PMLS LEC2 Flashcards
1
Q
Circulates blood throughout the body
A
HEART
2
Q
Heart is located in the
A
center of the thoracic
cavity
3
Q
Four-chambered, hollow, muscular
organ
A
HEART
4
Q
HEART Surrounded by a sac called
A
pericardium
5
Q
LAYERS
A
EPICARDIUM
MYOCARDIUM
ENDOCARDIUM
6
Q
outer layer of the heart
A
epicardium
7
Q
middle layer of the heart
A
myocardium
8
Q
inner layer of the heart
A
endocardium
9
Q
Thin, serous watery membrane that is continuous with the lining of the pericardium
A
Epicardium
10
Q
Thick layer of cardiac muscle
A
Myocardium
11
Q
Thin layer of epithelial cells that is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels
A
endocardium
12
Q
Covers the heart and attaches to the pencardium
A
epicardium
13
Q
contracts to pump blood into the arteries
A
myocardium
14
Q
Lines
the interior chambers and valves
A
endocardium
15
Q
CHAMBERS
A
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
16
Q
Received (deoxygenated blood via Superior and Inferior vena cava.
A
Right Atrium
17
Q
right atrium receives deoxygenated blood via
A
superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
18
Q
Pumps into right ventricle
A
right atrium
19
Q
Receives blood from right atrium
A
right ventricle
20
Q
Pumps into pulmonary artery
A
right ventricle
21
Q
carries to lungs for oxygenation
A
right ventricle
22
Q
Receives oxygenated blood via pulmonary veins
A
Left Atrium
23
Q
Pumps into left ventricle
A
Left Atrium
24
Q
Receives blood from left atrium
A
Left Ventricle
25
Pumps into aorta
Left Ventricle
26
Walls are 3xIns thick
Left Ventricle
27
Pump into arterial system
Left Ventricle
28
VALVES
Right AV Valve (Tricuspid)
Left AV valve (Bicuspid or Mitral)
Right semilunar valve
(Pulmonary or Pulmonic)
Left semilunar valve
(Aortic Valve)
29
Closes when the right ventrice contrac
Right AV valve (Tricuspid
30
Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium
Right AV valve (Tricuspid)
31
Closes when the left ventricle contracts and prevents blood
from flowing back into the lelt atrium.
Left AV valve (Bicuspid or
Mitral)
32
Closes when the right ventricle relaxes, and prevents
blood from flowing back into the right ventrice
Right semilunar valve
(Pulmonary or Pulmonic)
33
Closes when the left ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
Left semilunar valve
(Aortic Valve)
34
Right AV valve (Tricuspid) Location
Between right atrium and ventricle
35
Right AV valve (Tricuspid) Cusps
3 cusps (flaps)
36
Left AV valve (Bicuspid or
Mitral) Location
Between the left atrium and ventricle
37
Left AV valve (Bicuspid or
Mitral) Cusps
2 cusps
38
Right semilunar valve
(Pulmonary or Pulmonic) Location
At the entrance to the pulmonary artery
39
Right semilunar valve
(Pulmonary or Pulmonic) cusps
3 half moon shaped cusps
40
Left semilunar valve
(Aortic Valve) cusps
3 half moon shaped cusps
41
Left semilunar valve
(Aortic Valve)
At the entrance to the aorta
42
Flow of blood within the heart muscle
Coronary Circulation
43
Doesn’t receive nourishment/oxygen from blood
passing through chambers
Coronary Circulation
44
Receives oxygen via left & right coronary arteries
Coronary Circulation
45
Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart
muscle
Angina
46
Caused by narrowing, obstruction or spasm of
the coronary arteries
Angina
47
buildup of waxy substance called plaque
Atherosclerosis
48
waxy substance
plaque
49
severe narrowing of coronary arteries
Atherosclerosis
50
reduce blood flow to the heart muscle
Atherosclerosis
51
Partial obstruction of a coronary artery
Heart Attack
52
•Unable to meet oxygen need resulting to
“myocardial ischemia”
Heart Attack
53
•Complete obstruction can lead to “myocardial
infarction”
Heart Attack
54
•Unable to meet oxygen need resulting to
“myocardial ischemia”
55
•Complete obstruction can lead to
