the diagnostician and teacher. This role of the leader as the instructor creates a structure that many multicultural group members like. One technique commonly used in transactional analysis groups is the contract, which can be adjusted for all types of beliefs and values. Transactional analysis gives a narrow (rather than broad) understanding of human nature, is both action- and affect-oriented, and does contain some concepts that may be difficult for multicultural clients to understand.

Answer 161

Correct answer: "If things could be different overnight, how could you tell the difference?" In solution-focused brief therapy (SBFT), the miracle question is sometimes employed as a therapeutic tool. The client is asked this question related to the current circumstances they want to change, with the purpose of creating space for a solution in that client's imagination. For example, the question "If things could be different overnight, how could you tell the difference?" encourages the client to visualize what not having the current problem would be like. The other questions listed focus too much on the past or other people. SBFT deals with one's possibility of immediate and productive change.

Answer 162

Correct answer: "If things could be different overnight, how could you tell the difference?" In solution-focused brief therapy (SBFT), the miracle question is sometimes employed as a therapeutic tool. The client is asked this question related to the current circumstances they want to change, with the purpose of creating space for a solution in that client's imagination. For example, the question "If things could be different overnight, how could you tell the difference?" encourages the client to visualize what not having the current problem would be like. The other questions listed focus too much on the past or other people. SBFT deals with one's possibility of immediate and productive change.

Answer 163

Correct answer: Emotional stimulation should be carefully monitored to ensure group members are capable of dealing with strong feelings in ways that are not harmful In terms of group leadership, emotional stimulation refers to the extent to which feelings, values, and/or beliefs are expressed by group members. In certain situations that include individuals who are at risk of harming themselves or others, such as inpatient psychiatric groups, leaders should pay close attention to the amount of emotional stimulation that is present, in order to ensure that group members are not overwhelmed by strong feelings.

Answer 164

Correct answer: Emotional stimulation should be carefully monitored to ensure group members are capable of dealing with strong feelings in ways that are not harmful In terms of group leadership, emotional stimulation refers to the extent to which feelings, values, and/or beliefs are expressed by group members. In certain situations that include individuals who are at risk of harming themselves or others, such as inpatient psychiatric groups, leaders should pay close attention to the amount of emotional stimulation that is present, in order to ensure that group members are not overwhelmed by strong feelings.

Answer 165

Correct answer: A client's sense of responsibility for their life The school of existential therapy focuses on the client's sense of responsibility for their life and the anxiety that emerges as one moves through the process of life. Its interventions hand responsibility to the client, who must consciously own their choices, beliefs, and direction in life. Existential therapy does not deal as much with subjective experience (except where it implicates present responsibility), thought disturbance, or mood.

Answer 166

Correct answer: A client's sense of responsibility for their life The school of existential therapy focuses on the client's sense of responsibility for their life and the anxiety that emerges as one moves through the process of life. Its interventions hand responsibility to the client, who must consciously own their choices, beliefs, and direction in life. Existential therapy does not deal as much with subjective experience (except where it implicates present responsibility), thought disturbance, or mood.

Answer 167

Correct answer: Brief therapy more clearly addresses pathology Although they are often seen as similar, crisis intervention and brief therapy are designed to accomplish different things for different clinical groups. For the most part, brief therapy (like actual therapy of any kind) is more addressed to pathology and symptoms, using clinical tools and modalities to reduce both. Crisis intervention is mainly addressed to those experiencing normal reactions to a crisis, with the objective of helping them manage a natural progression from stress to efficacy. There is no explicit relationship between crisis intervention and brief therapy in terms of timing.

Answer 168

Correct answer: Brief therapy more clearly addresses pathology Although they are often seen as similar, crisis intervention and brief therapy are designed to accomplish different things for different clinical groups. For the most part, brief therapy (like actual therapy of any kind) is more addressed to pathology and symptoms, using clinical tools and modalities to reduce both. Crisis intervention is mainly addressed to those experiencing normal reactions to a crisis, with the objective of helping them manage a natural progression from stress to efficacy. There is no explicit relationship between crisis intervention and brief therapy in terms of timing.

Answer 169

Correct answer: A client learning to challenge their irrational thoughts In many types of cognitive therapy, cognitive restructuring is a primary activity. This involves learning about one's irrational thoughts, learning to challenge those irrational thoughts, and then going on to replace them with rational thoughts. This technique centers on a client's thoughts and character and is not about relationships, adaptation, or trauma.

Answer 170

Correct answer: To help clients understand relationships A Johari window is a four-quadrant diagram separated by areas of knowledge that are known/not known to self/others. Its purpose is to help clients understand relationships by improving communication and the flow of information. A Johari Window is not a tool for goal-setting, calling attention to maladaptive patterns, or negating transference or countertransference.

Answer 171

Correct answer: To help clients understand relationships A Johari window is a four-quadrant diagram separated by areas of knowledge that are known/not known to self/others. Its purpose is to help clients understand relationships by improving communication and the flow of information. A Johari Window is not a tool for goal-setting, calling attention to maladaptive patterns, or negating transference or countertransference.

Answer 172

Correct answer: A group teaching people with schizophrenia about medication A psychoeducation group is designed to help a specific population with information they can use (in this case, people with schizophrenia who can benefit from an understanding of medication). A group helping substance abuse clients address their trauma is more clinical, like group therapy. A group training executives to be better speakers is more like a t-group (or training group). A group that instructs walk-in clients about local resources sounds like a structured group, which is issue-focused rather than client-focused.

Answer 173

Correct answer: Psychodrama Psychodrama is a technique developed by Jacob Moreno that is used by group counselors to work through conflicts by reorganizing individuals' perceptions and increasing insight. Psychodrama usually includes a director, a protagonist, an auxiliary ego, and an audience.

