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Pharmacology > Antibiotics/Antivirals/Anti-fungals Condensed Version > Flashcards

Antibiotics/Antivirals/Anti-fungals Condensed Version Flashcards

1
Q

Sulfonamides MOA

A

inhibits synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid

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2
Q

Sulfonamides bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bacteriostatic

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3
Q

Sulfonamide meds

A

Sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim

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4
Q

Sulfonamide Use

A

UTIs - E. Coli
MRSA

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5
Q

Sulfonamide side effects

A

Photosensitivity, stevens-johnson syndrome, itching, rash, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, renal damage

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6
Q

Sulfonamide implications

A

Decrease sun, increase water, teratogenic (moms, <2 months), monitor BS in DM patients

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7
Q

Penicillin bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bactericidal

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8
Q

Penicillin MOA

A

weaken bacterial cell wall

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9
Q

Penicillin meds

A
  • Narrow (s): penicillin G/V
  • Narrow (r): nafcillin
  • Broad: ampicillin, amoxicillin
  • Extended: piperacillin
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10
Q

Penicillin uses

A

skin, ear, urinary, STIs, pneumonia, meningitis

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11
Q

Penicillin side effects

A

Allergic reaction: anaphylaxis, rash itching, hives
Broad: rash/diarrhea

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12
Q

Penicillin implications

A

PO: empty stomach
IM: prescribed in units, aspirate
Keep epi/resp support for 30mins

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13
Q

Cephalosporins bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bactericidal

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14
Q

Cephalosporin MOA

A

weaken bacterial wall

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15
Q

Cephalosporin med

A

increase activity against gram (-) bacteria, resistance to beta-lactamases, and ability to reach CSF/cross BBB with each new generation

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16
Q

Ceph generations

A
  1. cefazolin
  2. cefotetan
  3. ceftriaxone
  4. cefepime
  5. ceftaroline
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17
Q

Cephalosporin use

A

meningitis, MRSA

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18
Q

Cephalosporin side effects

A

CEF the GIANT

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19
Q

Cephalosporin implications

A
  • use cautiously with renal insufficiency
  • rotate IVs to avoid thrombophlebitis
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20
Q

Vancomycin bactericidal or bacteriostatic

A

bactericidal

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21
Q

Vancomycin MOA

A

weakens cell wall

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22
Q

Vancomycin use

A

CDI, MRSA, alt/PCN, reserve for severe infections

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23
Q

Vancomycin side effects

A

Ototoxic, nephrotoxic, red person syndrome (flushing, rash, itching, tachycardia, hypotension)

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24
Q

Vancomycin implications

A
  • infuse slowly
  • 10-20mcg/mL range
  • Avoid alcohol
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25
Q

Tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bacteriostatic

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26
Q

Tetracycline MOA

A

inhibit protein synthesis

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27
Q

Tetracycline meds

A

doxycycline, minocycline

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28
Q

Tetracycline use

A

Chlamydia, acne

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29
Q

Tetracycline side effects

A

GI, teeth stain, suppress bone growth, CDI superinfection, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, photosensitivity

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30
Q

Tetracycline implications

A
  • no antacids or milk
  • teratogenic (moms, <8 y/o)
  • don’t give if renal insufficient
  • Empty stomach, w/food for GI distress
  • sunscreen
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31
Q

Macrolides bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bacteriostatic

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32
Q

Macrolides MOA

A

inhibit protein synthesis

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33
Q

Macrolides meds

A

erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin

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34
Q

Macrolides use

A

Respiratory: pneumonia, sinus
Skin: chlamydia, ear
Alt/PCN

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35
Q

Macrolides side effects

A

QT prolongation, hepatotoxic, GI

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36
Q

Macrolides implications

A
  • avoid antacids and antidysrhythmic drugs
  • w/food for GI distress
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37
Q

Oxizolidinones bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bacteriostatic

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38
Q

Oxizolidinones meds

A

linezolid

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39
Q

Linezolid MOA

A

inhibit protein synthesis

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40
Q

Oxizolidinones use

A

VRE, MRSA

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41
Q

Oxizolidinones side effects

A

myelosuppression - decreased bone marrow activity

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42
Q

Oxizolidinones implications

A
  • monitor CBC for myelosuppression
  • avoid MAO inhibitors, tyramine, SSRIs
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43
Q

Clindamycin MOA

A

inhibits protein synthesis

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44
Q

Clindamycin use

A

MRSA, alt/PCN

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45
Q

Clindamycin side effects

A

CDI

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46
Q

Clindamycin implications

A

monitor liver, educate on CDI

47
Q

Aminoglycosides bacteriostatic or bactericidal

A

bactericidal

48
Q

Aminoglycosides MOA

A

inhibits protein synthesis

49
Q

Aminoglycosides med

A

gentamycin

50
Q

Aminoglycosides Use

A

serious aerobic gram (-) infections

51
Q

Aminoglycoside side effects

A

ototoxic, nephrotoxic

52
Q

Aminoglycosides implications

A
  • monitor peaks and troughs
  • daily IV preferred - decrease ototoxicity
53
Q

Fluoroquinolones MOA

A

inhibit DNA/RNA

54
Q

Fluoroquinolones meds

A

ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin

55
Q

Fluoroquinolones Use

A

respiratory, UTI, GI infections

56
Q

Fluoroquinolone side effects

A

photosensitivity, tendon rupture

57
Q

Fluoroquinolones implications

A
  • sunscreen
  • no milk, antacids, cationic compounds
58
Q

Metronidazole MOA

A

inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase

59
Q

Metronidazole use

A

CDI, gardnerella vaginalis, H pylori

60
Q

Metronidazole side effects

A

neurotoxic, metallic taste, hepatotoxic, urine discoloration

61
Q

Metronidazole implication

A

no alcohol - disulfiram reaction

62
Q

Isoniazid MOA

A

inhibit growth of mycobacteria

63
Q

Isoniazid use

A

active and latent TB

64
Q

Isoniazid side effects

A

hepatotoxic, peripheral neuropathy (treat with pyridoxine, vitamin B), optic neuritis, anemia

