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605 Toxicology > PNS and Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

PNS and Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

2 Types of Acetylcholine Receptors

A
  1. Muscarinic
  2. Nicotinic
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2
Q

Nicotinic Ach Receptors

A

found in autonomic ganglia, brain, skeletal muscles

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3
Q

Muscarinic Ach Receptors

A

found in brain, heart, exocrine organs, GI, smooth muscle

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4
Q

4 Possible MOAs for Ach Receptor Toxicants

A
  1. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
  2. Cholinergic antagonists (Anticholinergics)
  3. Muscarinic agonists
  4. Cholinergic agonists
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5
Q

Muscarinic Agonists

A
  1. Muscarinic Mushrooms
  2. Slaframine
  3. Solanaceous Plants
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6
Q

Cholinergic Agonists

A
  1. Tobacco (Nicotine)
  2. Poison Hemolock
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7
Q

2 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

A
  1. Organophosphates (OPs)
  2. Carbamate

(bonus: blue-green algae acts as a natural OP)

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8
Q

SLUDDE signs

A

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Diarrhea
Dyspnea
Emesis

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9
Q

OP and Carbamate clinical signs

A

Muscarinic: SLUDDE, miosis, bradycardia
Nicotinic: fasciculation, tremors, tetany
CNS (mixture): depression, hyperstimulation, seizures

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10
Q

miosis

A

excessive pupil constriction

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11
Q

atropine

A

high dose effective antidote for MUSCARINIC effects of OPs/carbamates

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12
Q

2-PAM

A

antidote for NICOTINIC effects; complexes with OPs and releases AChE

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13
Q

Tx for OP/Carbamates

A

decontaminate, atropine, 2-PAM for OPs, supportive care

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14
Q

Common OPs/Carbamates

A

insecticides, nerve gas

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15
Q

Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) Syndromes (3)

A
  1. Microcystins (hepatotoxins)
  2. Anatoxin-a
  3. Anatoxin-a(s)
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16
Q

Anticholinergic Pharmaceuticals (3)

A
  1. Atropine
  2. Scopolamine
  3. Hyocyamine
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17
Q

Anticholinergic Plants

A
  1. Solanaceae family
  2. Belladonna/nightshade
  3. Jimson weed
  4. Henbane
  5. Angel’s Trumpet
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18
Q

Anticholinergic Signs

A

vasodilation, tachycardia, urinary retention, dry mouth, ileus, myadriasis, altered mental status, fever, seizures (CNS and PNS signs)

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19
Q

Anticholinergic Antidote?

A

physostigmine

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20
Q

Muscarinic Mushroom Signs

A

SLUDDE signs

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21
Q

Muscarinic Mushroom Tx

A

atropine

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22
Q

Slaframine Source?

A

red clover infected with a specific fungus

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23
Q

Slaframine Clinical Signs

A

SLOBBERS (EXCESSIVE salivation)

24
Q

Main species affected by slaframine?

A

horses (but sometimes cattle and sheep too)

25
Q

Slaframine Tx?

A

remove from forage (atropine only effective if asymptomatic)

26
Q

Solanaceous Plants

A

green potatoes, tomatoes, different nightshades

27
Q

Clinical Signs of Solanaceous Plants

A

mainly GI, but can cause weakness and ataxia as well

28
Q

Tobacco

A

cholinergic agonist
can be found in cigarettes, cigars, snuff, gum, vape fluid

29
Q

Low Dose Tobacco (Nicotine) Signs

A

stimulatory (SLUDDE) signs

30
Q

High Dose Tobacco (Nicotine) Signs

A

depression, weakness, paralysis, cardiac arrest, death

31
Q

Tobacco Tx

A

symptomatic

32
Q

Poison Hemlock Signs

A

plant that acts like high dose nicotine
weakness, tremors, ataxia, drooling, mydriasis, death

33
Q

Ionophore Cardiac Signs are seen in what two species?

A

horse and cattle
paleness/streaking of endocardium –> endocardial hemorrhage

34
Q

Ionophore Skeletal Muscle Signs are seen in what three species?

A

pigs, dogs, sheep (also paleness/streaking/hemorrhage)

35
Q

Ionophore Toxicity Tx

A

can decontaminate if asymptomatic but otherwise its only supportive care

36
Q

Macadamia nuts are only toxic to what species?

37
Q

Macadamia Nut Clinical Signs

A

hindlimb weakness (progressive) but then goes away after ~24-48 hours, dogs make full recovery

38
Q

Hops affects what species?

39
Q

Hops Clinical Signs

A

SEVERE hyperthermia (108+), also myoglobinuria, agitation, tachypnea

40
Q

Hops Antidote?

A

dantrolene (direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxant)

41
Q

Hybrid Sudan Grass

A

skeletal muscle toxicant in horses

42
Q

Equine cystitis-ataxia syndrome

A

chronic cyanide intoxication

43
Q

Active compound in hybrid Sudan grass?

44
Q

Hybrid Sudan Grass MOA

A

cyanide converted to beta-cyanoalanine and degenerates the myselin shelths in the longest nerves in the body

45
Q

Hybrid Sudan Grass Clinical Signs

A

ATAXIA, paralysis of urinary bladder, urine scald, cystitis, paralysis of perineum, vaginitis

46
Q

Hybrid Sudan Grass Tx

A

antibiotics and supportive care

47
Q

Widow Spiders MOA

A

six neuroactive proteins, but primarily alpha-latrotoxin causes release then depletion of Ach and NE (norepinephrine) at postganglionic sympathetic synapses

48
Q

Widow Spider Clinical Signs

A

myalgia, pain (Charlie horse like) –> hypertension, tachycardia

49
Q

myalgia

A

muscle cramps

50
Q

Widow Spider Tx

A

control pain, muscle relaxers, should resolve within 72 hours

51
Q

Coral Snake Clinical Signs

A

back-to-front paralysis (no matter the bite location), hypotension, vomiting

52
Q

Coral Snake Tx

A

supportive care (intubate/ventilate as needed)

53
Q

snakey phrase for north america

A

red on yellow kill a fellow
red on black friend of Jack

54
Q

Larkspur

A

plant of pretty purple flowers that affects cattle by blocking nicotinic receptors

55
Q

Larkspur Clinical Signs

A

constipation, bloat, oral irritation, muscle tremors, stiffness, collapse, convulsions, respiratory paralysis, death within 3-4 hours

56
Q

Larkspur Tx

A

turn the cows uphill (to relieve bloat), also physostigmine

605 Toxicology (9 decks)

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