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605 Toxicology > CNS Mixed and Depressants > Flashcards

CNS Mixed and Depressants Flashcards

1
Q

zinc phosphide

A

found in underground rodenticides which when combined with water releases phosphine gas

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2
Q

Smell associated with zinc phosphide toxicity?

A

rotten garlic/fish

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3
Q

zinc phosphide MOA

A

phosphine gas absorbed across GI mucosa and/or inhaled leading to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema; also blocks cytochrome C oxidase leading to lipid peroxidation and circulating free radicals

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4
Q

zinc phosphide clinical signs

A

quick onset with tremors, seizures, [bloody] vomit, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

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5
Q

What MUST you use to induce vomiting in zinc phosphide patients?

A

apomorphine!

you cannot add ANYTHING to the stomach

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6
Q

Is there a risk to humans when treating zinc phosphide?

A

yes - the phosphine gas is toxic to us too; make sure to induce vomiting outside and then throw it away!

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7
Q

bromethalin

A

neurotoxic rodenticide found in bait and worms for moles

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8
Q

bromethalin MOA

A

converted to desmethylbromethalin in the liver which will dec. ATP production, loss of fluid pumps, and eventually edema around myelin sheaths

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9
Q

What species is resistant to bromethalin toxicity? Why?

A

guinea pigs because they are unable to desmethylate the bromethalin so they don’t get the toxic intermediate

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10
Q

Main lesion in bromethalin toxicity?

A

spongy degeneration of CNS white matter

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11
Q

Acute Bromethalin Clinical Signs

A

above lethal dose, has rapid onset with tremors/seizures, excitability, and about 100% mortality

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12
Q

Chronic Bromethalin Clinical Signs

A

below the lethal dose, slow onset (48+ hours), causes ataxia, paralysis, CNS depression, coma, death

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12
Q

Bromethalin Treatment

A

emesis if ingestion was recent (less than 4 hours)
MULTIPLE activated charcoal doses (d/t long half life)
supportive care

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12
Q

Pyrethrins

A

natural insecticide (from chyrsanthemums)

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13
Q

Pyrethroids

A

synthetic, has Type 1 and 2

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13
Q

Low Concentration Pyrethrins

A

examples include flea sprays, shampoos, foggers, wasp sprays, etc. that also contain alcohol (which is easily absorbed through skin)

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14
Q

Low Concentration Pyrethrin Clinical Signs in Dogs and Cats

A

dermal irritation, paw flicking, ear twitching, salivation if orally ingested

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15
Q

Low Concentration Pyrethrin Tx in Dogs and Cats

A

give em a damn bath, maybe some steroids and antihistamines

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16
Q

Concentrated Pyrethrins in Dogs

A

think your spot-on flea treatments; can cause skin hypersensitivity disorders and behavioral changes

just give them a Dawn bath

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17
Q

Concentrated Pyrethrins in Cats

A

cause SEVERE tremors (also depression, drooling)
commonly seen when accidentally given dog product or cats that love their dog friends

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18
Q

Concentrated Pyrethrin Tx in Cats

A

BATHE if stable but KEEP THEM WARM, supportive care, good prognosis

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19
Q

Lead Sources

A

fishing sinkers, batteries, old paint, tiles, bullets, etc

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20
Q

3 Routes of Lead Absorption

A
  1. Oral
  2. Tissue (like bullets)
  3. Inhalation (like fumes from sanding old paint)
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21
Q

Lead MOA

A

> 90% binds to RBCs and widely distributed to many tissues

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22
Q

Lead General Clinical Signs

A

can affect ALL organ systems; can sometimes see lead lines on radiographs (right); anemia; basophilic stippling (left); nucleated immature RBCs

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23
Q

Species Most Sensitive to Lead Toxicity (5)

A

cattle, human, horse, dog, waterfowl

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24
Q

Lead Tx

A

decontaminate (emesis, or direct removal via surgical techniques), cathartics to bind the lead; supportive care, chelators

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25
Q

Chelators

A

bind to and enhance elimination of metal but are also nephrotoxic so weigh pros/cons or use

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26
Q

Locoweeds

A

Astralagus and Oxytropis species in the western US on unusual soil types

27
Q

3 General Syndromes seen in Livestock as a result of Locoweeds

A
  1. Locoism
  2. Respiratory problems and peripheral nerve degeneration
  3. Selenium toxicity
28
Q

swainsonine

A

compound in locoweeds responsible for locoism that inhibits alpha-mannosidase (enzyme in brain)

29
Q

Locoism Clinical Signs

A

depression, blindness, ataxia, aggression, circling, infertility, weight loss

30
Q

nitroglycoside compounds

A

present in locoweeds and inhibit the Krebs cycle, causes resp and neuro problems (weakness, tremors, dazed appearance, proprioceptive probs)

31
Q

cracker heels

A

clicking sound when cattle dewclaws hit ground when walking

32
Q

How long for locoweed problems to develop?