65
Q

Isoniazid implications

A
  • monitor liver enzymes
  • no alcohol
66
Q

Rifampin MOA

A

destroys DNA/RNA

67
Q

Rifampin Use

A

TB, MRSA

68
Q

Rifampin side effects

A

hepatotoxic, red/orange body fluids

69
Q

Rifampin implications

A
  • contraindicated w/liver disease
  • minimize alcohol
  • monitor liver
  • drug interaction w/birth control
70
Q

Pyrazinamide MOA

A

inhibits growth of mycobacteria

71
Q

Pyrazinamide use

A

TB

72
Q

Pyrazinamide side effects

A

hepatotoxic, hyperuricemia

73
Q

Pyrazinamide implications

A
  • monitor liver
  • liver and kidney tests frequently
74
Q

Ethambutol MOA

A

inhibit growth of mycobacterium

75
Q

Ethambutol use

A

TB and resistant TB

76
Q

Ethambutol side effects

A

optic neuritis, hyperuricemia, not hepatotoxic

77
Q

Ethambutol implications

A

educate on optic neuritis
monitor hyperuricemia

78
Q

Amphotericin B MOA

A

increase cell membrane permeability

79
Q

Amphotericin B use

A

systemic mycoses, IV only, not absorbed well through intestine

80
Q

Amphotericin B side effects

A

nephrotoxic, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, highly toxic, infusion reaction (fever, chills, nausea, headache)

81
Q

Amphotericin B implications

A
  • monitor urine output
  • 1000mL normal saline day of meds
  • pretreat with diphenhydramine and acetaminophen
  • infuse slowly over 2-4 hrs
  • IV only
  • monitor potassium levels
82
Q

Itraconazole/fluconazole MOA

A

inhibits fungal cytochrome

83
Q

Itraconazole/fluconazole route

A

PO, topical, alt for ampho-b

84
Q

Itraconazole/fluconazole use

A

systemic mycoses + superficial fungal infections

85
Q

Itraconazole/fluconazole side effects

A

Decreased HR, hepatotoxic, drugs that decrease gastric acidity reduce PO absorption

86
Q

Itraconazole/fluconazole implications

A
  • educate on GI effects + drug interactions
  • monitor liver + HR
87
Q

AZT/Zidovudine MOA

A

early termination of DNA strand

88
Q

AZT/Zidovudine use

A

HIV/AIDS - choice of drugs

89
Q

AZT/Zidovudine side effects

A

Severe anemia, neutropenia, liver damage, lactic acidosis w/hepatomegaly

90
Q

AZT/Zidovudine implications

A

monitor liver + CBC

91
Q

Lopinavir/ritonavir, fosamprenavir MOA

A

cleaves bonds in polyprotein to keep virus immature and noninfectious

92
Q

Lopinavir/ritonavir, fosamprenavir use

A

HIV

93
Q

Lopinavir/ritonavir, fosamprenavir side effects

A

Hyperglycemia, DM, lipodystrophy, hyperlipidemia

94
Q

Lopinavir/ritonavir, fosamprenavir implications

A
  • high fat meals can increase toxicity
  • monitor liver, lipids, glucose
  • take on empty stomach at night
95
Q

Efavirenz MOA

A

direct inhibition

96
Q

Efavirenz use

A

HIV

97
Q

Efavirenz side effects

A

CNS: insomnia, depression, HA, impaired consciousness
Hepatotoxic
Teratogenic

98
Q

Efavirenz implications

A
  • do not take if pregnant/trying
  • empty stomach at night
  • monitor liver
  • high fat meals can increase toxicity
99
Q

Raltegravir MOA

A

prevent integration into DNA

100
Q

Raltegravir use

A

HIV and resistant HIV

101
Q

Raltegravir side effects

A

hepatotoxic, elevation in serum amylase + lipase (pancreatic issues)

102
Q

Raltegravir implications

A
  • take w/wo food
  • monitor liver + pancreas
103
Q

Acyclovir MOA

A

inhibit replication by suppressing DNA

104
Q

Acyclovir use

A

HSV: type 1 (mouth) type 2 (genital)
VZV

105
Q

Acyclovir side effects

A

IV: reversible nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxic
PO: GI distress, vertigo, HA
Topical: stinging

106
Q

Acyclovir implications

A
  • monitor renal lab levels
  • no cure, just diminish symptoms and decrease length of illness
  • use condoms
107
Q

Valacyclovir route

A

PO only

108
Q

Influenza vaccine side effects

A
  • injection site redness/pain
  • Fever, malaise, mylagia 1-2 days
  • LAIV: runny nose, congestion
  • Risk for Guillain-Barre syndrome
109
Q

Influenza vaccine implications

A
  • protection 1-2 wks post vaccine
  • Defer if febrile illness
  • do not give LAIV to immunocomporomised
  • 6 months + should be vaccinated annually
  • 6mo-8years should have 2 vaccines, 1 month apart if they have never been vaccinated
  • precaution: pt. with hypersensitivty/anaphylatic reaction to eggs
110
Q

Influenza medication routes

A

PO: oseltamivir, amantadine, rimantadine
Inhalation: zanamivir

111
Q

Influenza medications use

A

Oseltamivir+zanamivir: flu A+B, prophylaxis

112
Q

Influenza meds side effects

A

GI distress, neuropsychiatric effects in young, cough, sore throat

113
Q

Influenza med implications

A

Start no later than 2 days after symptoms begin

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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