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Physiology & Neurobiology 2274 > PNB 2274 Exam 3 CHEN > Flashcards

PNB 2274 Exam 3 CHEN Flashcards

1
Q

Dura matter

A

two fibrous layers of dense connective tissue, lymphatic system between the 2 layers with blood vessels and tissue fluids

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2
Q

arachnoid layer

A

transparent, epithelial cells, CSF in subarachnoid space

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3
Q

pia matter

A

follows brain’s underlying folds, accompanies branches of cerebral blood vessels

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4
Q

progressive hypoglycemia

A

low blood glucose; leads to confusion, unconsciousness, death

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5
Q

arteries in the brain

A

vertebral and internal carotid arteries

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6
Q

veins in the brain

A

internal jugular veins

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7
Q

anastomosis

A

vessels joined together

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8
Q

colateral circulation

A

provides alternative route for blood supply in the brain in the event of clot

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9
Q

circle of willis

A

two vertebral arteries meet to form the basilar artery which connects to the carotid artery to supply blood to the 3 cerebral arteries

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10
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A

supplies innerside of brain

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11
Q

middle cerebral artery

A

supplies outside of cerebral hemisphere, most likely to clot

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12
Q

posterior cerebral artery

A

supplies back of brain

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13
Q

blood brain barrier

A

complex that surrounds most blood vessels in the brain that separates the blood stream and the extracellular space in the brain

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14
Q

composition of the BBB

A

endothelium cells with tight junctions, astrocytes

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15
Q

astrocytes

A

glial cells that have end feet which completely surround blood vessels in the brain; maintains BBB and makes tight junctions stronger

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16
Q

function of BBB

A

limits paracellular solute flux, regulates composition and volume of brain interstitial fluid

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17
Q

Difference of brain interstitial fluid and plasma

A

interstitial fluid:

  • low protein content due to tight junctions which results in a low buffering capacity
  • low pH (7.33) due to higher partial pressure of CO2 because brain is highly metabolic
  • low glucose concentration because it is transported into tissues of brain
  • low potassium levels are needed to establish resting membrane potential
  • low bicarbonate ions

plasma:

  • higher pH (7.4) due to lower partial pressure of CO2; breathing affects plasma less than interstitial fluid
  • higher protein content, better buffer capacity
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18
Q

neurovascular unit

A

capillaries, neurons, glial cells, endothelial cells, pericytes –> all play roll in contributing to tight junctions in BBB

critical role in maintaining local blood flow, homeostatic needs, optimizing local signal transduction

involved in many CNS pathologies (blood vessel related, bacterial/virus related, neurologically related, age related)

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19
Q

respiratory effects of carbon dioxide induced changes of medullary extracellular fluid pH in cats

A
  1. inhibition of exhalation increases buildup of CO2 in they system
  2. buildup increases CO2 partial pressure, magnifying pH change
  3. chemoreceptor responds to the pH change and activates phrenic nerve to contract the diaphragm
  4. activation of diaphragm increases breathing effort
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20
Q

Why do seizures often accompany brain injuries?

A

Hemorrhagic stroke: when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, the BBB is compromised, making the brain interstitial fluid more saturated with potassium and thus making the membrane more depolarized, bringing Ek closer to threshold. This allows action potentials to fire asynchronously and more often

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21
Q

Brain interstitial fluid vs CSF

A
  • they are both located outside of the brain cells (extracellular)
  • exchange through diffusion
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22
Q

Brain interstitial fluid

A

fluid that brain cells (neurons, astrocytes) are bathed in

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23
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

liquid surrounding the brain and spinal cord that helps absorb the mechanical shock and maintain chemical stability

found within the brain ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord, subarachnoid space

the wastes generated by brain tissues can be removed as the cerebrospinal fluid continues to circulate

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24
Q

cerebrospinal fluid production

A
  1. produced by the choroid plexus in lateral and 3 ventricles
    - intraventricular foramen connects the lateral ventricles, the cerebral aqueduct connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
  2. CSF leaves the 4th ventricle via paired lateral apertures or single median aperture
  3. flows through the subarachnoid space and into arachnoid villi and drains into dural venus sinuses
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25
Q

sleep experiment

A

during sleep, glial cells shrink because norepinephrine tells them to, which increases interstitial space to 60% and increases the CSF ability to flush out toxins