Answer 174

Correct answer: A homework assignment assigned after the first session Solution-focused brief therapy (SBFT) uses here-and-now techniques and active client involvement to achieve measurable gains in client success within a brief and limited timeframe. One technique within SBFT is a formula first session task (FFST), which involves a homework assignment given to the client after the first session. An FFST is not achieved within the session and is something for the client to do.

Answer 175

Correct answer: Structural family therapy Salvador Minuchin's structural family therapy involves the therapist "joining" or blending with a family in order to discover its patterns. When the therapist has this intimate knowledge of the systems within a family, changes can be responsibly recommended. This kind of intervention is not a feature of strategic family counseling, brief strategic therapy, or solution-focused therapy.

Answer 176

Correct answer: Structural family therapy Salvador Minuchin's structural family therapy involves the therapist "joining" or blending with a family in order to discover its patterns. When the therapist has this intimate knowledge of the systems within a family, changes can be responsibly recommended. This kind of intervention is not a feature of strategic family counseling, brief strategic therapy, or solution-focused therapy.

Answer 177

Correct answer: Recruiting and screening Corey identified six stages of a group. These include formation, when the group counselor screens and selects group members; orientation and exploration, which focus on cohesion and trust between group members; transition, which deals with handling resistance and conflict; working, when the group becomes more productive and less dependent on the leader; consolidation and termination, when group members prepare for the outside world; and postgroup activities, which include evaluation and follow-up referrals for other services.

Answer 178

Correct answer: Co-leaders should engage in power struggles from time to time to demonstrate conflict resolution skills Co-leadership is often a helpful technique for both group members and leaders. Group members can benefit from feedback from two leaders instead of one, co-leaders can act out role plays and model behaviors, and co-leaders can give each other feedback about their involvement with the group. When possible (and appropriate), it is helpful for one co-leader to be male and the other female, particularly if there is a combination of genders in the group. However, co-leaders should refrain from having power struggles. This could fragment the group, and it models unhelpful ways of working out differences.

Answer 179

Correct answer: Co-leaders should engage in power struggles from time to time to demonstrate conflict resolution skills Co-leadership is often a helpful technique for both group members and leaders. Group members can benefit from feedback from two leaders instead of one, co-leaders can act out role plays and model behaviors, and co-leaders can give each other feedback about their involvement with the group. When possible (and appropriate), it is helpful for one co-leader to be male and the other female, particularly if there is a combination of genders in the group. However, co-leaders should refrain from having power struggles. This could fragment the group, and it models unhelpful ways of working out differences.

Answer 180

Correct answer: Rational emotive behavior Rationale emotive behavior groups require a highly active and directive group leader, which may be too forceful for some clients. In these groups, the leader confronts illogical thinking and aims to make constructive changes, leading to a greater acceptance of self. The group leader often assigns homework and encourages role-playing and exercises in self-discipline.

Answer 181

Correct answer: Rational emotive behavior Rationale emotive behavior groups require a highly active and directive group leader, which may be too forceful for some clients. In these groups, the leader confronts illogical thinking and aims to make constructive changes, leading to a greater acceptance of self. The group leader often assigns homework and encourages role-playing and exercises in self-discipline.

Answer 182

Correct answer: A dietitian and a psychologist addressing a patient's needs Case integration refers to treatment involving different, non-overlapping services to a single client, (e.g., a dietitian employed to address nutrition and a psychologist employed to address potential psychopathology). Case integration involves a single client and does not involve professionals providing overlapping services.

Answer 183

Correct answer: A dietitian and a psychologist addressing a patient's needs Case integration refers to treatment involving different, non-overlapping services to a single client, (e.g., a dietitian employed to address nutrition and a psychologist employed to address potential psychopathology). Case integration involves a single client and does not involve professionals providing overlapping services.

Answer 184

Correct answer: The therapist is joining the family and adopting their style Within structural family therapy, a therapist is often called upon to "join" or adopt the style of the family in order to better understand it, diagnose its issues, and participate more meaningfully in addressing those issues. This process is sometimes called mimesis. Mimesis does not refer to family members copying each others' style or having the family enact a completely different style.

Answer 185

Correct answer: The therapist is joining the family and adopting their style Within structural family therapy, a therapist is often called upon to "join" or adopt the style of the family in order to better understand it, diagnose its issues, and participate more meaningfully in addressing those issues. This process is sometimes called mimesis. Mimesis does not refer to family members copying each others' style or having the family enact a completely different style.

Answer 186

Correct answer: A client acts out being rejected by their family The technique of psychodrama is associated with various schools of therapy, most notably Gestalt. It involves a client acting something out in the therapeutic environment for the purpose of exploring the feelings involved and creating an understanding of the client's perspective.

Answer 187

Correct answer: A client acts out being rejected by their family The technique of psychodrama is associated with various schools of therapy, most notably Gestalt. It involves a client acting something out in the therapeutic environment for the purpose of exploring the feelings involved and creating an understanding of the client's perspective.

Answer 188

Correct answer: cohesive When a group is cohesive, group members enjoy coming to the group, feel as if they belong, and feel included. Cohesion occurs in groups made up of members who make self-disclosures, are vulnerable with each other rather than putting up defenses, and make commitments to each other. Cohesive groups are also usually good working groups, and any attacks on the group lead to greater cohesion.

Answer 189

Correct answer: cohesive When a group is cohesive, group members enjoy coming to the group, feel as if they belong, and feel included. Cohesion occurs in groups made up of members who make self-disclosures, are vulnerable with each other rather than putting up defenses, and make commitments to each other. Cohesive groups are also usually good working groups, and any attacks on the group lead to greater cohesion.

Answer 190

Correct answer: To purge emotions Catharsis is a term first used by Freud and Breuer to describe the highly emotional reactions of patients in psychoanalysis. It is still used to describe the purging of emotions that sometimes occurs as a result of the therapeutic process. The result is a feeling of relief. The point of catharsis is not to express unconscious desires, address relational needs, or block negative thoughts.

