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MODA > PNS > Flashcards

PNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is synaptobrevin anchored by?

A

Hydrophobic carboxy terminus

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2
Q

How many alpha-helices does SNAP-25 have?

A

2

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3
Q

What does AChE bind to in the basement membrane?

A

Collagenous tail which binds to heparan sulphate proteiglycan

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4
Q

What are catecholamine metabolised by?

A

MAO and COMT

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5
Q

What are the two metabolites of catecholamines?

A

VMA and MOPEG

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6
Q

Where is VMA produced?

A

Periphery

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7
Q

Where is MOPEG produced?

A

In CNS

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8
Q

Where is MAO found?

A

Outer membrane of mitochondria in NA nerves, liver and intestinal epithelium

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9
Q

How does MAO act?

A

Oxidative deamination to aldehyde and then aldehyde dehydrogenase to carboxylic acid

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10
Q

Where is COMT found?

A

Cytosol of liver and adrenal medulla

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11
Q

How does COMT act?

A

Methylates an aromatic hdroxyl in the catecholamine

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters in the vas deferens?

A

ATP and NA

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13
Q

Neurotransmitters in the bladder?

A

ATP and ACh

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14
Q

Where are P2X receptors found?

A

CNS and PNS

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15
Q

What do P2X receptors cause in non-neuronal cells?

A

IL1B release

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16
Q

What are P2X receptors selective to?

A

Non-selective cation

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17
Q

How many isoforms assemble as homo/heterotrimer in the P2X receptor?

A

7

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18
Q

What are TM1 and TM2 loops separated by in the P2X receptor?

A

10 disulphide bonds

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19
Q

Which autoreceptors does caffeine inhibit?

A

A1 autoreceptor

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20
Q

Where does the ATP bind in the P2X receptor?

A

Between two subunits

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21
Q

What are the three kinds of NOS?

A

Neuronal, inducible and endothelial

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22
Q

When is inducible NOS used?

A

In macrophages after LPS or IFN-gamma

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23
Q

What does NOS acting on L-arginine produce?

A

NO and L-citrulline

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24
Q

What mediates shear-stress?

A

PKB

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25
Q

How does cortisol affect PNMT expression?

A

Decreases it

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26
Q

What is ratio of NA:ATP storage?

A

4:1

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27
Q

How do presynaptic alpha2 receptors decrease NA release?

A

GPCR to K+ channel to hyperpolarise

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28
Q

How do presynaptic beta2 receptors enhance NA release?

A

Increase cAMP, increase PKA, increase calcium

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29
Q

What does uptake 1?

A

NET

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30
Q

What does uptake 2?

A

ENT

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31
Q

Is NET or ENT Na-dependent?

A

NET

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32
Q

How does M1 produce slow EPSP?

A

Inhibits K+ M current

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33
Q

Which family of K+ channels mediates the M current?

A

Kv7

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34
Q

Where is M2 expressed?

A

Presynaptically - inhibits release

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35
Q

WHat does alpha subunit of M2/4 do?

A

Inhibits adenyl cyclase

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36
Q

What does beta-gamma subunit of M2/4 do?

A

Opens GIRK channel in pacemaker tisssue

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37
Q

Where is M3 found?

A

Exocrine glands, sweat glands, oxyntic cells, smooth muscle

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38
Q

What does the VAT export and import?

A

One NA/ACh in, two H+ out

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39
Q

Which mAChRs act on the CNS?

A

4 and 5

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40
Q

Are P2X and P2Y ligand gated or GPCR?

A

P2X = ligand gated, P2Y = GPCR

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41
Q

What is the function of MAO?

A

Inactivates monoamines from gut

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42
Q

Which catecholamines does MAO-A work on?

A

Serotonin, NA and DA

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43
Q

Which catecholamines does MAO-B work on?

A

DA2

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44
Q

Which mAChRs are Gq coupled?

A

1,3,5

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45
Q

Which mAChRs are Gi coupled?

A

2 and 4

46
Q

Which mAChRs are found in the PNS?

A

1,2,3

47
Q

Which mAChRs are found in the CNS?

A

4 and 5

48
Q

Where is M2 expressed?

A

Heart and nerve terminals

49
Q

How does M3 cause eNOS stimulation?

A

Ca2+ - CaM - eNOS

50
Q

Which mAChRs produce IP3 and DAG for smooth muscle and secretion?

A

1 and 5

51
Q

What is the rate limiting step in adrenaline production?

A

Tyrosine to DOPA

52
Q

What is chain from tyrosine to adrenaline?

A

Tyrosine to DOPA to dopamine to NA to adrenaline

53
Q

What converts tyrosine to DOPA?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

54
Q

What converts DOPA to dopamine?

A

DOPA decarboxylase

55
Q

What converts dopamine to NA?