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26
Q

grey matter

A

darker, contains nerve cell bodies, dendrites

cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

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27
Q

white matter

A

axons, nerve fibers with myelin sheaths

commissural fibers, projection fibers, association fibers

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28
Q

commissural fibers

A

fibers that connect one cerebral hemisphere to the other

EX: corpus callosum

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29
Q

projection fibers

A

fibers that connect the cerebrum and other parts of the brain and / or spinal cord

EX: internal capsule

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30
Q

association fibers

A

fibers that connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

EX: fornix

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31
Q

cerebrum

A

largest, higher brain functions

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32
Q

diencephalon

A

deep, center for homeostasis

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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33
Q

cerebellum

A

impairs motor function on ipsilateral side of the brain/body

  • adjusts postural muscles of body
  • error correcting during movement
  • motor learning and adaptation
  • automating and optimizing behavior

cerebrocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum

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34
Q

neocortical composition layers 1-4

A

sensory receptors

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35
Q

neocortical composition layers 4-6

A

commander neurons

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36
Q

frontal lobe

A

motor, speech, memory, information, personality, emotion

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37
Q

primary motor cortex

A

sends signals to initiate contraction

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38
Q

Broca’s area

A

motor control of language, articulation, tongue control

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39
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

judgement, rewards and punishments in relation to a decision

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40
Q

olfactory bulb

A

smell response

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41
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, speech, language, smell, info retrieval

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42
Q

primary olfactory cortex

A

sense of smell

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43
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

language processing and understanding

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44
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

hearing

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45
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

senses touch, pain, temperature

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46
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensation, sensation memories, integration of sensation, proprioception (spacial awareness)

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47
Q

somatosensory association cortex

A

processes information from primary somatosensory cortex

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48
Q

primary gustatory cortex

A

processes taste along with the insular lobe

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49
Q

insular lobe

A

instinct and mood

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50
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual processing and visual memory storage

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51
Q

visual association area

A

interprets info from primary visual cortex

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52
Q

primary visual cortex

A

2D sketch

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53
Q

angular gyrus

A

language comprehension

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54
Q

arcuate fasiculus

A

white matter tract that connects broca’s area and wernicke’s area (association fibers)

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55
Q

damage to Broca’s area

A

unable to speak

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56
Q

damage to Wernicke’s area

A

speak nonsense / no understanding

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57
Q

damage to arcuate and fasiculus

A
  • articulation and understanding is preserved
  • speech contains paraphrasic errors
  • understands they’re making mistakes
  • trouble reading out loud or repeating
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58
Q

basal ganglia

A

structures in the cerebral hemisphere that receive input from the cortex and sends output signals through the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

  • links complex motivational signals to motor function
  • side loop for motor control: gets info from sensory motor cortex which modules muscle tone; prevents unwanted movement
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59
Q

huntington’s disease

A

unwanted movement

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60
Q

Direct pathway

A

excitatory; simple, fewer connections

  • excitatory neuron from cerebral cortex synapses with an inhibitory neuron which inactivates in inhibitory neuron and excites the thalamus
  • inhibits inhibition – overal is excitatory
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61
Q

Indirect pathway

A

inhibitory; more complicated connections

  • an excitatory neuron synapses with an inhibitory neuron which inhibits an excitatory neuron in the subthalamic nucleus which excites the globus pallidus and inhibits the thalamus
  • overal action is inhibited
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62
Q

Parkinsons disease

A

loss of substantia nigra cells (dopaminergic neurons of basal ganglia)
slow movement

USUALLY:

  • inhibitory neuron from substantia nigra acts on the indirect pathway, overall effect is inhibitory
  • excitatory neuron from substantia nigra acts on the direct pathway, overall effect is excitatory
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63
Q

basal ganglia structures

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, claustrum, amygdaloid body

