Packet 2 (page 1-8, Quiz 1)

Question 1

What is pathology?

Answer 1

-the study of structural and functional abnormalities that are expressed as diseases of organs and systems; causes of disease and associated changes of cells, tissues, organs, and the presenting signs and symptoms of a patient
-the study of cell injury and the expression of a cells preexisting capacity to adapt to such injury

(a living cell must maintain the ability to produce energy, therefore it is vital that cells establish a structural and functional membrane between the internal and external environment)

Question 2

What are the 5 main adaptive responses for cells?

Answer 2

1) hypertrophy
2) hyperplasia
3) atrophy
4) metaplasia
5) dysplasia

cells which cannot adapt appropriately or if the stress is inherently harmful to the cell= cell injury

Some levels of cell injury are reversible and the cell will be able to return to stable baseline

if the stress is persistent, severe, or rapid onset, the cell will undergo irreversible injury which leads to cell death

Question 3

What are the 2 types of triggers for adaptation?

Answer 3

1) physiological stresses (usually normal, ex: increase in exercise will increase size of cell and result in bigger muscles)
2) pathological stresses (abnormal, ex: hypertension will cause the heart to pump harder and cause enlargement)

Question 4

T/F: an adapted cell is NOT NORMAL or is NOT INJURED

Answer 4

true

Question 5

What is cellular atrophy?

Answer 5

cells shrink, literally means without growth

Question 6

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 6

increase in the number of cells

ex: pregnant mom or kid going through puberty

Question 7

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 7

increase in size of cells

ex: exercise or high BP will cause heart to work overtime and enlarge

Question 8

What is metaplasia?

Answer 8

change in shape, but all the cells change uniformly

this can be normal or abnormal

Question 9

What is dysplasia?

Answer 9

abnormal change in shape, cells change into different shapes (not uniform)

this is known as the pre-cancer stage

Question 10

Is atrophy reversible?

Answer 10

usually

Question 11

What is a characteristic feature of atrophy?

Answer 11

autophagic vacuoles
-membrane bound vacuoles that contain fragments of cell components (mitochondria, ER) that are destined for destruction and into which lysosomes discharge the hydrolytic contents (autophagy). The cellular components are then digested

Question 12

What are the most common organs to atrophy?

Answer 12

-skeletal muscle
-heart
-brain
-sex organs (breast, penis, ovaries)

Question 13

What are the 5 causes of atrophy?

Answer 13

1) decreased work load (ex: weight lifter stops lifting, decrease in uterus postpartum, thymus gland due to stress)
2) disuse (decreased muscle workload, most often seen in muscles of paralyzed limbs and muscles attached to immobilized joints (usually seen in type II fibers))
3) ischemia (decreased blood supply to a tissue or organ that is caused by constriction or obstruction of local blood vessels, resulting in inadequate oxygen which is necessary for cellular function and metabolism (decreased nutrients and elimination of metabolic wastes), generally due to obstruction of the blood vessels caused by vasoconstriction, embolism, or thrombosis)
4) malnutrition/starvation
5) pressure/compression (persistent pressure will cause atrophy of a compressed cell, tissue or organ by interfering with blood flow and therefore, nutrition and metabolic activity of the affected area, cells in a local area like the liver atrophy from pressure of materials such as amyloid deposited around them, other examples include aneurysms of the aorta or brain, hernias, and hypertensive changes in the eye (nicking))

Question 14

What is the most common cause of ischemia?

Answer 14

arteriosclerosis (overtime, arteries narrow and harden which slows the blood flow (old age))

Question 15

Besides arteriosclerosis, what are the other causes of ischemia?

Answer 15

-heart attack/ MI
-stroke/ CVA
-peripheral artery disease (PAD), most common in the legs
-mesenteric ischemia (intestines)

Question 16

What is the broad term for the condition in which the arteries narrow and harden, leading to poor circulation of blood throughout the body?

Answer 16

arteriosclerosis

Question 17

What is the medical disorder that damages the lumen of the arteries by plaque deposits because its mostly a failure of controlled cholesterol and fat levels in the body?

Answer 17

atherosclerosis

note: atherosclerosis is a specific kind of arteriosclerosis but these are often used interchangeably in everyday life

Question 18

What are the 2 types of malnutrition/starvation?

Answer 18

1) Kwashiorkor
2) Marasmus

Question 19

What is kwashiorkor?

Answer 19

-malnutrition due to protein deficiency
-develops in children whose diets are deficient of protein
-occurs in kids 18 months old- 5 y/o
-too much fluid in the body’s tissues which causes swelling under the skin and pitting edema in the ankles and feet
-thin arms and legs
-distended belly
-usually the 2nd child when a sibling is born
-known as “wet form” of malnutrition because they absorb moisture (potential boards q)

Question 20

What is marasmus?

Answer 20

-malnutrition due to severe calorie deficiency
-occurs in babies less than 1 y/o
-near starvation, lacking proteins and non-protein nutrients
-cachexia “wasting away”
-loss of fat and muscle mass
-known as the “dry form” of malnutrition

Question 21

What are the 3 broad categories of chronic malnutrition?

Answer 21

1) undernutrition (wasting (low weight for height), stunting (low height for age) and underweight (low weight for age)
2) micronutrient related malnutrition (micro-nutrition deficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals) or micronutrient excess)
3) overweight, obesity, and diet related non-communicable diseases (heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and some cancers)

Question 22

chronic malnutrition = ___________ number of autophagic vacuoles

Answer 22

increased

Question 23

When there is starvation or nutrient deprivation, the process of autophagy is triggered. This gives rise to formation of double membrane autophagic vacuoles, also known as _________________ that transport the cargo from the cytoplasm to the lysosome for degradation

Answer 23

autophagosomes

(some of the cell debris within the autophagic vacuole may resist digestion and persist as membrane bound residual bodies that may remain in the cytoplasm. An example of such residual bodies is the lipofuscin granules. When present in sufficient amounts, they impart a brown discoloration to the tissue (brown atrophy))