“myocardial
infarction”
56
Heart’s contractions must be synchronized
(coordinated)
Electrical Conduction System
57
Achieved by means of specialized muscle cells
Electrical Conduction System
58
Initiated by electrical impulse generated from
“sinoatrial node (SA)” /pacemaker
Electrical Conduction System
59
Initiated by electrical impulse generated from
sinoatrial node (SA)” /pacemaker
60
Begins the heartbeat by generating the electrical pulse that travels through the musces of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously and push blood through the atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles
Sinoatrial (SA) node
61
Sincatrial (SA) node Location
Upper wall of the right
Sincatrial (SA) node
atrium
62
Relay the impulse to the AV node
Internodal pathway fibers
63
Internodal pathway fibers location
Wall of the right atrium
64
Picks up the impulse, slows it down while the atria finish contracting, and then relays it through the AV bundle (bundle of His)
AV node
65
AV node location
Bottom of the right atrium in the interatrial septum
66
Relays impulse throughout the ventricular walls by means of bundle branches and Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to
AV bundle (Bundle of His)
Top of the interventricular septum
contract, forcing blood through the semilunar valves; both atria and ventrices relax briefly before the entire cycle starts again
AV bundle (Bundle of His)
67
AV bundle (Bundle of His) location
Top of the interventricular septum
68
Graphic record of heart’s electrical activity
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG/EKG)
69
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG/EKG) produced by an
electrograph
70
are recorded as waves
Electrical impulses
71
activity of atria ; first wave
P
72
collection of three waves
QRS
73
activity of ventricles
T
74
number of heartbeats per minute
Heart Rate
75
Adult Heart Rate
Ave. 72 bpm
76
irregularity in heart rate
Arrhythmia
77
is a slower than normal heart rate
Bradycardia
78
Bradycardia bpm
<60
79
is the medical term for a heart rate over 100 beats a minute/heart rate that’s too fast
Tachycardia
80
Tachycardia bpm
>100 bpm
81
rapid, uncoordinated contractions
Fibrillation
82
volume of blood pumped by the heart in one
minute
Cardiac Output
83
Cardiac Output Abe
5L/min
84
Palpable rhythmic throbbing
PULSE
85
Most easily felt by impressing the radial artery on
the thumb side wrist
PULSE
86
pulse is Most easily felt by impressing the ______ on
the ________
radial artery on
the thumb side wrist
87
•Force/pressure/tension exerted by the blood on
the walls of blood vessels
BLOOD PRESSURE
88
BLOOD PRESSURE Results are expressed in ______ amd expressed as
millimeters of
mercury (mm Hg) , SYSTOLIC / DIASTOLIC
89
arterial pressure during
contraction of the ventricles
Systolic Pressure
90
arterial pressure during
relaxation of the ventricles
Diastolic Pressure
91
Systolic
<120
92
Diastolic
<80
93
pumps blood through the body by ways of
tubing
Heart
94
Heart pumps blood through the body by ways of
tubing:
arteries veins capillaries
95
flows blood away from the heart
Arteries
96
flows blood towards the heart
Veins
97
connects most of arteries and
veins
Capillaries
98
Carry blood from the heart, carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)
arteries
99
Carry blood to the heart, carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)
Veins
100
Normally bright red in color
Arteries
101
Normally dark red in color
Veins
102
Elastic walls that expand with surge of blood
Arteries
103
Thin walls/less elastic
Veins
104
No valves
Arteries
105
Valves
Veins
106
Has a pulse
Arteries
107
No pulse
Veins
108
Thick walls to withstand pumping pressure
The Artery
109
• Pressure creates pulse that can be felt
The Artery
110
Constantly expanding and constructing