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64
Q

claustrum

A

processes visual information

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65
Q

amygdaloid body

A

emotion/mood

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66
Q

thalamus

A

relay center from motor control to cerebral cortex or sensory input to cortex; all conscious senses except for olfactory; GOOD FILTER

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67
Q

hypothalamus

A

command center for autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, regulates homeostatic systems, food and water intake, emotional behavior

NO BBB: secretes hormones in endocrine system

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68
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythm

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69
Q

brainstem

A
  • bidirectional passageway for all tracts extending between the cerebrum and spinal cord
  • autonomic and reflex centers

medulla, pons, midbrain

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70
Q

midbrain

A

motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, auditory and visual processing

tectum, red nucleus, reticular formation, substantia nigra

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71
Q

tectum

A

superior colliculus, inferior colliculus

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72
Q

superior colliculus

A

visual reflex center

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73
Q

inferior colliculus

A

auditory reflex center

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74
Q

pons

A

autonomic respiratory center, cranial nerve nuclei, reticular formation

SURVIVE AFTER CUT

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75
Q

medulla

A

center for cardiovascular regulation and respiratory rhythm generation

NO SURVIVAL AFTER BEING CUT

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76
Q

cerebrocerebellum

A

motor planning; lateral hemispheres

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77
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A

input from brainstem vestibular nuclei, eye and head movement and balance, flocculondar tube

78
Q

spinocerebellum

A

motor execution

vermis, paravermis

79
Q

vermis

A

trunk movement

80
Q

paravermis

A

limb movement

81
Q

two functional brain systems

A

reticular formation, limbic system

82
Q

reticular formation

A

receives info from motor cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum, cranial motor neurons; extends through brainstem and throughout brain

motor functions and sensory functions

83
Q

motor functions of reticular formation

A

regulates muscle tone at rest, autonomic motor functions (respiratory, cardiovascular, vasomotor)

84
Q

sensory functions of reticular formation

A

alert cerebrum (reticular activating system), pain modulation, habituation

85
Q

limbic system

A

ring around diencephalon; emotional function and memory function

cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, olfactory bulbs, fornix, diencephalon nuclei

86
Q

emotional function of limbic system

A

emotion and motivational aspects of behavior; provides emotional component to learning process (esp amygdala)

87
Q

memory function of limbic system

A

hippocampus primarily

88
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

results from bilateral destruction of amygdala

  • decreased emotionality (disinhibited behavior)
  • docility (loss of normal response to threats)
  • hypersexuality
  • hyperorality
  • visual agnosia
89
Q

Case of HM

A

removal of hippocampus to remove epilepsy:

  • trouble forming new explicit long term memories
  • working memory and procedure in tact
  • better in muscle memory games (implicit memory)
90
Q

Explicit memory

A

facts and events
hippocampus, parahippocampal region, medial temporal lobe
conscious

91
Q

Implicit memory

A

perceptual and motor skills; reflex
amygdala, striatum, cerebellum
unconscious

92
Q

Short term memory

A

increases neurotransmitter release

G-coupled receptor releases cAMP which activates protein kinase A, opens calcium channels, vesicular release releases neurotransmitters

93
Q

Long term memory

A

alters gene expression, transcribes a new protein, and forms more synapses; requires repetition

repetition increases cAMP, which reaches protein kinase A and opens calcium channels –> starts activating and transcribing the gene and gene expression is altered. New protein is present which stimulates growth of axon through branching, forming new synapses and increasing synapse strength

94
Q

left hemisphere

A

language, math, logic and reasoning

95
Q

right hemisphere

A

spatial abilities, visual imagery, facial recognition, music

96
Q

cranial nerves

A

some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter most;

