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605 Toxicology > Peripheral Circulation and Repro > Flashcards

Peripheral Circulation and Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Cyanide Sources

A

seeds and pits of pears, apples, peaches, cherries, apricots, cassava, bamboo shoots

(can also technically get from house fires and “coyote coppers” whatever those are)

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2
Q

cyanogenic glycoside

A

cyanide bound to a sugar moiety

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3
Q

Main Clinical Sign of Cyanide Posioning?

A

CHERRY RED blood!

because the tissues are well-oxygenated they just can’t use it

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4
Q

Cyanide Onset Time?

A

15-30 minutes until death

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5
Q

Unique PostMortem finding for cyanide posioning?

A

burnt almond smell to gut contents

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6
Q

Cyanide Tx

A

sodium nitrite and sodium thiaminase OR hydroxocobalamine (to form vit B12 and secrete in urine)

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7
Q

Carbon Monoxide Sources

A

fire, vehicle exhaust, faulty water heaters/furnaces

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8
Q

Carbon Monoxide MOA

A

absorbed in lung and binds to hemoglobin making carboxyhemoglobin and takes up the space normally occupied by oxygen so there’s decreased off-loading of oxygen to tissue

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9
Q

Canary in a Coal Mine

A

birds have high metabolic rates so would be affected by CO way faster than a human

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10
Q

Carbon Monoxide Clinical Signs

A

cherry-red skin and mucous membranes, drowsiness, weakness, dyspnea, coma, death

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11
Q

Carbon Monoxide Treatment

A

ventilate and provide oxygen, hyperbaric oxygen if available (this decreases the CO half-life so can be eliminated faster)

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12
Q

Common Sources of Zinc

A

post1982 pennies, Monopoly game tokens, kennel nuts and bolts, galvanized wire, zinc oxide ointment (lifeguards and the diaper rash)

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13
Q

What species are susceptible to zinc toxicosis?

A

all

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14
Q

Zinc MOA

A

leached from metal by acids in the stomach (therefore is pH dependent), once ionized is readily absorbed and causes anemia

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15
Q

Zinc Clinical Signs

A

hemolysis leading to secondary renal failure (also pancreatic necrosis)

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16
Q

Zinc Ingestion Diagnosis?

A

radiographs mainly, but can also test serum in a ROYAL BLUE TUBE

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17
Q

Why can’t you use a red top tube for zinc testing?

A

the red top has zinc in the rubber stopper

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18
Q

Why do you not give chelators in zinc toxicosis?

A

both available chelators are renal toxic, and once the zinc is removed the patient typically stabilizes

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19
Q

Zinc Toxicosis Treatment

A

can induce emesis (after feeding?), endoscopic removal, surgical removal

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20
Q

Are penguins dummies?

A

yes, they get periodic radiographs to remove any metal they’ve eaten because they’re dummies

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21
Q

Propyl disulfide

A

GARLIC, onions, chives, leeks, shallot (dried, raw, cooked, pickled, all of it)

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22
Q

There’s a leek in the boat!

A
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23
Q

Propyl Disulfide Clinical Signs

A

odorous breath (duh), hemoglobinuria, anemia, inappetence, recumbency, tachycardia and tachypnea

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24
Q

Peak Effect of Propyl Disulfide occurs when?

A

~5 days post exposure

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25
Q

Propyl Disulfide MOA

A

metabolizes to form free radicals –> hemolysis –> Heinz bodies –> anemia –> possible methemoglobin

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26
Q

Is this a Heinz body?

A

no, silly

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27
Q

Is this a Heinz body?

A

yes - inclusions which form within erythrocytes following oxidative damage to the globin portion of the hemoglobin molecule (so the little dots)

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28
Q

Species affected by propyl disulfide?

A

all

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29
Q

Most sensitive species to propyl disulfide? Why?

A

Cats - have more sites for oxidative damage on their hemoglobin molecule (8) versus dogs (4) or humans (2)

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30
Q

Propyl Disulfide Tx

A

blood transfusion, fluids, bicarbonate, antioxidants

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31
Q

Only species affected by red maple?

A

EQUIDS (d/t low capacity for hemoglobin reduction)

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32
Q

pyrogallol

A

red maple stuff

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33
Q

Red Maple Clinical Signs

A

depression, anorexia, ADR, brown MM, brown urine, eventually renal failure, anemia and Heinz bodies

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34
Q

Red Maple Tx

A

blood transfusion

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35
Q

Nitrates affect what species?

A

mainly ruminants, horses are less sensitive, monogastrics even less so

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36
Q

Nitrate Toxicity Clinical Signs

A

brown/grey/muddy MM, brown colored blood ((methemoglobinemia) and cast to all tissues
weakness, exercise intolerance, collapse, death

37
Q

Nitrate Antidote??

A

methylene blue!

must be given SLOWLY

38
Q

Why is methylene blue a problem?

A

180 days withdrawal in cattle for both meat and milk, so no income for six months!

39
Q

Nitrate Toxicosis Treatment

A

wait it out, dilute forage as necessary, careful handling

40
Q

Acetaminophen

A

causes methemoglobinemia and hepatic necrosis in cats, also Heinz bodies

41
Q

Acetaminophen antidote?

A

n-acetylcysteine

42
Q

First Gen Anticoagulant Rodenticides

A

short acting, don’t build up in the body, multiple doses required to be toxic (ex: warfarin)

43
Q

Second Gen Anticoagulant Rodenticides

A

long acting, one feeding sufficient for death

44
Q

What coagulation factor has the shortest half-life?

A

Factor VII (7)

45
Q

How long for onset of clinical signs?

