Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micropathology > Pneumoconiosis, Thrombi, and Emboli (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Pneumoconiosis, Thrombi, and Emboli (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is pneumoconiosis?

A

inhalation and deposition of dust particles in the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is anthracosis?

A

-lungs turn black from inhaling coal or carbon dust
-results in black lung disease, also known as coal miner’s disease

note: a subtype of this is caplan’s syndrome which is black lung (anthracosis) + RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Caplan’s syndrome?

A

black lung (anthracosis) + RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is asbestosis?

A

-inhalation of asbestos
-found in building materials and car parts
-inhalation leads to mesothelioma (irritation or scarring of lung tissue causing lungs to become stiff)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which inhalation disorder caused mesothelioma?

A

asbestosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is mesothelioma?

A

irritation and scarring of lung tissue causing lungs to become stiff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is silicosis?

A

-inhaling silica from sand, rocks, or glass
-common in sandblasting, mining stone cutting, and ceramics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is siderosis?

A

-inhalation of iron dust
-damages lungs and will appear rusty orange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some exogenous chemicals that cause damage to the body?

A

-carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
-acetaminophen/ Tylenol
-alcohol
-amphetamines
-aniline dyes
-carbon monoxide
-cocaine
-heroin/opioids
-insecticides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which exogenous chemical is this?
-previously used as a fumigant (now banned)
-still used as propellants
-inhalation causes damage to the liver and kidneys

A

carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Large doses or long term use of what drugs causes damage to the liver, kidneys, and heart?

A

acetaminophen/ Tylenol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the side effects of alcohol abuse long term or heavily drinking?

A

-damages the liver and heart
-causes pancreatitis
-causes cerebral dysfunction
-causes peripheral neuropathy (tingly fingers and toes)
-causes aspiration pneumonia
-causes cancers
-causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which brain structure is affected first by alcohol?

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the #1 cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

-usually 2 separate conditions that can occur concurrently or Wernicke first followed by Korsakoff
-Wernicke’s is related to thiamine (B1) deficiency and causes ataxia, confusion, nystagmus, and opthalmoplegia
-Korsakoff’s causes memory loss, amnesia, difficulty understanding the meaning of inflammation or context, hallucinations exaggerated storytelling, or confabulation (filling in memory gaps by telling imaginary experiences)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which drug class increases reflexes and activity, paranoia, angina, tachycardia, and arrhythmia?

A

amphetamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which exogenous chemical is this?
-used in water colors, inks, and fabric dyes
-leads to bladder cancer

A

aniline dyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which exogenous chemical is this?
-starves out oxygen in RBCs
-binds to Hb 200x more than oxygen

A

carbon monoxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which exogenous chemical is this?
-produces a sense of intense euphoria and mental alertness
-one of the most addictive drugs
-psychological dependence
-has the most significant effect on the cardiovascular system
»blocks the reuptake of dopamine, epi, and NE (which means the synapses are flooded with those neurotransmitters) resulting in excessive stimulation
»tachycardia
»hypertension
»peripheral vasoconstriction
»can reduce coronary blood flow leading to myocardial infarction or lethal arrhythmias

A

cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which exogenous chemical is this?
-addictive opioid produced from poppy plant
-closely related to morphine
-effects are more harmful than cocaine
-often sold on the street where it is cut (diluted) with talc, quinine, or fentanyl
-usually self administered through IV or subcutaneously
-causes euphoria, hallucinations, somnolence, and sedations
-adverse affects= sudden death, pulmonary disease, infections, skin lesions, and kidney disease

A

heroin

21
Q

What is somnolence?

A

a state of drowsiness or a strong desire to fall asleep

(this is one of the side effects of heroin)

22
Q

The reaction for heroin use depends on what?

A

-action of the drug itself
-reaction to the cutting agent or contaminants
-hypersensitivity reactions to the drug or its adulterants
-diseases contracted through needle sharing

23
Q

Which exogenous chemical is this?
-blocks acetylcholinesterase which prevents diaphragm from relaxing

A

insecticides

24
Q

define thrombosis

A

a blood clot which blocks a blood vessel

25
Q

What is Virchow’s triad?

short response q

A

3 abnormalities which lead to thrombosis:
1) endothelial injury (damage to endothelial layer of blood vessel)
2) stasis or turbulent blood flow
3) hyper-coagulability of the blood

26
Q

What is endothelial injury caused by?