Answer 191

Correct answer: To purge emotions Catharsis is a term first used by Freud and Breuer to describe the highly emotional reactions of patients in psychoanalysis. It is still used to describe the purging of emotions that sometimes occurs as a result of the therapeutic process. The result is a feeling of relief. The point of catharsis is not to express unconscious desires, address relational needs, or block negative thoughts.

Answer 192

Correct answer: Taking elements from various schools Eclectic counseling draws from various schools and integrates them into a personal style unique to that practitioner. Concentrating on the end result of the process, focusing on the relationships between thoughts and emotions, and skill training are all examples of techniques that might belong to specific schools of counseling or psychotherapy.

Answer 193

Correct answer: The here and now Gestalt therapy is known for its focus on the psychological and physical "here and now." Generally, Gestalt therapy is more concerned with the confrontational present rather than one's internal conflict, cognitive processing, or relational competence. Gestalt believed that by increasing one's awareness of self and surroundings, as well as an understanding of these factors, greater psychological freedom can be achieved.

Answer 194

Correct answer: The here and now Gestalt therapy is known for its focus on the psychological and physical "here and now." Generally, Gestalt therapy is more concerned with the confrontational present rather than one's internal conflict, cognitive processing, or relational competence. Gestalt believed that by increasing one's awareness of self and surroundings, as well as an understanding of these factors, greater psychological freedom can be achieved.

Answer 195

Correct answer: Depression usually stems from early childhood trauma Aaron Beck is the main contributor to the field of cognitive therapy. He identified the concept of automatic thoughts in clients and their contribution to negative cognitive shifts. Beck believed that depression was caused by biological, genetic, personality, and stress factors. While Beck might agree that early childhood trauma could contribute to a current depressive state, this was not something articulated in his theories.

Answer 196

Correct answer: Depression usually stems from early childhood trauma Aaron Beck is the main contributor to the field of cognitive therapy. He identified the concept of automatic thoughts in clients and their contribution to negative cognitive shifts. Beck believed that depression was caused by biological, genetic, personality, and stress factors. While Beck might agree that early childhood trauma could contribute to a current depressive state, this was not something articulated in his theories.

Answer 197

Correct answer: Learning effective parenting skills Group couples counseling is frequently more content-oriented than process-oriented. The goals of many couples counseling groups are to improve communication between parents and their children, resolve conflicts, and learn new parenting skills. Sometimes parents of children with mental health problems attend psychoeducational groups to learn more about that specific diagnosis and how it can affect an individual's life. The remaining answer options are incorrect because they are not topics addressed in group couple

Answer 198

Correct answer: Adlerian Adlerian groups aim to help people explore basic life assumptions, recognize strengths, encourage the acceptance of responsibility, and develop social interests. Cognitive behavioral groups are a type of task group that aims to teach members how their thoughts impact their behaviors and feelings. Self-help groups are informal groups without a designated leader and usually serve as a support group. A T-group is an experiential group meant to help members change various aspects of their lives.

Answer 199

Correct answer: Executive leadership Irvin Yalom, a well-known figure in the field of group counseling, believed that certain leadership functions were present in the field of group counseling. These leader functions include emotional stimulation, in which counselors encourage healthy expression of emotions; caring, which is characterized by warmth, acceptance, genuineness, and concern; meaning attribution, in which the group leader provides a cognitive perspective to group members' experiences; and executive leadership, which is characterized by the group leader structuring the group and ensures that the group is moving in a specific direction. During the executive leadership stage, the emphasis is placed on managing the group as a social system.

Answer 200

Correct answer: Executive leadership Irvin Yalom, a well-known figure in the field of group counseling, believed that certain leadership functions were present in the field of group counseling. These leader functions include emotional stimulation, in which counselors encourage healthy expression of emotions; caring, which is characterized by warmth, acceptance, genuineness, and concern; meaning attribution, in which the group leader provides a cognitive perspective to group members' experiences; and executive leadership, which is characterized by the group leader structuring the group and ensures that the group is moving in a specific direction. During the executive leadership stage, the emphasis is placed on managing the group as a social system.

Answer 201

Correct answer: People are generally poor at forecasting their emotional reactions to life circumstances In general, people are poor at forecasting their emotional reactions to life circumstances. People tend to overestimate the impact of events on their overall emotional life. For example, rather than a lifelong adjustment to happiness in a positive direction, the emotional boost from getting married lasts about two years.

Answer 202

Correct answer: People are generally poor at forecasting their emotional reactions to life circumstances In general, people are poor at forecasting their emotional reactions to life circumstances. People tend to overestimate the impact of events on their overall emotional life. For example, rather than a lifelong adjustment to happiness in a positive direction, the emotional boost from getting married lasts about two years.

Answer 203

Correct answer: Negative feedback loops Cybernetics is the study of methods of feedback control, both negative and positive. Negative feedback loops are patterns of interaction that maintain stability and homeostasis within the family system. Positive feedback loops are patterns of interaction that can facilitate change. Equifinality refers to different individuals reaching the same goal through different methods or routes. Interdependence simply refers to the fact that family members rely on and are influenced by each other.

Answer 204

Correct answer: Negative feedback loops Cybernetics is the study of methods of feedback control, both negative and positive. Negative feedback loops are patterns of interaction that maintain stability and homeostasis within the family system. Positive feedback loops are patterns of interaction that can facilitate change. Equifinality refers to different individuals reaching the same goal through different methods or routes. Interdependence simply refers to the fact that family members rely on and are influenced by each other.

Answer 205

Correct answer: To teach coping skills and ways of modifying behavior Cognitive behavior groups, which help group members find ways of identifying and changing behaviors, aim to eliminate problems and teach self-management skills. Leaders of cognitive behavior groups teach coping skills and methods of modifying behavior. Techniques used include contracts, reinforcement, and modeling.

