Packet 2 (page 26/27, Quiz 2) Flashcards
What is broder’s classification?
refers to histo classification of differentiation in squamous cell carcinoma
What is anaplasia according to broder’s classification system?
an index of malignancy based on the fact that the more undifferentiated or embryonic the cells of the tumor, the more malignant it is
What are the 4 classes for broder’s classification system?
What is the most widely used cancer staging system for reporting cancer?
TNM staging system
-T= tumor size and extent of the main tumor/primary tumor
-N= the number of nearby lymph nodes that have cancer
-M= whether or not the cancer has metastasized
(often found in a pathology report unless its a cancer found in the brain, spinal cord, or blood)
For breast cancer that metastasizes to the axillary lymph nodes, what can be damaged here when removed in surgery? What does it cause?
long thoracic n.
this causes scapular winging and weakness in the serratus anterior
What does TX mean?
main tumor cannot be measured
What does T0 mean?
main tumor cannot be found
What does T1,T2,T3, or T4 mean?
refers to the size and/or extent of the main tumor. The higher the number after the T, the larger the tumor or the more it has grown into nearby tissues
T’s may be further divided to provide more detail, such as T3a and T3b
What does NX mean?
cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured
What does N0?
there is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes
What does N1, N2, N3 mean?
refers to the number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer. The higher the number after the N, the more lymph nodes that contain cancer
What does MX mean?
metastasis cannot be measured
What does M0 mean?
cancer has not spread to other parts of the body
What does M1 mean?
cancer has spread to other parts of the body
