Pneumothorax Flashcards

1
Q

Definition

A

air dans espace pleural par rupture de la plevre:
- viscerale
- parietale (rare)

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2
Q

Types de pneumothorax

A

Spontane:
- primaire: sans maladie respiratoire sous-jacente, sur poumon sain
- secondaire

Non-spontane traumatique:
- iatrogene (voie centrale sous-claviere)
- non-iatrogene

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3
Q

Danger vital

A
  • pneumothorax sous tension: shift mediastinal et choc
  • bilateral
  • maladie respiratoire severe sous-jacente
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4
Q

Consequences phyisologiques

A

hypoventilation alveolaire par atelectasie par compression -> effet shunt

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5
Q

PNO spontane primaire

A

bleps (bulles <1cm, souvent a l’apex pulmonaire) se rupturent par surpression (crise d’asthme p.ex.)
- air vient de l’arbre bronchique

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6
Q

PNO spontane secondaire

A
  • rupture de macrobulle d’emphyseme, favorisee par DDB distales (maladies obstructives)
  • rupture de kyste (maladies interstitielles)
  • PNO catemenial (implants d’endometriose: hemorragie 24-72h apres debut des menstruations)
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7
Q

PNO traumatiques

A

Traumatisme ferme:
- esquille osseuse (fracture costale)
- blast pulmonaire (decompression)
- rupture bronchique

Traumatisme ouvert: arme blanche, par balles

PNO iatrogene:
- ponction transparietale, PTT
- biopsie endobronchique par endoscopie
- barotraumatisme (ventilation assistee a pression positive)

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8
Q

Symptomes

A
  • douleur latero-thoracique respiro-dependante qui s’attenue
  • toux
  • dyspnee
  • decompensation d’une maladie pulmonaire chronique
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9
Q

Examen clinique

A
  • tympanisme homolateral (PNO franc)
  • diminution des BRN homolateraux
  • diminution des VV homolaterales
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10
Q

Imagerie

A

RX:
- hyperclarte/transparence si PNO complet
- atelectasie passive (pas de deviation de la trachee car le poumon est remplace par de l’air)
- opacite lineaire

CT:
- doute dx
- orientation de la mise en place d’un drain
- recherche etiologique

Echographie pleurale

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11
Q

Options therapeutiques

A

Abstention

Exsufflation a l’aiguille: si <2,5L
! recidives -> toujours faire RX apres

Drain:
- ligne medio-axillaire (4-5e EIC)
- ligne medio-claviculaire (2e EIC)

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12
Q

Risques de recidives

A
  • tabagisme
  • PNO primaire: risque augmente a chaque recidive
  • PNO secondaire: risque >40-60%
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13
Q

Prevention des recidives

A
  • sevrage tabagique
  • pas d’avion 3sem post-intervention
  • contre-indication a la plongee
  • PNO catamenial: thoracoscopie et agoniste LHRH
  • pleurodese
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14
Q

Pleurodese

A

= fusion des feuillets pleuraux pour eviter les recidives

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15
Q

Indications de pleurodese

A

PNO primaire: si fuite persistante ou recidive
PNO secondaire: au 1er episode

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16
Q

Methodes de pleurodese

A
  • talcage: inflammation et symphyse
  • abrasion mecanique et resection de bleps en surface
  • pleurectomie parietale (efficace ++)