on on on they traveled and found voldemort guarding very ancient horcruxes

97
Q

cranial nerve I

A

olfactory

98
Q

cranial nerve II

A

optic

99
Q

cranial nerve III

A

oculomotor

100
Q

cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear

101
Q

cranial nerve V

A

trigeminal

102
Q

cranial nerve VI

A

abducens

103
Q

cranial nerve VII

A

facial

104
Q

cranial nerve VIII

A

vestibulocochlear

105
Q

cranial nerve IX

A

glossopharyngeal

106
Q

cranial nerve X

A

vagal/vagus

107
Q

cranial nerve XI

A

accessory

108
Q

cranial nerve XII

A

hypoglossal

109
Q

olfactory nerve

A

smell; sensory

110
Q

optic nerve

A

vision; sensory

111
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

4/6 eye muscles; pupil size, eye shape, eyelid

motor

112
Q

trochlear

A

1/6 eye muscle; motor

113
Q

trigeminal

A

pain, temperature, touch, chewing
3 branches: opthalamic, maxillary, mandible
greatest sensory function

sensory and motor

114
Q

abducens

A

1/6 eye muscles; motor

115
Q

facial

A

facial expression, taste, control of salivary glands, tears (THINK GIANA); sensory, motor, parasympathetic

116
Q

vestibulocochlear

A

hearing and balance; sensory

117
Q

glossopharyngeal

A

general taste sensation, 1/3 back of tongue, blood pH, gasses, swallowing, salivary gland

sensory, motor, parasympathetic

118
Q

vagus

A

swallowing, speaking, visceral sensory, motor, autonomic

sensory, motor, parasympathetic

119
Q

accessory

A

traps and sternocleidmastoid; motor

120
Q

hypoglossal

A

tongue, pointed to weakened nerve; motor

121
Q

spinal cord

A

information integration center

31 pairs of nerves exit intervertebral foramina

122
Q

spinal meninges

A

3 layers, subarachnoid space has CSF, grey matter opposite than brain

123
Q

somatic neurons

A

skeletal muscle/skin

124
Q

visceral neurons

A

internal organs / smooth and cardiac muscle

125
Q

ascending tracts

A

signals to brain

posterior column pathway, spinocerebellar, anterolateral pathway

126
Q

descending tracts

A

commands to motor neurons

corticospinal pathway, medial and lateral pathways

127
Q

spinocerebellar

A

position of body, spine to cerebellum

128
Q

anterolateral pathway

A

pain, temperature, crude touch (sensory)

spinothalamic tract

129
Q

corticospinal pathway

A

corticobulbar, corticospinal

130
Q

corticobulbar pathway

A

cortex to brainstem, innervates face and neck

131
Q

posterior column pathway

A

sensations of discriminative touch, vibrations, joint positions

fasiculus cuneatus
fasiculus gracilis

132
Q

medial and lateral pathways

A

vestibulospinal
tectospinal
reticulospinal
rubrospinal

133
Q

rubrospinal path

A

red nucleus, voluntary movement

134
Q

tectospinal

A

head and eye movement (midbrain)

135
Q

reticulospinal

A

locomotion, posture

136
Q

sensory receptors

A
  • respond to a particular modality of environmental stimuli
  • transduce different forms of sensation to nerve impulses that are conducted to CNS
  • perceptions of the world are created by the brain from AP sent from sensory receptors
137
Q

special senses

A

vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

138
Q

somatic senses

A

touch, temperature, pain, itch, proprioception

139
Q

somatic stimuli

A

muscle length and tension, proprioception

140
Q

visceral stimuli

A

blood pressure, distension of gastrointestinal tract, blood glucose concentration, internal body temperature, osmolarity of body fluids, lung inflation, pH of cerebrospinal fluid, pH and oxygen content of blood

141
Q

meissner’s corpuscle

A

rapid mechanoreceptor; touch and pressure

142
Q

merkle’s corpuscle

A

slow mechanoreceptor; touch and pressure

143
Q

free nerve ending

A

slow; nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

144
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

rapid mechanoreceptor; vibration and deep pressure

145
Q

ruffini corpuscle

A

slow mechanoreceptor; skin stretch

146
Q

olfactory pathways form nose project through olfactory bulb to the

A

olfactory cortex

147
Q

sensory pathways project to the

A

thalamus which relays info to cortical centers

148
Q

equilibrium pathways project to the

A

cerebellum

149
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature; in skin, muscle, liver, hypothalamus

150
Q

why are there thermoreceptors in the liver?

