Pneumonia Flashcards
What is Pnuemonia?
An inflammatory condition of the lung which leads to abnormal alveolar filling with consolidation and exudation
What is the pathology of Pneumonia?
During a pulmonary infection
Acute swelling
Causes migration of neutrophils from capillaries to airspace’s (Alveoli)
Cells phagocytose releasing antimicrobial enzymes and inhibitors
=more inflamation and oedema
What are the 4 stages of pneumonia?
Congestion - first 24 hours
Red Hepatization - 2-3 days
Grey Hepatization - 4-6days
Resolution - >6days
What is the Congestion phase of Pneumonia?
1st, 24 hours Vascular engorgement Intra-alveolar fluid Numerous bacteria Boggy, red lungs
What is the Red Hepatization phase of pneumonia?
2-3 days
Massive exudation develops- RB cells, fibrin and leukocytes filling space
Affected area - red, firm, airless, liver like state
What is the grey Hepatization phase?
4-6 days
Progressive disintegration of red blood cells
Persistence of fibrin exudate
What is the resolution phase of pneumonia?
> 6 days
Consolidated exudate in alveoli undergoes progressive digestion
Creates debris which is later reabsorbed, indigested by macrophages or coughed up
Most physio involved - clear in order to avoid further infection
What are the cause of pneumonia?
Bacteria - streptococcus pneumonia, HIB - haemophilus influenza type B Fungi Virus - respiratory Parasites Chemicals Aspiration Inhalation. - smoke, burns
What are the classifications of pneumonia?
Community Acquired Pneumonia - CAP
Health Care Associated Pneumonia - HCAP
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia - HAP
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia - VAP
What are symptoms of Pneumonia?
Most to least common
Fever Malaise Muscle ache/ fatigue Coughing Tectile Fremitus on palpation Dyspnoea - SOB Pleuritic or chest pain Loss of appetite Rapid HR Coughing up blood Fatigue Nausea Diarrhoea Wheezing Confusion
What are complications of Pneumonia?
Lung abscess
Pleural effusions
Epyema
Septic Shock
What is the medical diagnosis of Pneumonia?
Temp >38 HR >100 Crackles Decreased breath sounds/ bronchial breath sounds Absence of asthma CXR CT scan Blood test
How to manage Pneumonia?
Antibiotics/ anti-fungal Oxygen support Hydration Rest Analgesics Cough suppression Meds/physio for symptoms Non P - positioning/VQ P - sputum clearance, breath exercises