Answer 206

Correct answer: To teach coping skills and ways of modifying behavior Cognitive behavior groups, which help group members find ways of identifying and changing behaviors, aim to eliminate problems and teach self-management skills. Leaders of cognitive behavior groups teach coping skills and methods of modifying behavior. Techniques used include contracts, reinforcement, and modeling.

Answer 207

Correct answer: To prevent intimacy Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA) rests on a theory of human interaction that assesses the communicative roles in which people communicate and act with each other. Not all interactions are transparent or geared for mutual benefit; a game is a mechanism one party uses in a transaction to prevent intimacy. The point of a game in this context is not to falsify interaction, preserve the self, or promote success in a contest.

Answer 208

Correct answer: Person-centered Person-centered group work is based on the work of Carl Rogers and the principles of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness. Counselors leading groups based on person-centered theory are often non-directive and tend to act more like members than leaders. Because these groups are less structured, there is considerable focus on listening and reflection.

Answer 209

Correct answer: Person-centered Person-centered group work is based on the work of Carl Rogers and the principles of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness. Counselors leading groups based on person-centered theory are often non-directive and tend to act more like members than leaders. Because these groups are less structured, there is considerable focus on listening and reflection.

Answer 210

Correct answer: Knowing the best ways to work with cultures of all types Group counselors should have a group of core skills that allow them to work effectively with group members. Among other skills, they should be able to manage and direct the group within certain time constraints, prevent members from blocking discussion, and help the group set goals. While group counselors should understand that cultural differences are a factor that affects how individuals relate to each other, no counselor is expected to know everything about every culture. It is more important for counselors to have an attitude of openness to learning about each individual's values and beliefs.

Answer 211

Correct answer: It psychologically protects the group member from painful feelings Counselors who are leading groups must frequently handle resistance, which is any behavior that impedes progress. There is a wide variety of resistant behavior, such as being disrespectful toward the group counselor, coming late to sessions or leaving early, refraining from talking during the session, changing the subject, denying that one has problems, and many other behaviors. The one thing that resistant behaviors have in common, however, is that they all protect the group member from painful or uncomfortable feelings. The task of the group counselor is to address the resistance in a way that will draw the group member back into the group process in a helpful, therapeutic way.

Answer 212

Correct answer: It psychologically protects the group member from painful feelings Counselors who are leading groups must frequently handle resistance, which is any behavior that impedes progress. There is a wide variety of resistant behavior, such as being disrespectful toward the group counselor, coming late to sessions or leaving early, refraining from talking during the session, changing the subject, denying that one has problems, and many other behaviors. The one thing that resistant behaviors have in common, however, is that they all protect the group member from painful or uncomfortable feelings. The task of the group counselor is to address the resistance in a way that will draw the group member back into the group process in a helpful, therapeutic way.

Answer 213

Correct answer: strategic family therapy Strategic family therapy focuses on the power and control expressed through family communication patterns, and techniques are frequently direct suggestions or assignments. Relabeling is used by counselors who can reframe the meaning of a situation. Some strategic family counselors will prescribe a symptom or put clients in a therapeutic double bind as a way of forcing them to either give up the problematic behavior or acknowledge control over it.

Answer 214

Correct answer: The group will have higher group cohesion In forming treatment groups, phenomena can be observed that will either contribute to or subtract from the group's therapeutic process. High group cohesion is considered desirable, as this will enable greater dialogue and cooperation among members. In fact, when a group with high group cohesion comes under attack, the group will likely develop even higher group cohesion.

Answer 215

Correct answer: The group will have higher group cohesion In forming treatment groups, phenomena can be observed that will either contribute to or subtract from the group's therapeutic process. High group cohesion is considered desirable, as this will enable greater dialogue and cooperation among members. In fact, when a group with high group cohesion comes under attack, the group will likely develop even higher group cohesion.

Answer 216

Correct answer: Carl will act in an extremely masculine way Defense mechanisms exist to protect the conscious mind from undesirable unconscious thoughts or stimuli. One of these is reaction formation, in which the opposite of the inner feeling is outwardly expressed. In this case, since Carl is insecure about his masculinity, he will act it out to the extreme to protect himself. If Carl were to accuse others of his insecurity, he would be projecting; if he were to avoid the topic, he would be either in repression or denial.

Answer 217

Correct answer: Carl will act in an extremely masculine way Defense mechanisms exist to protect the conscious mind from undesirable unconscious thoughts or stimuli. One of these is reaction formation, in which the opposite of the inner feeling is outwardly expressed. In this case, since Carl is insecure about his masculinity, he will act it out to the extreme to protect himself. If Carl were to accuse others of his insecurity, he would be projecting; if he were to avoid the topic, he would be either in repression or denial.

Answer 218

Correct answer: Controlling noise and stimulation Milieu therapy is a modality based on the idea that environmental change can benefit an individual's functioning. As it can involve fundamental changes to a person's environment as a route to better functioning, it is more characteristic of inpatient treatment. One example would be controlling the level of noise and stimulation experienced by an individual. Discussing past relationships, addressing sleeping and eating habits, and doing group assessments of shared pathology are not milieu interventions.

Answer 219

Correct answer: Controlling noise and stimulation Milieu therapy is a modality based on the idea that environmental change can benefit an individual's functioning. As it can involve fundamental changes to a person's environment as a route to better functioning, it is more characteristic of inpatient treatment. One example would be controlling the level of noise and stimulation experienced by an individual. Discussing past relationships, addressing sleeping and eating habits, and doing group assessments of shared pathology are not milieu interventions.