The Artery
111
Start branching off to form arterioles → capillarie
The Artery
112
Carries oxygen to the tissue
The Artery
113
Oxygenated arterial blood leaves the heart
(appear to be brighter)
The Artery
114
Walls are thinner due to less pressure
The Vein
115
Can collapse more easily that arteries
The Vein
116
Has valves – prevent backflow of blood
The Vein
117
Vessels that return blood to the heart
The Vein
118
The Vein Carries blood that is:
❖ Low in oxygen (deoxygenated)
❖ High in carbon dioxide
119
Blood tend to appear more dark and bluish
The Vein
120
Capillaries form to create
venules → veins
121
Connects the arterioles and venules
The Capillaries
122
Acts as bridge between the two vessels
The Capillaries
123
Mixture of both venous and arterial blood
The Capillaries
124
Allow the exchange of O2 for CO2 and
nutrients for waste
Allow the exchange of O2 for CO2 and
nutrients for waste
125
lets off heat
❖Dilates in warm temp
126
conserves heat
❖Constrict in cold temp
127
➢internal space of a blood vessel through
which the blood flows
Lumen
128
Thin membranous leaflets
Valves
129
Help blood flow towards the heart
Valves
130
Layers of the Blood Vessels
Tunica Adventitia
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima
131
Outer layer of a blood vessel
Tunica Adventitia
132
Made up of connective tissue
Tunica Adventitia
133
Middle layer of blood vessel
Tunica Media
134
Thickest layer
Tunica Media
135
Made up of smooth muscle and some elastic
fibers
Tunica Media
136
Inner layer
Tunica Intima
137
Single layer of endothelial cells
Tunica Intima
138
Underlying basement membrane of connective
tissue
Tunica Intima
139
Elastic internal membrane
Tunica Intima
140
means “in front of the elbow”
Antecubital
141
means a “shallow depression”
Fossa
142
First choice of location for venipuncture
Antecubital Fossa
143
are near the surface and large enough to
give access to the blood
Veins
144
Anatomical arrangement of AC veins vary
slightly
❑ H- Pattern Antecubital Veins
❑ M- Pattern Antecubital Veins
145
- Displayed by majority of the population
H-Pattern Antecubital Veins
146
center of AC
MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN
147
first choice for venipuncture
MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN
148
anchored and more stable
MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN
149
- least painful
- least likely to bruise
MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN
150
follows along the thumb side of the arm
CEPHALIC VEIN
151
2nd choice of vein for venipuncture
CEPHALIC VEIN
152
slightly difficult to palpate
CEPHALIC VEIN
153
near the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve
CEPHALIC VEIN
154
follows along the lateral aspect of AC
BASILIC VEIN
155
3rd choice of vein for venipuncture
BASILIC VEIN
156
difficult to palpate
BASILIC VEIN
157
has tendency to roll
BASILIC VEIN
158
near the brachial artery and median cutaneous
nerve, thus tends to be more painful
BASILIC VEIN
159
Transportation system for the body to transfer
substances
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
160
circulates blood through
lungs
Pulmonary System
161
supplies cells with needed
nutrients and removing waste
products
Systemic System
162
primary factory for production of
blood cells
Bone marrow
163
Other sites of blood cell production:
(1) lymph
nodes, (2) thymus, (3) spleen
164
• Function of Blood
✓Carry oxygen to body issues
✓Remove the waste product carbon dioxide
✓Carries all nutrients to all parts of the body
✓Moves products to the lungs, kidneys, liver and
skin
165
varies on the size of individual
Blood volume
166
Only _____ of an individual’s blood can be taken
2.5%
167
No more than ____ of total patient’s blood can be
taken in _____ days
5%, 30 days
168
Adult – contains approx.