A

-toxins
-hypertension
-inflammation
-metabolic products (cholesterol and toxins absorbed from cigs)

27
Q

Abnormal blood flow is often caused by atherosclerotic plaque or aneurysms. What is the difference between turbulence and staisis?

A

turbulence= blood flow speeds up causing areas of countercurrents (eddy currents) or local pockets of stasis (stopped blood flow), major factor is development of arterial thrombi

stasis= blood flow slows, major development of the venous thrombi

28
Q

Is blood flow faster in arteries or veins?

A

arteries

29
Q

What is a genetic example that would cause hypercoaguability?

A

factor 5 leiden (mutation that affects blood clotting)

30
Q

What are some acquired examples that would cause hypercoaguability?

A

-prolonged bed rest or immobilization
-MI
-a fib
-surgery
-fracture
-burns
-cancer
-cardiomyopathy
-smoking
-aging
-birth control pill

31
Q

Arterial or cardiac thrombi usually arise at sites of….

test q

A

endothelial injury or turbulence

32
Q

venous thrombi usually occurs at sites of….

A

stasis

33
Q

If part or all of a thrombus is poorly attached, it will detach and migrate through the blood as an….

A

embolus

34
Q

Thrombi which form in fast flowing blood may have apparent laminations (lines) called ______________ which are layers of pale colored platelets and fibrin layers alternating with darker red cell layers. These lines help distinguish antemortem clots from postmortem clots

A

lines of Zahn

35
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

-veins become very prominent
-caused by incompetent valves
-veins become torturous and valves are no longer functional

36
Q

What are the 5 different types of thrombi?

A

1) mural
2) arterial
3) venous
4) postmortem
5) vegetations

37
Q

Where do mural thrombi form and what are they caused by?

A

formed in the heart chambers or aorta

caused by arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, or MI

38
Q

Which thrombi type is usually caused by endothelial injury and rich in platelets due to platelet activation?

A

arterial thrombi

39
Q

Which thrombi type is this?
-usually propagate some distance toward the heart
-prone to give rise to an embolism
-typically forms in sluggish circulation
-contains more enmeshed red cells
-most commonly occurs in the legs (90% of time) but can also occur in arms or elsewhere

A

venous thrombi

40
Q

What is thrombophlebitis?

A

inflammatory process which causes a blood clot to form and block 1+ vein, usually in the legs

can be superficial or deep

41
Q

What is superficial thrombophlebitis?

A

swollen, tender superficial venous cords
-arises in the saphenous system
-rarely embolize
-inflammation of the smaller blood vessels
-superficial blood clots are rare

42
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

A

-occurs in larger leg veins at or above the knee
-will likely embolize and go to lungs
-asymptomatic in 50% of pts
-for those who do have symptoms, they may experience edema, warm to touch, discoloration, sore or pain with walking, may be relieved with rest and elevation
-commonly diagnosed with an ultrasound

43
Q

Which thrombi type is often mistaken for venous thrombi, however, the dark red cells have yellow “chicken fat” portion attached to them, not at the vessel wall?

A

postmortem thrombi

44
Q

Which thrombi type is found on the heart valves and is caused by bacterial or fungal blood borne infections and causes damage to the valves (infective endocarditis)?

A

vegetation thrombi

45
Q

What is am embolus?

A

solid, liquid, or gaseous mass carried by the blood to a site distant from its origin- dissolved thrombi

46
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

-venous thrombi which originates from deep leg veins near or above popliteal fossa
-fragmented thrombi moves through the right side of the heart and then stops in the pulmonary vasculature
-can occlude pulmonary artery or lodge at the bifurcation of the R/L pulmonary arteries (SADDLE EMBOLUS)

47
Q

What is a saddle embolus?

A

embolus lodges at the bifurcation of the R/L pulmonary arteries

48
Q

What is a fat embolism?

A

caused by soft tissue crush injury or long bone fracture which releases fat globules into the circulation

49
Q

What is an air embolism?

A

gas bubbles in circulation can coalesce and obstruct vascular flow causing ischemic injury, surgical procedure, caisson’s disease (decompression sickness/bends)

Micropathology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions