PMLS LEC2 Flashcards
Circulates blood throughout the body
HEART
Heart is located in the
center of the thoracic
cavity
Four-chambered, hollow, muscular
organ
HEART
HEART Surrounded by a sac called
pericardium
LAYERS
EPICARDIUM
MYOCARDIUM
ENDOCARDIUM
outer layer of the heart
epicardium
middle layer of the heart
myocardium
inner layer of the heart
endocardium
Thin, serous watery membrane that is continuous with the lining of the pericardium
Epicardium
Thick layer of cardiac muscle
Myocardium
Thin layer of epithelial cells that is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels
endocardium
Covers the heart and attaches to the pencardium
epicardium
contracts to pump blood into the arteries
myocardium
Lines
the interior chambers and valves
endocardium
CHAMBERS
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Received (deoxygenated blood via Superior and Inferior vena cava.
Right Atrium
right atrium receives deoxygenated blood via
superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
Pumps into right ventricle
right atrium
Receives blood from right atrium
right ventricle
Pumps into pulmonary artery
right ventricle
carries to lungs for oxygenation
right ventricle
Receives oxygenated blood via pulmonary veins
Left Atrium
Pumps into left ventricle
Left Atrium
Receives blood from left atrium
Left Ventricle
Pumps into aorta
Left Ventricle
Walls are 3xIns thick
Left Ventricle
Pump into arterial system
Left Ventricle
VALVES
Right AV Valve (Tricuspid)
Left AV valve (Bicuspid or Mitral)
Right semilunar valve
(Pulmonary or Pulmonic)
Left semilunar valve
(Aortic Valve)
Closes when the right ventrice contrac
Right AV valve (Tricuspid
Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium
Right AV valve (Tricuspid)
Closes when the left ventricle contracts and prevents blood
from flowing back into the lelt atrium.
Left AV valve (Bicuspid or
Mitral)
Closes when the right ventricle relaxes, and prevents
blood from flowing back into the right ventrice
Right semilunar valve
(Pulmonary or Pulmonic)
Closes when the left ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
Left semilunar valve
(Aortic Valve)
Right AV valve (Tricuspid) Location
Between right atrium and ventricle
Right AV valve (Tricuspid) Cusps
3 cusps (flaps)
Left AV valve (Bicuspid or
Mitral) Location
Between the left atrium and ventricle
Left AV valve (Bicuspid or
Mitral) Cusps
2 cusps
Right semilunar valve
(Pulmonary or Pulmonic) Location
At the entrance to the pulmonary artery
Right semilunar valve
(Pulmonary or Pulmonic) cusps
3 half moon shaped cusps
Left semilunar valve
(Aortic Valve) cusps
3 half moon shaped cusps
Left semilunar valve
(Aortic Valve)
At the entrance to the aorta
Flow of blood within the heart muscle
Coronary Circulation
Doesn’t receive nourishment/oxygen from blood
passing through chambers
Coronary Circulation
Receives oxygen via left & right coronary arteries
Coronary Circulation
Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart
muscle
Angina
Caused by narrowing, obstruction or spasm of
the coronary arteries
Angina
buildup of waxy substance called plaque
Atherosclerosis
waxy substance
plaque
severe narrowing of coronary arteries
Atherosclerosis
reduce blood flow to the heart muscle
Atherosclerosis
Partial obstruction of a coronary artery
Heart Attack
•Unable to meet oxygen need resulting to
“myocardial ischemia”
Heart Attack
•Complete obstruction can lead to “myocardial
infarction”
Heart Attack
•Unable to meet oxygen need resulting to
“myocardial ischemia”
•Complete obstruction can lead to
“myocardial
infarction”
Heart’s contractions must be synchronized
(coordinated)
Electrical Conduction System
Achieved by means of specialized muscle cells
Electrical Conduction System
Initiated by electrical impulse generated from
“sinoatrial node (SA)” /pacemaker
Electrical Conduction System
Initiated by electrical impulse generated from
sinoatrial node (SA)” /pacemaker
Begins the heartbeat by generating the electrical pulse that travels through the musces of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously and push blood through the atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Sincatrial (SA) node Location
Upper wall of the right
Sincatrial (SA) node
atrium
Relay the impulse to the AV node
Internodal pathway fibers
Internodal pathway fibers location
Wall of the right atrium
Picks up the impulse, slows it down while the atria finish contracting, and then relays it through the AV bundle (bundle of His)
AV node
AV node location
Bottom of the right atrium in the interatrial septum
Relays impulse throughout the ventricular walls by means of bundle branches and Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to
AV bundle (Bundle of His)
Top of the interventricular septum
contract, forcing blood through the semilunar valves; both atria and ventrices relax briefly before the entire cycle starts again
AV bundle (Bundle of His)
AV bundle (Bundle of His) location
Top of the interventricular septum
Graphic record of heart’s electrical activity
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG/EKG)
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG/EKG) produced by an
electrograph
are recorded as waves
Electrical impulses
activity of atria ; first wave
P
collection of three waves
QRS
activity of ventricles
T
number of heartbeats per minute
Heart Rate
Adult Heart Rate
Ave. 72 bpm
irregularity in heart rate
Arrhythmia
is a slower than normal heart rate
Bradycardia
Bradycardia bpm
<60
is the medical term for a heart rate over 100 beats a minute/heart rate that’s too fast
Tachycardia
Tachycardia bpm
> 100 bpm
rapid, uncoordinated contractions
Fibrillation
volume of blood pumped by the heart in one
minute
Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output Abe
5L/min
Palpable rhythmic throbbing
PULSE
Most easily felt by impressing the radial artery on
the thumb side wrist
PULSE
pulse is Most easily felt by impressing the ______ on
the ________
radial artery on
the thumb side wrist
•Force/pressure/tension exerted by the blood on
the walls of blood vessels
BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD PRESSURE Results are expressed in ______ amd expressed as
millimeters of
mercury (mm Hg) , SYSTOLIC / DIASTOLIC
arterial pressure during
contraction of the ventricles
Systolic Pressure
arterial pressure during
relaxation of the ventricles
Diastolic Pressure
Systolic
<120
Diastolic
<80
pumps blood through the body by ways of
tubing
Heart
Heart pumps blood through the body by ways of
tubing:
arteries veins capillaries
flows blood away from the heart
Arteries
flows blood towards the heart
Veins
connects most of arteries and
veins
Capillaries
Carry blood from the heart, carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)
arteries
Carry blood to the heart, carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)
Veins
Normally bright red in color
Arteries
Normally dark red in color
Veins
Elastic walls that expand with surge of blood
Arteries
Thin walls/less elastic
Veins
No valves
Arteries
Valves
Veins
Has a pulse
Arteries
No pulse
Veins
Thick walls to withstand pumping pressure
The Artery
• Pressure creates pulse that can be felt
The Artery
Constantly expanding and constructing
The Artery
Start branching off to form arterioles → capillarie
The Artery
Carries oxygen to the tissue
The Artery
Oxygenated arterial blood leaves the heart
(appear to be brighter)
The Artery
Walls are thinner due to less pressure
The Vein
Can collapse more easily that arteries
The Vein
Has valves – prevent backflow of blood
The Vein
Vessels that return blood to the heart
The Vein
The Vein Carries blood that is:
❖ Low in oxygen (deoxygenated)
❖ High in carbon dioxide
Blood tend to appear more dark and bluish
The Vein
Capillaries form to create
venules → veins
Connects the arterioles and venules
The Capillaries
Acts as bridge between the two vessels
The Capillaries
Mixture of both venous and arterial blood
The Capillaries
Allow the exchange of O2 for CO2 and
nutrients for waste
Allow the exchange of O2 for CO2 and
nutrients for waste
lets off heat
❖Dilates in warm temp
conserves heat
❖Constrict in cold temp
➢internal space of a blood vessel through
which the blood flows
Lumen
Thin membranous leaflets
Valves
Help blood flow towards the heart
Valves
Layers of the Blood Vessels
Tunica Adventitia
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima
Outer layer of a blood vessel
Tunica Adventitia
Made up of connective tissue
Tunica Adventitia
Middle layer of blood vessel
Tunica Media
Thickest layer
Tunica Media
Made up of smooth muscle and some elastic
fibers
Tunica Media
Inner layer
Tunica Intima
Single layer of endothelial cells
Tunica Intima
Underlying basement membrane of connective
tissue
Tunica Intima
Elastic internal membrane
Tunica Intima
means “in front of the elbow”
