Inflammation (Exam 3) Flashcards
In order to survive, all organisms must eliminate foreign invaders such as infectious agents and damaged tissues. This is mediated via….
inflammation
How fast is onset for acute inflammation?
minutes-hours
What cells infiltrate first in acute inflammation?
neutrophils
How fast is onset for chronic inflammation?
days
What cells infiltrate first in chronic inflammation?
monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
Short response q
1) swelling or edema
2) heat
3) abnormal function
4) redness
5) pain
“SHARP”
What are the 5 R’s of inflammation?
1) recognition of injurious agent
2) recruitment of lymphocytes
3) removal of agents
4) regulation/control of response
5) resolution (repair and healing)
What are the 5 types of stimuli for acute inflammation?
1) infections (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic)
2) trauma (blunt or penetrating)
3) physical and chemical agents (burns, frostbite, irradiation, toxicity from chemicals
4) tissue necrosis from ischemia (MI) or physical and chemical injury
5) foreign bodies (splinters, dirt, sutures, crystal deposits
What are the 2 phases of acute inflammation?
1) vascular phase
2) cellular phase
What is the vascular phase of acute inflammation?
-momentary vasoconstriction (lasts for a few seconds)
-small blood vessels adjacent to the injury dilates (vasodilation) and blood flow to the area increases
-the endothelial cells initially swell and then contract to increase the space between them, thereby increasing permeability of the vascular barrier
-this is regulated by chemical mediators
-exudation of fluid leads to a net loss of fluid from the vascular space into the interstitial space resulting in edema
-the formation of increased tissue fluid acts as a medium for which inflammatory proteins such as complement and Abs can migrate through
-it may also help remove pathogens and cell debris in the area through lymphatic drainage
The cellular phase of acute inflammation involves what cells?
WBCs, specifically neutrophils
What is the cellular phase of acute inflammation?
-neutrophils are attracted to the site of injury by the presence of chemotaxis, the mediators released into the blood immediately after the insult
-once in the region, neutrophils recognize the foreign body and begin phagocytosis, the process whereby the pathogen is engulfed and contained within a phagosome
-the phagosome is then destroyed via oxygen independent (lysosomes) or oxygen dependent (free radical formation) mechanisms
What is chemotaxis?
movement of WBCs towards infection/inflammation
The migration of neutrophils in cellular phases of acute inflammation occurs in 4 stages. What are they?
1) margination (cells line up against the endothelium)
2) rolling (close contact with and roll along the endothelium)
3) adhesion (connecting to the endothelial wall)
4) transmigration (cells move through the vessel wall to the affected area)
What are the 5 chemical mediators of inflammation?
1) histamine
2) serotonin
3) prostaglandin
4) kinins (bradykinin)
5) cytokines
What is the major anti-inflammatory?
omega 3