46
Q

Anticoagulant Rodenticide Clinical Signs

A

lethargy, exercise intolerance, possible anorexia, weakness, hemorrhage, bruising, dyspnea, seizures, death

these clinical signs are highly dependent on where the bleeding occurs (most common = thoracic cavity)

47
Q

Anticoagulant Rodenticide Diagnosis

A

monitor prothrombin time (PT) and can see if affected before actually seeing bleeding (~48 hours)

48
Q

Anticoagulant Rodenticide Antidote?

A

Vitamin K1

49
Q

Tx for Hemorrhaging Anticoagulant Rodenticide Patients?

A

CLOTTING FACOTRS (blood/plasma transfusion)

50
Q

Is secondary toxicity common for anticoagulant rodenticides?

A

No, but it does happen sometimes but they gotta eat a lot (think a bird or barn cat)

51
Q

White and Yellow Sweet Clover Clinical Signs

A

hemorrhage

52
Q

White and Yellow Sweet Clover Tx

A

clean feed, keep calm, blood transufsion would be great but typically cattle, Vitamin K1 ($$)

53
Q

Copper Toxicosis Main Species?

A

SHEEP (accidentally feed wrong diet or manure fertilizer in pasture)

54
Q

Copper Toxicosis Clinical Signs

A

hemolysis, gunmetal blue kidneys and a swollen friable liver IN SHEEP

55
Q

Copper Toxicosis Tx

A

ammonium tetra-thiomolybdate injection (IV/SQ) (but has potential for food residues)

56
Q

Copper Toxicity can be found in what dogs and why?

A

Doberman pinschers (acquired copper burden) and Bedlington, Westies, and SKye terriers (autosomal recessive trait with defect in copper metabolism)

57
Q

Does copper toxicity cause a hemolytic crisis in dogs?

58
Q

Copper Signs in Dogs

A

pale brown nodular liver, weight loss, anorexia

59
Q

Copper Tx in Dogs

A

D-penicillamine (but often causes vomiting) or Trientine (copper chelator)

60
Q

Bracken Fern Clinical Sign in Blood

A

aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep (pancytopenia, hemorrhage)

61
Q

Pit Viper Bite Clinical Signs

A

pain, regional swelling, severity affected by bite location; later can have arrythmias, tachycardia, shock, renal failure

62
Q

3 Major Pit Viper Venom Types

A
  1. Tissue Destroying/Coagulopathy
  2. Neurotoxic
  3. Combination of the above
63
Q

Are these Heinz bodies?

A

NO these are echinocytes

64
Q

What should you NOT treat pit viper bites with?

A

tourniquets, ice packs, alcohol, suctions, anything anyone says normally this is crazy

65
Q

Best treatment for pit viper bite?

A

Antivenins, also IV crystalloid fluids

66
Q

Recluse Spider Clinical Signs

A

causes a NON-HEALING wound

67
Q

Recluse Spider Bite Tx

A

WOUND CARE that’s really it

68
Q

Black Walnut

A

found often in bedding and causes laminitis in horses within 4-12 hours, give anti-inflammatories and supportive care

69
Q

Fluoride in Small Animals

A

acute condition, often due to getting into toothpaste or tablets, it’s an irritiant which causes profuse vomiting d/t creation of hydrofluoric acid in stomach, GI hemorrhage secondary

70
Q

Fluoride in Cattle

A

chronic condition, causes weak teeth therefore nerve exposure and won’t eat/drink, and bony proliferation (skeletal fluorosis) on long parts of long bones; shortened lifespan

71
Q

Acute Fluoride Tx

A

emesis, NPO, supportive care

72
Q

Chronic Fluoride Tx

A

just keep comfortable (easy feeds)

73
Q

False hellebore

A

causes CYLOPIAN LAMBS IF CONSUMED ON DAY 14, monkey face, prolonged gestation, motor nerve paralysis, cleft palate
(also can affect cattle, goats, llamas)

74
Q

Plants causing Neuromuscular Blockades

A
  1. Tobacco
  2. Poison Hemlock
  3. Lupine
75
Q

Neuromuscular Blockade MOA

A

prevents normal fetal movement during gestation so can cause arthrogryposis, scoliosis, kyphosis, etc

76
Q

arthogryposis

A

limb contracture leading to abnormal joint angles

77
Q

cleft palate

A

hard palate doesn’t fully close so oral and nasal cavities communicate

78
Q

hydrops allantois

A

excessive accumulation of fluid in allantoic sac leading to abdominal distension

79
Q

kyphosis

A

bowing or outward curvature of spine (humpback)

80
Q

scoliosis

A

sideways curvature of spine

81
Q

torticollis

A

abnormal curving of the neck

82
Q

Fescue

A

grass with a fungal infection that can affect cattle, sheep, and horses

83
Q

4 Syndromes of Fescue Toxicosis

A
  1. Fescue foot (gangrene)
  2. Summer slump
  3. Fat necrosis
  4. Equine agalactia/dystocia
84
Q

Fescue MOA

A

ergot alkaloids cause vasoconstriction –> poor peripheral blood flow to extremities, fat stores, and placenta

85
Q

Tx for Equine Agalactia

A

Domperidone ($$$)

86
Q

Isocupressic Acid

A

from pine needles (lodgepole, ponderosa, and junipers) and causes abortion in cattle

87
Q

Gossypol Repro Clinical Signs

A

reduce contraception, abortions, smaller litters, affects follicular development, suppression of hormones, in MALE RUMINANTS DECREASES SPERM MOTILITY AND PRODUCTION

88
Q

Zearalenone

A

mycotoxin that mimics estrogen, causing mammary gland enlargement and atrophy of testes in males; female affect dependent on where in repro cycle; pigs most sensitive

605 Toxicology (9 decks)

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