A

metabolism: if there is low glucose, thermal generation decreases and changes metabolic process

151
Q

why are there thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus?

A

it is the thermoregulation center

152
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

cell is twisted and receptors are activated

tactile
baroreceptors
proprioceptors

153
Q

tactile receptors

A

touching skin

154
Q

baroreceptors

A

carotid body, stretching is sensed and tells you how high of blood pressure

155
Q

proprioceptors

A

tells you where body is, when cell is moved

156
Q

nociceptors

A

tell you when body is damaged or inflamed – pain

157
Q

chemoreceptors

A

general and special; ions and glucose with taste (conscious), pH regulation in brainstem (unconscious)

158
Q

photoreceptors

A

transduce light into electrical signals

159
Q

categories of sensory receptors

A

simple, complex

160
Q

simple dendritic endings

A

free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings

161
Q

free nerve endings

A

pain, temperature, smell

162
Q

encapsulated

A

pressure and touch, wrapped around nerve endings

when pressure is applied, shape changes and channel gets closed; pressure gets redistributed and cells stop firing

163
Q

complex sensory receptors

A

separate cell doing transduction work

rods and cones, hair cells, modified epithelial cells

164
Q

hair cells

A

inner ear telling you loudness, senses balance

165
Q

rods and cones

A

sight

166
Q

exteroceptors

A

outside/ external stimuli

167
Q

interoceptors

A

inside/ internal stimuli

168
Q

proprioceptors

A

internal stimuli with movement

169
Q

adquate/normal stimulus

A

the type/modality of stimulus that a receptor is most sensitive to

allows brain to perceive the stimulus accurately under normal conditions

receptor doesn’t matter HOW it’s activated, it is only giving info on one modality

170
Q

sensory unit

A

one afferent neuron and all its receptors

171
Q

receptive field

A

that part of body which when stimulated activates that afferent neuron

172
Q

receptor potential

A

generated in transduction sites

amplitude correlates to stimulus intensity

173
Q

stimulus intensity

A

how the body transmits action potentials and not lose info

  1. analog to digital conversion
  2. recruitment
174
Q

analog to digital conversion

A

graded potential to action potential faster or slower

175
Q

recruitment

A

strong stimulus recruits a neighbor sensory (afferent) neurons to fire action potentials

176
Q

coding of stimulus type

A

modality, specificity of ascending pathway

177
Q

specificity of ascending pathway

A

labeled line theory: trace the white matter tract because it tells you the type of info it’s sending

178
Q

punctate distribution

A

point and spotted stimulation – less than 3mm apart, sticks feel like one poke

179
Q

dorsal column

A

sensory pathway conveys sensations of fine touch, vibration, two point discrimination, and proprioception

  • less divergence and convergence, less branching
180
Q

lateral inhibition

A

primary neuron response is proportional to stimulus strength; B inhibits A and C

181
Q

presynaptic inhibition

A

GABA from primary neuron activates calcium channels, therefore less vesicular release

182
Q

tonic receptors

A

slowly adapting; produce constant rate of firing as long as stimulus is applied (may slowly decrease)

183
Q

phasic receptors

A

rapidly adapting; burst of activity but quickly reduce firing rate if stimulus is maintained

184
Q

sensory adaptation

A

neurons/body ceases to pay attention to constant stimuli

185
Q

dorsal column tracts

A

Fasiculus Gracilis and fasiculus cuneatus and medial leminiscus

186
Q

fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus

A

slender, myelinated sheaths, ascends ipsilaterally

synapses and crosses medulla

becomes nucleus gracilis and cuneatus when synapses and is no longer white matter fibers

187
Q

medial lemniscus

A

ascending white matter tract from medulla to thalamus and synapses

188
Q

anterolateral system tracts

A

spinothalamic, spinotectal, spinoreticular

189
Q

spinothalamic

A

sharp pain

190
Q

spinotectal

A

dual burning sensation

191
Q

spinoreticular

A

dual burning sensation, limbic system, emotional pain

Physiology & Neurobiology 2274 (7 decks)

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