PNS Flashcards
Nicotinic (n) location
all ANS ganglia
Nicotinic (n) response to activation
- stimulate parasympathetic + sympathetic postganglionic nerves
- release epinephrine from adrenal medulla
Nicotinic (n) receptor agonist drug
nicotine
Nicotinic (n) receptor antagonist drug
Mecamylamine
Nicotinic (m) location
neuromuscular junction
Nicotinic (m) activation response
skeletal mm contraction
Nicotinic (m) receptor agonist drug
nicotine
Nicotinic (m) receptor antagonist drug
NBA: pancuronium, vecuronium bromide, succinylcholine
Muscarinic location
parasympathetic target organs: eye, heart, lung, bladder, GI tract, sweat glands, sex organs, blood vessels
Muscarinic activation response - eye
- pupil constriction
- ciliary mm contraction - near vision
Muscarinic activation response - heart
decrease HR
Muscarinic activation response - lungs
- bronchoconstriction
- secretion promotions
Muscarinic activation response - bladder
- contract detrusor: increase pressure
- relax sphincter: urine leaves bladder
- increase urination
Muscarinic activation response - GI tract
- increased secretion (gastric, saliva)
- increase motility
- defecation
Muscarinic activation response - sweat glands
general sweating
Muscarinic activation response - sex organs
erection
Muscarinic activation response - blood vessels
vasodilation
Muscarinic receptor agonist drug
bethanechol
Muscarinic receptor antagonist drug
atropine
Atropine actions
increase HR, decrease secretions, bronchodilation, decrease bladder tone, decrease GI tone + motility, pupil dilation, CNS excitation
Atropine use
bradycardia, eye disorders, muscarinic agonist poisoning antidote
Atropine adverse effects
dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia
Oxybutynin use
increases bladder capacity by delaying desire to pee
Oxybutynin adverse effect
can’t see, pee spit, shit
- urinary retention, blurry vision, constipation, dry mouth
Oxybutynin implications
monitor I/O and voiding pattern
NBA MOA
block ach from activating nicotinic m receptors - mm relaxation (except succinylcholine)
Pancuronium, Vecuronium bromide Use
induced flaccid paralysis, surgery, endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation
Pancuronium, Vecuronium bromide adverse effects
- respiratory depression
- fully conscious (needs sedation)
Pancuronium, Vecuronium bromide implications
toxicity: respiratory support
Succinylcholine
causes constant mm contraction
Succinylcholine use
intubation for mechanical ventilation, paralysis
Succinylcholine adverse effects
- malignant hyperthermia
- respiratory depression
Succinylcholine implications
malignant hyperthermia
- mm rigidity or spasms
- rapid shallow breathing
- low O2 and high CO2
- tachycardia, dysrhythmias, fever, sweating, mottled skin
Pancuronium, Vecuronium bromide interactions
- general anesthetics enhance action
- antibiotics intensify response
- cholinesterase inhibitor decreases effects
Alpha 1 receptor locations
eye, arterioles, veins, sex organs, prostatic capsule, bladder
Alpha 1 activation response - eye
mydriasis - pupil dilation
Alpha 1 activation response - arterioles
Constriction: skin, viscera, mucous membranes
Alpha 1 activation response - veins
vasoconstriction
Alpha 1 activation response - sex organs
ejaculation
Alpha 1 activation response - prostatic capsule
contraction
Alpha 1 activation response - bladder
bladder contraction of trigone and sphincter - decrease urination
Alpha 2 location
presynaptic nerve terminals
Alpha 2 activation response
inhibition of transmitter release
Beta 1 location
heart
Beta 1 activation response
- increased HR, force of contraction, AV conduction velocity
- release of renin
Beta 2 location
arterioles, bronchi, uterus, liver, skeletal mm
Beta 2 activation response - arterioles
dilation in heart, lung, skeletal mm
Beta 2 activation response - bronchi
bronchodilation
Beta 2 activation response - uterus
uterus relaxation
Beta 2 activation response - liver
liver glycogenolysis
Beta 2 activation response - skeletal mm
enhanced contraction
Dopamine receptor location
kidneys
Dopamine receptor activation response
dilation of kidney vasculature - increase renal profusion