A

4-6 weeks

33
Q

Species at greatest risk with locoweeds?

A

actually horses! but clearly cattle are affected too

34
Q

Locoweed Tx

A

all you can do is remove from source

35
Q

Centaurea spp.

A

yellow star thistle and Russian knapweed, located mainly in the western US

36
Q

Pathognomonic Lesion of Centaurea toxicity in horses?

A

Equine Nirgropallidal Encephalomalacia (ENE)
“chewing disease”

37
Q

nigropallidal bodies

A

responsible for controlling the ability to swallow!

38
Q

Clinical Signs of Centaurea Toxicity

A

only in horses; inability to prehend and swallow food and water, causing weight loss, dehydration, and aspiration pneumonia

39
Q

Tx for Centaurea Toxicity?

A

none once signs appear, horse probably gonna die

40
Q

Thiaminase Sources (3)

A

bracken fern, horse tail, raw fish

41
Q

Thiaminase MOA

A

breaks down thiamine (essential for ATP production)

42
Q

Thiaminase Tx

A

thiamine

43
Q

Thiaminase Clinical Signs

A

weakness, weight loss, impaired feed utilization, seizures

44
Q

What plant killed Abe Lincoln’s mom?

A

white snakeroot

45
Q

What animals are at increase risk of white snakeroot toxicity and why?

A

nursing animals because tremetol is passed in the milk

46
Q

White snakeroot onset?

A

several days of grazing required

47
Q

White Snakeroot Clinical Signs in Cattle

A

primarily CNS signs with depression, ataxia, stiffness, tremors, and reluctance to move

48
Q

White Snakeroot Clinical Signs in Horses

A

also CNS signs but horses are so so sensitive they will also profusely sweat, increase HR and RR, cardiac arrythmia and necrosis

49
Q

3 Main Signs of Marijuana Toxicity

A

Ataxia
Hyperesthesia
Urinary Incontinence

50
Q

Marijuana Treatment

A

supportive, keep them chill

51
Q

Fumonisin Clinical Signs in Horses

A

liver damage and CNS damage, including equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELM) (white matter necrosis) d/t chronic exposure; depression, blindness, ataxia, head-pressing, circling, death

52
Q

Fumonisin

A

mycotoxin from moldy corn poisoning

53
Q

Fumonisin Clinical Signs in Sheep

A

liver and pulmonary edema

54
Q

Fumonisin Toxicity Tx

A

once you see signs they’re kinda screwed so none

55
Q

Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN) aka Ammonia or Urea Toxicosis

A

seen in ruminants (sometimes horses but it is supplemented in ruminant feed so)

overdosing creates a buildup of NH3 in the rumen (absorbable through rumen wall) and results in systemic ammonia toxicosis which stops the Krebs cycle –> no energy production

56
Q

NPN Clinical Signs

A

onset quickly (20 min - 4 hours), high morbidity and mortality
tremors, weak, frequent urinating/defecating, arrythmias, cyanosis, convulsions, death

57
Q

NPN Tx

A

Acid and Cold Water

acidify with vinegar/acetic acid to trap ammonia in the rumen, cold water to slow hydrolysis

58
Q

Ammoniated Feeds Clinical Signs

A

causes Bovine Bonkers/Hysteria in CALVES because it is passed through the milk; convulsant d/t imidazoles and CNS depressant signs from other compounds

59
Q

Why do ranchers ammoniate feeds?

A

increase protein in the diet, increase palatability, digestibility, reduce spoilage

60
Q

Ammoniated Feed Tx

A

remove source, milk-out cow, minimize stress - good prognosis and fast recovery

61
Q

Avermectins

A

internal and external parasiticides

62
Q

Avermectin Effect on Chelonians?

A

flaccid paralysis and death

63
Q

chelonians

A

turtles and tortoises!

64
Q

What animals are sensitive to avermectins?

A

~5% of cats but much more commonly COLLIES, Aussies, Shelties d/t MDR-1 gene mutation (defective p-glycoprotein which normally removes avermectins from the brain)

65
Q

Avermectin Clinical Signs

A

depression, weakness, recumbency, ataxia, coma, tremors/seizures

66
Q

Avermectin Tx

A

emesis, AC, lipid therapy, symptomatic/supportive care

67
Q

How long to recover from avermectin overdose?

A

dependent on the drug itself, but can take days to weeks

68
Q

Opioid Antidote

A

naloxone

69
Q

Benzodiazepine Antidote

A

flumazenil

605 Toxicology (9 decks)

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