Answer 220

Correct answer: Homicidal and/or suicidal clients Paradoxical interventions can be described as therapeutic modalities that run counter to the expectations of the client. One example is prescribing the symptom, in which the client is asked to exaggerate the symptom from which they are suffering to help the client understand their level of control. Paradoxical interventions can be controversial, as they seek to disrupt productively what the client likely expects from treatment. However, these modalities should not be used with homicidal and/or suicidal clients. This is true both in terms of the specific pathology presented and the acuity of these two presentations; paradoxical interventions assume that the client is not acutely ill and a danger to self or others. Paradoxical interventions can be used with the other client types listed.

Answer 221

Correct answer: Six to eight members Clinical groups function best when there is a balance of time available for all who wish to contribute, as well as avoiding too much or too little clinical focus on individuals. The ideal size is generally considered to be six to eight members.

Answer 222

Correct answer: Six to eight members Clinical groups function best when there is a balance of time available for all who wish to contribute, as well as avoiding too much or too little clinical focus on individuals. The ideal size is generally considered to be six to eight members.

Answer 223

Correct answer: A person modeling competence in a desired behavior The school of neobehaviorism, connected with the work of Albert Bandura, suggests that human beings are both producers and products of conditioning. Bandura and this school stress the importance of social learning as an influence and driver of human behavior. In a therapeutic context, this might manifest as a person modeling competence in a desired behavior. The other choices do not deal with social learning and are more concerned with internal processing, which is uncharacteristic of neobehaviorism.

Answer 224

Correct answer: Rewarding The behaviorist school of counseling and psychotherapy deals extensively with rewards and punishments to shape behaviors. In practice, it seems that reward is more effective in altering behavior than punishment, which can induce aggression and confer only temporary benefits at best. Circumstances differ, and both reward and punishment can be effective in the short-term; however, positive strategies such as rewards are seen as more so.

Answer 225

Correct answer: Rewarding The behaviorist school of counseling and psychotherapy deals extensively with rewards and punishments to shape behaviors. In practice, it seems that reward is more effective in altering behavior than punishment, which can induce aggression and confer only temporary benefits at best. Circumstances differ, and both reward and punishment can be effective in the short-term; however, positive strategies such as rewards are seen as more so.

Answer 226

Correct answer: Yes, as she is ascribing her negative motives to others Defense mechanisms are ways the mind attempts to preserve homeostasis and prevent inner conflict as much as possible. These take various forms, one of which is projection, or assigning one's distasteful or undesirable motives or ideas to others. Projection does not involve ascribing the opposite motive to others and has nothing to do with the effect one's motives have on those of others. Defense mechanisms are largely unconscious rather than conscious

Answer 227

Correct answer: Yes, as she is ascribing her negative motives to others Defense mechanisms are ways the mind attempts to preserve homeostasis and prevent inner conflict as much as possible. These take various forms, one of which is projection, or assigning one's distasteful or undesirable motives or ideas to others. Projection does not involve ascribing the opposite motive to others and has nothing to do with the effect one's motives have on those of others. Defense mechanisms are largely unconscious rather than conscious

Answer 228

Correct answer: Cognitive and behavioral counseling Cognitive and behavioral counseling comes from the behaviorist school of psychology, which suggests that behavior is learned and can be shaped. Thus, techniques such as operant and classical conditioning would belong to this school. Existential counseling, transactional analysis, and person-centered counseling do not use conditioning techniques.

Answer 229

Correct answer: Women's development In the early 1990s, Judith Jordan and others presented the self-in-relation theory, a developmental theory of women. Central concepts of this theory are that people grow into relationships throughout life, positive relationships include mutual respect and empathy, engagements need to be authentic in order for relationships to grow, and mature functioning is characterized by meaningful connections, among other points. The self-in-relation theory is currently known as relational-cultural theory.

Answer 230

Correct answer: Object relations theory Object relations theory is based on psychoanalytic concepts, including the belief that early childhood is incredibly relevant to how clients operate within relationships in the present day. Object relations theories teach that, in the first three years of life, infants have the opportunity to develop significant relationships with primary caretakers that will shape their interactions with people throughout their lives.

Answer 231

Correct answer: Object relations theory Object relations theory is based on psychoanalytic concepts, including the belief that early childhood is incredibly relevant to how clients operate within relationships in the present day. Object relations theories teach that, in the first three years of life, infants have the opportunity to develop significant relationships with primary caretakers that will shape their interactions with people throughout their lives.

Answer 232

Correct answer: Victim, persecutor, and rescuer Karpman's ideas about why drama-intense relationships continue can be helpful for counselors working with clients. The Drama Triangle forms when three individuals take on the roles of victim, persecutor, and rescuer. Karpman's theory suggests that conflict arises when one person takes on the role of victim or persecutor, and others step in to fill other roles due to each person's unmet psychological needs

Answer 233

Correct answer: Victim, persecutor, and rescuer Karpman's ideas about why drama-intense relationships continue can be helpful for counselors working with clients. The Drama Triangle forms when three individuals take on the roles of victim, persecutor, and rescuer. Karpman's theory suggests that conflict arises when one person takes on the role of victim or persecutor, and others step in to fill other roles due to each person's unmet psychological needs

Answer 234

Correct answer: Nuclear families make the best family counseling clients Family counseling can include nuclear family units, extended family, and anyone who impacts the family unit. There is no evidence to show that nuclear families are more successful than or preferable to other types of families. Family counseling goals typically include increased communication, improved dysfunctional patterns, and the use of relationships to heal and stabilize the family.

Answer 235

Correct answer: Nuclear families make the best family counseling clients Family counseling can include nuclear family units, extended family, and anyone who impacts the family unit. There is no evidence to show that nuclear families are more successful than or preferable to other types of families. Family counseling goals typically include increased communication, improved dysfunctional patterns, and the use of relationships to heal and stabilize the family.

Answer 236

Correct answer: Rogerian factors are not linked with positive outcomes in research Carl Rogers, considered the founder of the humanist school of psychotherapy, suggested that factors such as unconditional positive regard and congruence were necessary conditions for effective psychotherapy. However, the research does not show that these specific factors are necessarily linked with positive outcomes for clients in any presentation.