Drugs can activate adrenergic receptors by 4 mechanisms
- direct receptor binding
- promotion of norepinephrine release
- blockade of norepinephrine reuptake
- inhibition of norepinephrine inactivation
Catecholamines
direct acting, short half-life, cannot be given PO
Non-catecholamines
direct acting, indirect acting, dual acting, longer half life, only PO, more able to cross BBB
Pancuronium, vecuronium bromide, and succinylcholine are…
nicotinic cholinergic antagonists (NBAs)
Atropine is a…
muscarinic antagonist
Oxybutynin is an
muscarinic antagonist
Alpha 1 uses/drug
- hemostasis (vasoconstriction)/epi
- nasal decongestion/pseudoephedrine
- adjunct to local anesthesia/epi
- elevate blood pressure (vasoconstriction)
- mydriasis
Alpha 1 adverse effect of activation
hypertension, necrosis, bradycardia
Alpha 2 use
- inhibits NE
Beta 1 uses
cardiac arrest, heart failure, shock, AV heart block
Beta 1 adverse effects of activation
altered HR or rhythm, angina pectoris
Beta 2 uses
asthma/terbutaline inhalation, delay of preterm labor
Beta 2 adverse effects of activation
hyperglycemia (DM pt only), tremor
Dopamine use
dilation of kidney vasculature (dopamine is only drug to activate dopamine receptors)
Prazosin is an
alpha 1 adrenergic antagonist
Prazosin use
- benign prostatic hyperplasia - relax smooth mm in bladder/prostatic
- essential hypertension
-dilation of aa/vv (Raynaud’s)
Prazosin adverse effects
Reflex tachycardia (MOST significant), orthostatic hypotension, inhibition of ejaculation
Propranolol pharmacologic effects
decreased HR and CO
Propranolol is a
Beta 1 & beta 2 adrenergic antagonist
Propranolol use
hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction
Propranolol adverse effects
CV: bradycardia, AV heart block, heart failure, rebound cardiac excitation
CNS: depression, insomnia, nightmares, hallucinations
Inhibition of glycogenolysis
Bronchoconstriction
Metoprolol is a
beta 1 adrenergic antagonist
Metoprolol pharmacologic effects
decrease HR and CO
Metoprolol use
hypertension
Patients with asthma and DM should avoid ___ and take ___
avoid propranolol and take metoprolol
Metoprolol adverse effects
bradycardia, AV heart block, heart failure, rebound cardiac excitation
Metoprolol implications
safer with asthma and diabetic patients
Clonidine pharmacological effects
vasodilates blood vessels, decreases BP and HR
Clonidine is an
centrally acting alpha 2 adrenergic agonist
Clonidine use
hypertension, severe pain, ADHD, anxiety disorders, opioid withdrawal management
Clonidine adverse effects
Neuro: drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, headache
CV: hypotension, sinus/AV arrhythmias
GI: dry mouth, constipation, n/v
Clonidine implications
do not stop suddenly, monitor BP + pulse, don’t give to kids <6 or pregnant
IV Epinephrine receptors
Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, Beta 2
IV Epinephrine Use
anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest
IV Epinephrine adverse effects
- hypertension (a1)
- angina (b1)
- dysrhythmias (b1)
- necrosis following extravasation
- hyperglycemia (b2 in DM)
Norepinephrine receptor
Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1 adrenergic agonist
Norepinephrine use
cardiac arrest, hypotension
Norepinephrine adverse effects
- hypertension (a1)
- dysrhythmias (b1)
- angina (b1)
- necrosis following extravasation
IV Isoproterenol receptor
Beta 1 and Beta 2 adrenergic agonist
IV isoproterenol use
AV block, shock, increase CO, asthma, bronchospasm
IV Isoproterenol adverse effects
Tachydysrhythmias, angina pectoris, hyperglycemia
IV Isoproterenol interactions
MAO inhibitors
IV Dopamine receptors
B1 in high doses, A1 adrenergic agonists
IV Dopamine Use
acute renal failure
IV Dopamine adverse effects
tachycardia, dysrhythmias, angina
IV Dopamine implications
Measure therapeutic outcome by measuring urine output, increase fluids
IV Dobutamine receptor
Beta 1 adrenergic agonist
IV Dobutamine use
heart failure
IV Dobutamine adverse effects
Tachycardia, monitor BP and ECG
IV Terbutaline receptors
Beta 2 adrenergic agonist
IV Terbutaline use
asthma, delay of preterm labor
IV Terbutaline adverse effects
Tremors, tachycardia