5 liters of blood
169
contains 100ml of blood
Preterm infant
170
Continuous, regulated process of renewal,
proliferation, differentiation,
and maturation of all blood cell lines
HEMATOPOIESIS
171
Results in release of blood cells from bone
marrow into circulation
HEMATOPOIESIS
172
Hematopoiesis decrease of size through
maturation
173
Immature cells found in the bloodstream are
indicative of hematologic problem
HEMATOPOIESIS
174
found in the bloodstream are
indicative of hematologic
problem
Immature cells
175
✓Appears clear, pale-yellow fluid
✓ Used for many laboratory tests
SERUM
176
Blood removed from the body will
coagulate/clot within 30-60 mins
177
Clot contains
enmeshed fibrin network
178
❖Remaining fluid portion is
serum
179
Separated with other components by
centrifugation
180
Appears clear to slightly haze pale-yellow fluid
PLASMA
181
❖Liquid portion of blood inside the body
Plasma
182
Can be acquired outside of the body through
anticoagulants
plasma
183
is called a whole-blood
specimen
Anticoagulated blood
184
blood in the same form as it is in the bloodstream
Anticoagulated blood
185
Contains fibrinogen and clotting factors
Plasma
186
contains mixture of leukocytes and
thrombocytes
Buffy Coat
187
Blood Elements
• Consists of:
(1) liquid portion (plasma/serum) – 55%
(2) cellular elements – 45%
❑ Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
❑ Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
❑ Thrombocytes ( Platelets )
188
RED BLOOD CELLS Size (mature)
7-8 um
189
RED BLOOD CELLS Nucleus ( Mature )
Absent
190
RED BLOOD CELLS Shape
Biconcave
191
RED BLOOD CELLS Viability inside the body
120 days
192
Consists of hemoglobin
RBC
193
iron-containing pigment of RBCs
Hemoglobin
194
holds oxygen molecules
hemoglobin
195
releases oxygen to tissues and brings CO2 back
to the lung
hemoglobin
196
determines individual’s blood type
antigen
197
Contains antigen on the service
RBC
198
can react with antibodies
antigen
199
significant in identifying blood compatibility
antigen
200
Produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes
LEUKOCYTES
201
Begin as undifferentiated stem cells
LEUKOCYTES
202
Leukocytes Immature
Blasts Cells
203
• Vary greatly in size
• Some may have granules
• Has staining characteristics for differentiation (differential count)
Leukocytes
204
Smallest of the formed elements
THROMBOCYTES
205
Fragments of metagakaryocyte
THROMBOCYTES
206
Aids in clotting process
Thrombocytes
207
THROMBOCYTES fragments of
Megakaryocytes
208
is a large bone marrow cell with a lobated nucleus that produces blood platelets (thrombocytes), which are necessary for normal clotting.
Megakaryocytes
209
❖Spins blood in upright position
CENTRIFUGATION
210
❖Speeds up separation of components
CENTRIFUGATION
211
➢ separates according to weight
➢ heavier cellular components tend to settle at
the bottom
CENTRIFUGATION
212
tend to settle at
the bottom
heavier cellular components
213
❖Must be in a balanced position
CENTRIFUGATION
214
Blood must be allowed to clot for at least ______ before centrifugation
30 minutes
215
Conversion of liquid blood into a semisolid gel
called
clot
216
Conversion of liquid blood into a semisolid gel
called “clot”
Coagulation
217
Critical component of hemostasis
COAGULATION
218
ability of the body to arrest or stop bleeding
hemostasis
219
Requires activation of coagulation factors
COAGULATION
220
❖Primary hemostasis
Vasoconstriction
Platelet aggregation
Platelet adhesion
221
damaged vessels constrict
to limit bleeding
Vasoconstriction
222
formation of platelet
clump
Platelet aggregation
223
adherence of clumps to
injured area
Platelet adhesion
224
needed for more serious injuries
❖Secondary hemostasis
225
❖Secondary hemostasis involves formation of
fibrin clot
226
complex series of coagulation cascade
❖Secondary hemostasis
227
vascular injury
Intrinsic Pathway
228
tissue injury
Extrinsic Pathway
229
Once injury is repaired, ________ occurs
fibrinolysis
230
are substances that remain in your bloodstream after your body dissolves a blood clot
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
231
Blood tubes with anticoagulants prevent the
coagulation cascade from progressing
COAGULATION
232
Important in preventing collected blood from
clotting in the tubes
COAGULATION
233
❖To prevent from clotting, the tube contains
chemical anticoagulants
234
works by removing calcium or
by inhibiting prothrombin to thrombin
❖Anticoagulants