Answer 237

Correct answer: Ending the business of the group Groups can go through discrete stages: an initial stage of acquaintance, followed by a stage of conflict, then a stage where productive work is done, and finally a termination stage when the group's main function is to end the business of the group. It is not the time to form new connections, address new issues, or engage in conflict resolution.

Answer 238

Correct answer: Their attractiveness and power Many factors are involved in the configuration and clinical process of group work. Group cohesion tends to take place in the same way across groups, regardless of culture, composition, or focus, at least as far as what attracts group members to a group. In general, people want to be part of groups where other group members are identified as having attractiveness and power. Group members tend to identify with these individuals and increase group cohesion.

Answer 239

Correct answer: Token economy There are several techniques counselors can use to modify behavior. A token economy uses points, or other types of reinforcements, to reward individuals who exhibit desired behaviors. These points can then be used to purchase goods and privileges.

Answer 240

Correct answer: Gestalt therapy Gestalt therapy is based on existential principles, and the goal of individuals in therapy is to integrate all of their needs to become a whole person. Clients are encouraged to attend to their emotions and to relive experiences. Counselors working from a gestalt approach often use the two-chair technique, role playing, and dream work.

Answer 241

Correct answer: To experience it fully without evaluation In Linehan's dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), distress tolerance is one of the modules taught to clients. It teaches that the proper response to a painful current situation is to experience it fully without evaluation or intellectualization. Although describing a situation is important at a later stage of one's experience, and change is essentially the point of any therapeutic mode, distress tolerance does not encourage further engagement than total and unequivocal awareness.

Answer 242

Correct answer: To experience it fully without evaluation In Linehan's dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), distress tolerance is one of the modules taught to clients. It teaches that the proper response to a painful current situation is to experience it fully without evaluation or intellectualization. Although describing a situation is important at a later stage of one's experience, and change is essentially the point of any therapeutic mode, distress tolerance does not encourage further engagement than total and unequivocal awareness.

Answer 243

Correct answer: To help individuals in therapy become whole beings Fritz Perls' Gestalt therapy comes from existential ideas about genuineness, personal congruence, and responsibility. The goal of Gestalt therapy is to help individuals in therapy become whole (gestalt) beings and reduce the fractionation of identity and personality as they get their needs met in the environment. The goal of Gestalt therapy is not to help individuals in therapy deal with past trauma, progress to self-actualization, or repair dysfunctional relationships.

Answer 244

Correct answer: To help individuals in therapy become whole beings Fritz Perls' Gestalt therapy comes from existential ideas about genuineness, personal congruence, and responsibility. The goal of Gestalt therapy is to help individuals in therapy become whole (gestalt) beings and reduce the fractionation of identity and personality as they get their needs met in the environment. The goal of Gestalt therapy is not to help individuals in therapy deal with past trauma, progress to self-actualization, or repair dysfunctional relationships.

Answer 245

Correct answer: A psychoeducational group for teenagers who are at risk of developing depression Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention groups may all address similar problems but do so in different ways. Primary groups emphasize preventing problems and developing healthy behaviors. For example, educational groups about the causes and symptoms of depression. Secondary groups focus on reducing the severity of a specific problem and include preventative and remedial elements, such as adjusting to a loss. Tertiary groups involve rehabilitation and focus on returning individuals to healthy functioning.

Answer 246

Correct answer: A psychoeducational group for teenagers who are at risk of developing depression Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention groups may all address similar problems but do so in different ways. Primary groups emphasize preventing problems and developing healthy behaviors. For example, educational groups about the causes and symptoms of depression. Secondary groups focus on reducing the severity of a specific problem and include preventative and remedial elements, such as adjusting to a loss. Tertiary groups involve rehabilitation and focus on returning individuals to healthy functioning.

Answer 247

Correct answer: Humanistic Virginia Satir is widely known for her development of the humanistic model of family counseling. Satir believed that family members often take on one of five styles of communication: placater, blamer, superreasonable, irrelevant, and congruent communicator. Satir saw herself as a coach and teacher of families, and worked intimately with families by joining with them and sharing in the experience of being a family member

Answer 248

Correct answer: Humanistic Virginia Satir is widely known for her development of the humanistic model of family counseling. Satir believed that family members often take on one of five styles of communication: placater, blamer, superreasonable, irrelevant, and congruent communicator. Satir saw herself as a coach and teacher of families, and worked intimately with families by joining with them and sharing in the experience of being a family member

Answer 249

Correct answer: Having a family member arrange the family spatially The therapeutic technique of family sculpting refers to a form of psychodrama or role-playing, in which a family member illustrates an important idea about a family through the physical arrangement of family members in a therapeutic context. Having a family member arrange the family spatially would be a good example. The technique does not involve explicit changes suggested by family members, and it would not use descriptive art to illustrate an ideal.

Answer 250

Correct answer: A client with a traumatic past Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic technique pioneered by Francine Shapiro in which eye movements are used to "rewire" traumatic memories in an individual. It seems to be most appropriate for persons who have disturbing episodes of trauma in their past that bring on present anxiety. Clients with thought disorders, intractable depression, and alcohol problems would not be considered good candidates for EMDR.

Answer 251

Correct answer: Psychoanalytic theory Sigmund Freud is known as the father of psychoanalytic theory, in which the client is seen as the product of his or her childhood. Proponents of psychoanalytic theory believe that certain personalities exist because of the conflicts between impulses and the restraint of these impulses. Techniques often used in psychoanalysis include dream interpretation and free association as means of accessing the unconscious drives and motivations of clients.

Answer 252

Correct answer: The psychodrama technique Jacob Moreno is known for developing the technique of psychodrama in the early 20th century. This therapeutic approach, outlined in Moreno's The Theater of Spontaneity, focuses on the current moments and interactions. The goal of psychodrama is to reorganize the individual's perceptions and allow for insight and reality testing. The psychodrama includes a stage, and group members are assigned roles, such as representations of people and the audience.

