PNS/CNS Flashcards by Jennifer Tarbet

Cerebral palsy occurs primarily during this development time? 2nd MC? 3rd MC?

Pregnancy 75%
After birth 15%
Childbirth 10%

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MC type of cerebral palsy

Spastic (70-80%)

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Finding in CP of necrosis around the ventricles

periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)

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T or F: Cerebral Palsy
A) MC in premature infants
B) Intrauterine development of CP assoc with E coli
C) PVL--> nystagmus, strabismus
D) gray matter necrosis

A) T
B) F, Strep or CNS infx
C) T
D) F, white matter necrosis

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Gullain-Barre or Botulism?
A) descending flaccid muscle paralysis
B) ascending paralysis and weakness
C) immune mediated neuropathy
D) neurotoxins block stim of vol &amp; autonom muscle

A) Botulism
B) Guillain Barre
C) Guillain Barre
D) Botulism

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Gullain-Barre or Botulism?
A) MC cause of acute generalized paralysis in US
B) initial prickling parasthesia
C) involvement of resp muscles
D) cranial nerve palsies

A) Guillain Barre
B) Guillain Barre
C) both
D) Botulism

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Characteristics of MC type of diabetic related neuropathy

distal symmetrical sensorimotor

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Most important proposed mechanism for diabetic neuropathy

endothelial inflamm and atherosclerosis –> microvascular dz –> ischemia and hypoxia–> decr blood flow to nerves

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2nd proposed mechanism for diabetic neuropathy

chronic hyperglycemia–> incr sorbitol/decr. inositol–> reduced NaKATPase activity–> altered conduction

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T or F: Meningitis
A) aseptic = non-bacterial
B) purulent = bacterial
C) MC cause is bacterial
D) 2nd MC is cancer

A) T
B) T
C) F, viral
D) bacteria

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Organisms that cause Meningitis
A) Neonates
B) Infants/children
C) Adolescent/adult
D) Older adult

A) E coli
B) N. meningitidis
C) N. meningitides
D) Strep pneumonia

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Risks for what type of meningitis?
A) winter/spring
B) recent URI
C) assoc w H flu
D) affects people with compromised immune systems

A) meningococcal
B) meningococcal and pneumococcal
C) pneumococcal
D) Cryptococcal

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viruses, fungi, tuberculosis, some medications, and infections near the brain or spinal cord such as epidural abscesses are etiologies of what kind of meningitis?

aseptic

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Two viruses that account for account for about half the cases of aseptic meningitis

Coxsackie B virus and echovirus

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Risks for what type of meningitis?
A) crowded living conditions
B) otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis
C) Native Americans, Eskimos
D) yeast that stains with India ink

A) meningococcal
B) pneumococcal
C) pneumococcal
D) Cryptococcal (Cryptococcus neoformans)

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MC cause of viral meningitis in children

enteroviruses

also 80% of adult cases

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Herpes virus that is the agent in almost all adult cases of herpes meningitis and herpes encephalitis.

HSV-2

HSV-1 in infants

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Encephalitis due to HSV infection characteristically involves the _____ lobes of the brain

temporal

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The gold standard for definite diagnosis of carcinomatous meningitis

detection of tumor cells in CSF

MC non-hematologic cancers that metastasize to the CNS

Lung, breast and melanoma

Most frequent histologic type of Carcinomatous meningitis

Adenocarcinoma

Dementia: what type?
A) assoc w MO infection in brain
B) assoc w Lewy bodies
C) micro-infarctions/low blood flow damage brain cells
D) brain atrophy is “knife-life” in appearance

A) HIV dementia
B) Parkinson’s dementia
C) Vascular dementia
D) Pick’s dz

MC form of dementia

Alzheimer’s

MC form of Alzheimer’s disease (early/late onset)

Late-onset

``` Brain tumors: child or adult? A) MC are astrocytic tumors B) MC are metastatic tumors C) Most are above the tentorium D) Most are below the tentorium ```

A) children B) adult C) adult D) children

Predominantly benign tumors of adults, attached to the dura. Arise in the arachnoid. Usually well rounded masses.

Meningiomas

Malignant tumors of the glial cells of the brain. Occur predominantly in the cerebral hemispheres (brain stem & cerebellum in children).

Gliomas

MC type of glioma

astrocytomas | other types are oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas

Most malignant form of astrocytoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)

Histo: stellate, spindle-shaped with fiber like processes, or plump with a large eosinophilic cytoplasmic mass

astrocytoma

Most common in 4th and 5th decades. Prognosis usually better than astrocytomas tumors account for between 5-15% of all gliomas

Oligodendrogliomas

In first two decades of life, usually found near the 4th ventricle. After age 20, more often found in the spinal cord.

ependymomas

T or F: MS A) first symptoms between 30-50 B) MC demyelinating disease C) initial symptoms include tremors, paralysis D) MRI with gadolinium can help monitor dz

A) F, 20 to 40 B) T C) F, weakness, difficulty walking D) T

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is due to infection by the ____ virus

JC virus

``` Type of demyelinating dz A) myelin destroyed B) myelin destroyed, neurons and axons spared C) no inflammation D) inflammation ```

A) MS B) Central pontine myelinolysis C) Central pontine myelinolysis D) MS

Neurosyphilis caused by

Treponema pallidum

Several hours following the treatment of early stages of syphilis, individuals may undergo a febrile reaction called a ______ reaction

Jarisch-Herxheimer

Rare complication of measles (rubeola)

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

virus becomes neurotropic, destroys motor neurons in the anterior horn and brainstem. leads to flaccid paralysis in the muscles.

Polio

Inclusion bodies within neurons, called ____ bodies, are 100% diagnostic for rabies infection

Negri bodies

Reye's Syndrome is a two-phase illness because it is almost always associated with a previous viral infection such as ___ or ____.

influenza or chicken pox

Epidemiological research has shown a definite association between the development of Reye's syndrome and the use of ___.

aspirin

The two main examples of spongiform encephalopathy in humans are ___ and ___

Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

Etiology of Guillain Barre

post-infectious, EBV, HPV, vax

MC infx cause of brain abscess?

strep

MC neuroparasitic infx in humans

Tinea solium

Syphilis that damages dorsal roots

tabes dorsalis