Neuropharm Flashcards
What causes inflammatory cell influx?
TNF-alpha
How does NGF cause pain?
Either increases activity or converts silent nociceptor
Where do NSAIDs and opiods act?
SPine, CNS, PNS
Why don’t local anaesthetics work as well in inflamed areas?
More acidic so more ionised so can’t penetrate
What do opiates mimic?
Endorphins
What are the four opiate receptors?
Mu, kappa, delta and orphan
What kind of receptors are opiod receptors?
GPCRs and cause hyperpol
Where do inhibitory pain pathways begin?
PAG
Which animal has alpha-2 agonist and NSAID sensitivity?
Cow
Which opioid receptors do birds and reptiles have?
Kappa
Where are D2 receptors found?
Pre and post synaptically
How do D2 receptors affect ion conductance?
Increase K+, decrease Ca2+
Where are D2 receptors found?
Striatum and cortex
Where is alpha-2 action centrally?
Presynaptic
Where is alpha-2 action peripherally?
Postsynaptic
Where are there lots of adrenergic neurones in the rat brain?
Locus coeruleus
What stimulates the LC in chronic stress states?
Cortisol
Where is the second most plentiful area of NA neurones?
Lateral tegmental area
What are the predominant sedative class in large animals?
Alpha-2 agonist
What kind of receptors are GABA-C and GABA-A?
Ionotrophic
What kind of receptor is GABA B?
GPCR
Which GABA receptor is implicated in general anaesthesia?
A
How many GABA binding sites are there per receptor complex on the beta subunit?
2
What do binding sites on the alpha subunit do?
Enhance chloride input
Which GABA subunits are found lots in the hippocampus?
Alpha-5
What is the GABA alpha-1 subunit associated with?
Sedative and anticonvulsant
What is the GABA alpha-2 subunit assocaited with?
Anxiolytic
Where is the GABA binding site for inhalational agents?
Alpha subunit
Where is the GABA binding site for injectible agents?
Beta subunit
Three kinds of antidepressants?
Tricyclic, SSRI, MAO inhibitor
How do all epilepsy treatments act?
Reduce electrical activity
Why are cattle sensitive to xylazine?
Uptake mechanism
How does decreased temp affect MAC?
Decreases
How does decreased pressure affect MAC?
Decreases
How does age affect MAC?
Decreases
How do Na and Mg affect MAC?
Decrease
Where is dog appeasing pheremone released from?
Lactating bitch
Where is horse appeasing pheremone released from?
Lactating mare
How do progesterone and oestrogens inhibit male related behaviours?
Suppress Glu transmission
Which GABA subunit is associated with anxyolysis?
Alpha-2
Which class tonically inhibits the beta subunit?
Barbiturates
How does “Pet Remedy” work?
GABA agonist faciliator
Why is status epilepticus life threatening?
Heart failure
What is ictus?
Fitting
What can epilepsy be reactive to?
e.g. Pyrexia, hypoglycaemia