Answer 253

Correct answer: Group therapy is more clinical and more likely to address pathology Although certain terms are often used interchangeably, there is a difference between group therapy and a counseling group. In general, group therapy is more clinical and more likely to address a pathology. A clinical treatment modality of some kind is almost guaranteed in actual group therapy. A counseling group may or may not use a clinical approach; these groups are more likely to address items related to personal growth and development than the deeper issues explored in group therapy.

Answer 254

Correct answer: It presents solutions that may not be acceptable unless they are presented by a third party Mediation is one intervention that is often recommended for couples going through a divorce in order to avoid court involvement. Mediation uses a third party, a trained professional, to develop solutions that both sides can find acceptable. Though mediation can help reduce hostility between parties, it is unclear whether it lessens the long-term impacts of divorce on children. Both parties must be present in order for mediation to occur. Mediation may not be a good option for couples with domestic violence issues, as legal involvement may better protect both parties from harm.

Answer 255

Correct answer: It presents solutions that may not be acceptable unless they are presented by a third party Mediation is one intervention that is often recommended for couples going through a divorce in order to avoid court involvement. Mediation uses a third party, a trained professional, to develop solutions that both sides can find acceptable. Though mediation can help reduce hostility between parties, it is unclear whether it lessens the long-term impacts of divorce on children. Both parties must be present in order for mediation to occur. Mediation may not be a good option for couples with domestic violence issues, as legal involvement may better protect both parties from harm.

Answer 256

Correct answer: CACREP requires counselor training standards for disaster, trauma, and crisis counseling Crisis situations can occur at any time, particularly in the mental health field. Counselors should be aware of how to address these types of situations and how to handle clients in crises. The response of CACREP (Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs) has been to require counselor training standards for disaster, trauma, and crisis counseling. CACREP has not left his issue to state-level accreditation agencies, nor is it working on a specific curriculum to address the need for disaster, trauma, and crisis counseling. CACREP has not defined a specific curriculum on this issue.

Answer 257

Correct answer: Having group members complete an assignment Although in practice a group leader tends to fluctuate from one to the other, group leadership can be described in one of two general ways. One is interpersonal leadership, which has the group leader facilitating interactions that call upon the group at the same time to be completing an activity, such as having group members complete assignments together. The other form of group leadership is intrapersonal leadership, which describes any group activity that focuses on one individual at a time. The other examples do not have the group working together at the same time on the same task.

Answer 258

Correct answer: "What gives you a sense of meaning in life?" Logotherapy deals with addressing a client's sense of meaning in life as the focus of therapy. This existential way of treatment comes from the work of Viktor Frankl; as a concentration camp survivor during the Second World War, he found a valid means of survival in those circumstances by finding a larger meaning to his life. The other statements are not characteristic of logotherapy, as they are not concerned with meaning.

Answer 259

Correct answer: Conduct face-to-face interviews of potential clients to assess for motivation and certain characteristics When leading groups, counselors must carefully spend time screening group members to ensure a proper and appropriate fit. Typically, screening is done during a face-to-face interview, when the goals and purpose of the group are discussed. Counselors should pay attention to cognitive functioning, personalities, backgrounds, and potential group members' own goals as they work to form a cohesive group that will work well together.

Answer 260

Correct answer: They may cause conflict One of the ways in which issues of cultural sensitivity directly impact treatment settings is how different values may cause conflict. If there is conflict in treatment, then progress in treatment is at risk. One's culture-bound values require examination, as well as an effort to understand those of the patient in treatment. Culture-bound values may or may not mask pathology or be misunderstood in a specific context. Culture-bound values might or might not influence funding sources.

Answer 261

Correct answer: 30% The importance of rapport and a positive therapeutic relationship to overall therapeutic results has been researched. Although more research is necessary, it seems that about 30% of the therapeutic gain is directly related to the nature of the therapeutic relationship.

Answer 262

Correct answer: Someone who does not believe they need therapy According to the work of Prochaska, change can be described as going through stepwise, discrete stages. In the first, precontemplation, the person likely does not see the need for change; thus, a person who does not believe they need therapy would most closely match this stage. A person who is not sure about therapy would be in the next stage, contemplation. Preparation characterizes someone who is generating ideas about change. Someone who has scheduled a therapy appointment would be in the action phase, and someone who has been going to therapy would be in the maintenance stage of change.

Answer 263

Correct answer: Someone who does not believe they need therapy According to the work of Prochaska, change can be described as going through stepwise, discrete stages. In the first, precontemplation, the person likely does not see the need for change; thus, a person who does not believe they need therapy would most closely match this stage. A person who is not sure about therapy would be in the next stage, contemplation. Preparation characterizes someone who is generating ideas about change. Someone who has scheduled a therapy appointment would be in the action phase, and someone who has been going to therapy would be in the maintenance stage of change.

Answer 264

Correct answer: Going to the top floor of a building Systematic desensitization deals with a person's systematically reduced anxiety when exposed to a certain stimulus. It is generally seen as proceeding through four stages. Relaxation training to gain control of one's responses Construction of anxiety hierarchy to gain intellectual knowledge of one's fear Imaginative desensitization to explore one's fear in safe circumstances In vivo sensitization to gain control over the feared stimulus The progression is necessarily stepwise and iterative. In this case, the first three stages have been completed, and the next stage should be to confront the fear directly in some form, such as going to the top floor of a building. Controlling his breathing, intellectualizing his fear, and visualization would all belong to earlier stages of the process

Answer 265

Correct answer: Counseling to integrate personalities Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is characterized by more than one distinct, discontinuous personality expressed within an individual. Although cases are rare, some treatment recommendations have emerged; it seems that counseling is most effective, with the aim of integrating the various personalities. Implosive therapy and family therapy are not considered front-line treatments for DID. Medication is perhaps effective in treating ancillary symptoms such as anxiety or depression related to the disorder.

