PNS/CNS Flashcards
Cerebral palsy occurs primarily during this development time? 2nd MC? 3rd MC?
Pregnancy 75%
After birth 15%
Childbirth 10%
MC type of cerebral palsy
Spastic (70-80%)
Finding in CP of necrosis around the ventricles
periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)
T or F: Cerebral Palsy A) MC in premature infants B) Intrauterine development of CP assoc with E coli C) PVL--> nystagmus, strabismus D) gray matter necrosis
A) T
B) F, Strep or CNS infx
C) T
D) F, white matter necrosis
Gullain-Barre or Botulism? A) descending flaccid muscle paralysis B) ascending paralysis and weakness C) immune mediated neuropathy D) neurotoxins block stim of vol & autonom muscle
A) Botulism
B) Guillain Barre
C) Guillain Barre
D) Botulism
Gullain-Barre or Botulism? A) MC cause of acute generalized paralysis in US B) initial prickling parasthesia C) involvement of resp muscles D) cranial nerve palsies
A) Guillain Barre
B) Guillain Barre
C) both
D) Botulism
Characteristics of MC type of diabetic related neuropathy
distal symmetrical sensorimotor
Most important proposed mechanism for diabetic neuropathy
endothelial inflamm and atherosclerosis –> microvascular dz –> ischemia and hypoxia–> decr blood flow to nerves
2nd proposed mechanism for diabetic neuropathy
chronic hyperglycemia–> incr sorbitol/decr. inositol–> reduced NaKATPase activity–> altered conduction
T or F: Meningitis A) aseptic = non-bacterial B) purulent = bacterial C) MC cause is bacterial D) 2nd MC is cancer
A) T
B) T
C) F, viral
D) bacteria
Organisms that cause Meningitis A) Neonates B) Infants/children C) Adolescent/adult D) Older adult
A) E coli
B) N. meningitidis
C) N. meningitides
D) Strep pneumonia
Risks for what type of meningitis? A) winter/spring B) recent URI C) assoc w H flu D) affects people with compromised immune systems
A) meningococcal
B) meningococcal and pneumococcal
C) pneumococcal
D) Cryptococcal
viruses, fungi, tuberculosis, some medications, and infections near the brain or spinal cord such as epidural abscesses are etiologies of what kind of meningitis?
aseptic
Two viruses that account for account for about half the cases of aseptic meningitis
Coxsackie B virus and echovirus
Risks for what type of meningitis? A) crowded living conditions B) otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis C) Native Americans, Eskimos D) yeast that stains with India ink
A) meningococcal
B) pneumococcal
C) pneumococcal
D) Cryptococcal (Cryptococcus neoformans)
MC cause of viral meningitis in children
enteroviruses
also 80% of adult cases
Herpes virus that is the agent in almost all adult cases of herpes meningitis and herpes encephalitis.
HSV-2
HSV-1 in infants
Encephalitis due to HSV infection characteristically involves the _____ lobes of the brain
temporal
The gold standard for definite diagnosis of carcinomatous meningitis
detection of tumor cells in CSF
MC non-hematologic cancers that metastasize to the CNS
Lung, breast and melanoma
Most frequent histologic type of Carcinomatous meningitis
Adenocarcinoma
Dementia: what type?
A) assoc w MO infection in brain
B) assoc w Lewy bodies
C) micro-infarctions/low blood flow damage brain cells
D) brain atrophy is “knife-life” in appearance
A) HIV dementia
B) Parkinson’s dementia
C) Vascular dementia
D) Pick’s dz
MC form of dementia
Alzheimer’s
MC form of Alzheimer’s disease (early/late onset)
Late-onset
Brain tumors: child or adult? A) MC are astrocytic tumors B) MC are metastatic tumors C) Most are above the tentorium D) Most are below the tentorium
A) children
B) adult
C) adult
D) children
Predominantly benign tumors of adults, attached to the dura. Arise in the arachnoid. Usually well rounded masses.
Meningiomas
Malignant tumors of the glial cells of the brain. Occur predominantly in the cerebral hemispheres (brain stem & cerebellum in children).
Gliomas
MC type of glioma
astrocytomas
other types are oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas
Most malignant form of astrocytoma
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)
Histo: stellate, spindle-shaped with fiber like processes, or plump with a large eosinophilic cytoplasmic mass
astrocytoma
Most common in 4th and 5th decades.
Prognosis usually better than astrocytomas
tumors account for between 5-15% of all gliomas
Oligodendrogliomas
In first two decades of life, usually found near the 4th ventricle. After age 20, more often found in the spinal cord.
ependymomas
T or F: MS
A) first symptoms between 30-50
B) MC demyelinating disease
C) initial symptoms include tremors, paralysis
D) MRI with gadolinium can help monitor dz
A) F, 20 to 40
B) T
C) F, weakness, difficulty walking
D) T
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is due to infection by the ____ virus
JC virus
Type of demyelinating dz A) myelin destroyed B) myelin destroyed, neurons and axons spared C) no inflammation D) inflammation
A) MS
B) Central pontine myelinolysis
C) Central pontine myelinolysis
D) MS
Neurosyphilis caused by
Treponema pallidum
Several hours following the treatment of early stages of syphilis, individuals may undergo a febrile reaction called a ______ reaction
Jarisch-Herxheimer
Rare complication of measles (rubeola)
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
virus becomes neurotropic, destroys motor neurons in the anterior horn and brainstem.
leads to flaccid paralysis in the muscles.
Polio
Inclusion bodies within neurons, called ____ bodies, are 100% diagnostic for rabies infection
Negri bodies
Reye’s Syndrome is a two-phase illness because it is almost always associated with a previous viral infection such as ___ or ____.
influenza or chicken pox
Epidemiological research has shown a definite association between the development of Reye’s syndrome and the use of ___.
aspirin
The two main examples of spongiform encephalopathy in humans are ___ and ___
Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Etiology of Guillain Barre
post-infectious, EBV, HPV, vax
MC infx cause of brain abscess?
strep
MC neuroparasitic infx in humans
Tinea solium
Syphilis that damages dorsal roots
tabes dorsalis