A

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase

56
Q

What converts NA to adrenaline?

A

PNMT

57
Q

Where is parasympathetic ACh instead of NA?

A

Sweat glands

58
Q

What does retrograde axonal transport?

A

Dynein

59
Q

What does fast axonal transport?

A

Kinesin

60
Q

What provides electrochemical gradient for transmitters?

A

Proton pump acidifies vesicle interior

61
Q

Which snare doe botulinum cleave?

A

t-SNARE

62
Q

What does bungarotoxin have to degreade active zone lipids?

A

PLA2

63
Q

Which subunits does Nneuronal have?

A

ALpha beta

64
Q

What groups does mAChR antagonists have?

A

Ester, basic and aromatic replacing the acetate

65
Q

What is the only uncharged stigmine?

A

Rivastigmine

66
Q

When is VMA increased in urine?

A

Pheochromocytoma

67
Q

Which receptor causes insulin release inhibition?

A

ALpha 2

68
Q

Which receptor causes lipolysis and thermogenesis?

A

Beta 3

69
Q

Which receptor causes hepatic glycogenolysis?

A

Beta 2

70
Q

Why does NA cause vasoconstriction?

A

No vasodilation form beta 2

71
Q

What kind of receptors are the A adenosine receptor?

A

All GPCRs

72
Q

Two kinds of adenosine receptor?

A

A and P2

73
Q

Which transporter takes ATP into vesciles?

A

VNUT

74
Q

What breaks down ATP?

A

Ectonucleotidase

75
Q

What hydrolyses ATP to inosine?

A

Adenosine deaminase

76
Q

Why is adenosine produced during hypoxia?

A

Saves energy by inhibiting myocardial contractility

77
Q

WHich adenosine receptors inhibit neurotransmitter release?

A

A1 autoreceptors

78
Q

What inhibits the A1 autoreceptors?

A

Caffeine

79
Q

What promotes expression of neuronal NOS?

A

Insulin

80
Q

What stimulates inducible NOS in macrophages?

A

LPS or IFNgamma

81
Q

Why does NO have no receptors?

A

Diffuses

82
Q

How does NO activate sGC?

A

Interacts with its haem group

83
Q

What does sGC do?

A

Activates PKG and relaxes smooth muscle

84
Q

What does inhibitng NO do to vascular smooth muscle?

A

Hyperpolarises

85
Q

What mediates shear-stress?

A

PKB

86
Q

Where are nitretergic synapses found?

A

Upper airways, GI tract, sexual organs

87
Q

Why do neuropeptides need increased calcium?

A

Don’t cluster at the active zone

88
Q

Whcih EPSP do neuropeptides account for?

A

Late slow

89
Q

Why can dopamine beta-hydroxylase measure sympathetic activity?

A

Released with NA and not degraded

90
Q

What metabolises tyramine?

A

MAO

91
Q

How does weak base affect amine packaging?

A

Reduces pH gradient

92
Q

What is tachyphylaxis?

A

Need NA in vesicles to get a respose from some drugs so get less of a response after a while

93
Q

How does alpha-2 decrease NA release?

A

GPCR to K+ channel to hyperpol

94
Q

How does beta-2 enhance NA release?

A

Increased cAMP to increased PKA to inreased Ca2+

95
Q

How do M2 receptors and delta opioid receptors affect NA release?

A

Both decrease

96
Q

Which uptake terminates transmitter action?

A

Uptake 1

97
Q

What is affinity and capacity of uptake 2 like?

A

Low affinity, high capacity

98
Q

Is NET Na dependent or independent?

A

Dependent

99
Q

Where are M1 receptors?

A

Smooth muscle contraction and secretion from glands

100
Q

What is the rate limiting step for ACh?

A

Choline uptake

101
Q

What is affinity of choline transporter?

A

High

102
Q

Which is L dopa and which is carbidopa?

A

L-dopa can cross BBB, carbidopa can’t

103
Q

What is alpha-methyl NA affinity?

A

Less on alpha1, same on alpha2

104
Q

What is alpha1 receptor coupled to?

A

Gq

105
Q

What is alpha2 receptor coupled to?

A

Gi

106
Q

Which BOTOX targets synaptobrevin?

A

B, D, F, G

107
Q

Which BOTOX targets SNAP-25 and syntaxin?

A

C1

108
Q

What are all beta receptors coupled to?

A

Gs

109
Q

What does malathion treat?

A

Head lice

110
Q

What takes up adenosine?

A

Adenosine transporter

111
Q

Which study showed G proteins have persistent signal even when internalised?

A

Calebiro et al 2010

112
Q

Which study said alpha1 receptor has action in nicotine addiction?

A

Forget et al 2010

MODA (10 decks)

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