Answer 266

Correct answer: Social constructionist The social constructionist perspective operates from the viewpoint that we use language to construct a common reality with others, and that there are no objective "functional" family dynamics that apply to all family systems. Steve de Shazer's philosophy is one that focuses on solutions rather than problems and underlying causes of those problems. Social constructionists assume that clients know how to solve their own problems but need help in constructing a new way to use the knowledge they already have. De Shazer also introduced the concept of therapists equipping clients with "skeleton keys," interventions that can be used to solve many problems.

Answer 267

Correct answer: Clinical groups for children should be smaller Although individual groups show considerable variation, to provide the best balance of clinical attention, leader focus, and engagement, clinical group sizes should be smaller than those intended for adults. Group therapy is often used with children and can be clinically indicated.

Answer 268

Correct answer: To improve dysfunctional patterns that exist in family systems and are often passed down from one generation to the next Murray Bowen is well known for his contributions to the field of family counseling, as he diligently developed a comprehensive and thoughtful theory that is helpful to many family counselors. The goal of Bowenian family therapy is to identify dysfunctional patterns that exist within family systems and then alter and improve these patterns so they are not passed on to the next generation.

Answer 269

Correct answer: To improve dysfunctional patterns that exist in family systems and are often passed down from one generation to the next Murray Bowen is well known for his contributions to the field of family counseling, as he diligently developed a comprehensive and thoughtful theory that is helpful to many family counselors. The goal of Bowenian family therapy is to identify dysfunctional patterns that exist within family systems and then alter and improve these patterns so they are not passed on to the next generation.

Answer 270

Correct answer: self-disclosure Self-disclosure occurs any time a counselor reveals some information about themselves. This can be as simple as the counselor's affect, or it can refer to specific information about the counselor's experiences. Self-disclosure should be used judiciously and only when the counselor believes it will be helpful for the therapeutic relationship with the client

Answer 271

Correct answer: Speaking in a childlike voice Defense mechanisms are ways in which the mind protects itself from unwanted feelings or threats to its equilibrium. Regression is a movement toward mannerisms or behavior consistent with an earlier and less troubled time of life. In this case, speaking in a childlike voice would be one possibility. Engaging in substance use would not be a defense mechanism per se. Insisting she is okay would indicate denial on the part of Geraldine. Accusing others of what she is experiencing would signal projection.

Answer 272

Correct answer: A blocking role Group members tend to assume a variety of different roles that can impact the group dynamics. The person in a blocking role attempts to hinder any accomplishment of group goals or group formation by engaging in negative and distracting behaviors. The maintenance role encourages social and emotional bonding of group members. The facilitative, or building, role helps group cohesion by contributing to positive and constructive group functioning.

Answer 273

Correct answer: Means by which the psyche wards off anxiety Defense mechanisms are unconscious processes by which powerful and threatening emotions are suppressed and anxiety is warded off by the psyche. The mind forms a defense in order to protect itself and maintain homeostasis. Defenses vary by person, but each serves this function. Defense mechanisms are not means of self-actualization, understanding trauma, or releasing emotions. In fact, emotions and trauma are often suppressed by defense mechanism

Answer 274

Correct answer: Unconscious Human consciousness is sometimes understood to have three levels. The unconscious mind, in this schema, contains all of the mind's contents that are neither part of current awareness nor available to the mind on command. The preconscious mind contains items that are not immediately part of awareness but can be called upon when needed. The conscious mind is considered to be that of which the mind is currently aware. Deep conscious is a fabricated term.

Answer 275

Correct answer: Conscious Consciousness is sometimes considered to exist in three phases. The conscious mind contains all of which a person is presently aware. The preconscious mind is the conscious mind's "library," holding accessible information that is not a part of ongoing consciousness but available for recall. The unconscious mind holds everything the mind is not currently aware of and all that cannot easily be brought to consciousness. Postconscious is a fabricated term.

Answer 276

Correct answer: "I understand you are depressed; are there times when you feel good?" Solution-focused brief therapy (SBFT) focuses on small, achievable gains. In therapy, clients are often asked about exceptions to their undesirable circumstances, such as, "I understand you are depressed; are there times when you feel good?" Delving into family-of-origin issues, physical self-care patterns, and the cognitive study of thinking patterns would be less like SBFT.

Answer 277

Correct answer: The counselor requests that a group member who has been monopolizing the discussion wait and let others speak There are many rights that group members are entitled to, such as freedom from undue pressure, voluntary participation, freedom of exit, and the right to use the group's resources. The counselor is responsible for managing the group's interactions and balancing participation, so it is not a violation of the group member's rights for the counselor to request that he or she allow others to speak.

Answer 278

Correct answer: Reality is a construction based on a personal story Social constructivist theories suggest that reality is not so much an objective truth but a construction based on a personal story about objective truth. The story or narrative that a person constructs about themselves and their circumstances dictates the world in which they live, for better or worse; this is the basic statement of narrative therapy. Narrative therapy would not suggest reality is objective truth, a construction of the environment, or a function of life stages.

Answer 279

Correct answer: 90 minutes When forming a group, the counselor should be sure to take into consideration the duration that the group will run and how long sessions will be, depending on the group membership. For outpatient group sessions with adults, usually an hour and a half is an appropriate length of time. Inpatient adult group sessions may be shorter, and those for children may be even shorter.

Answer 280

Correct answer: Rogerians do not believe in the unconscious Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Humanistic Therapy can be differentiated from older treatment perspectives by its nonbelief in the unconscious, at least as a driver of behavior. It is the Rogerian belief that human beings are in control of their behavior. Rogerians do not believe in active engagement with the unconscious or denying unconscious urges or suppressing unconscious thoughts