Antecubital
means a “shallow depression”
Fossa
First choice of location for venipuncture
Antecubital Fossa
are near the surface and large enough to
give access to the blood
Veins
Anatomical arrangement of AC veins vary
slightly
❑ H- Pattern Antecubital Veins
❑ M- Pattern Antecubital Veins
- Displayed by majority of the population
H-Pattern Antecubital Veins
center of AC
MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN
first choice for venipuncture
MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN
anchored and more stable
MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN
- least painful
- least likely to bruise
MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN
follows along the thumb side of the arm
CEPHALIC VEIN
2nd choice of vein for venipuncture
CEPHALIC VEIN
slightly difficult to palpate
CEPHALIC VEIN
near the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve
CEPHALIC VEIN
follows along the lateral aspect of AC
BASILIC VEIN
3rd choice of vein for venipuncture
BASILIC VEIN
difficult to palpate
BASILIC VEIN
has tendency to roll
BASILIC VEIN
near the brachial artery and median cutaneous
nerve, thus tends to be more painful
BASILIC VEIN
Transportation system for the body to transfer
substances
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
circulates blood through
lungs
Pulmonary System
supplies cells with needed
nutrients and removing waste
products
Systemic System
primary factory for production of
blood cells
Bone marrow
Other sites of blood cell production:
(1) lymph
nodes, (2) thymus, (3) spleen
• Function of Blood
✓Carry oxygen to body issues
✓Remove the waste product carbon dioxide
✓Carries all nutrients to all parts of the body
✓Moves products to the lungs, kidneys, liver and
skin
varies on the size of individual
Blood volume
Only _____ of an individual’s blood can be taken
2.5%
No more than ____ of total patient’s blood can be
taken in _____ days
5%, 30 days
Adult – contains approx.
5 liters of blood
contains 100ml of blood
Preterm infant
Continuous, regulated process of renewal,
proliferation, differentiation,
and maturation of all blood cell lines
HEMATOPOIESIS
Results in release of blood cells from bone
marrow into circulation
HEMATOPOIESIS
Hematopoiesis decrease of size through
maturation
Immature cells found in the bloodstream are
indicative of hematologic problem
HEMATOPOIESIS
found in the bloodstream are
indicative of hematologic
problem
Immature cells
✓Appears clear, pale-yellow fluid
✓ Used for many laboratory tests
SERUM
Blood removed from the body will
coagulate/clot within 30-60 mins
Clot contains
enmeshed fibrin network
❖Remaining fluid portion is
serum
Separated with other components by
centrifugation
Appears clear to slightly haze pale-yellow fluid
PLASMA
❖Liquid portion of blood inside the body
Plasma
Can be acquired outside of the body through
anticoagulants
plasma
is called a whole-blood
specimen
Anticoagulated blood
blood in the same form as it is in the bloodstream
Anticoagulated blood
Contains fibrinogen and clotting factors
Plasma
contains mixture of leukocytes and
thrombocytes
Buffy Coat
Blood Elements
• Consists of:
(1) liquid portion (plasma/serum) – 55%
(2) cellular elements – 45%
❑ Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
❑ Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
❑ Thrombocytes ( Platelets )
RED BLOOD CELLS Size (mature)
7-8 um
RED BLOOD CELLS Nucleus ( Mature )
Absent
RED BLOOD CELLS Shape
Biconcave
RED BLOOD CELLS Viability inside the body
120 days
Consists of hemoglobin
RBC
iron-containing pigment of RBCs
Hemoglobin
holds oxygen molecules
hemoglobin
releases oxygen to tissues and brings CO2 back
to the lung
hemoglobin
determines individual’s blood type
antigen
Contains antigen on the service
RBC
can react with antibodies
antigen
significant in identifying blood compatibility
antigen
Produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes
LEUKOCYTES
Begin as undifferentiated stem cells
LEUKOCYTES
Leukocytes Immature
Blasts Cells
• Vary greatly in size
• Some may have granules
• Has staining characteristics for differentiation (differential count)
Leukocytes
Smallest of the formed elements
THROMBOCYTES
Fragments of metagakaryocyte
THROMBOCYTES
Aids in clotting process
Thrombocytes
THROMBOCYTES fragments of
Megakaryocytes
is a large bone marrow cell with a lobated nucleus that produces blood platelets (thrombocytes), which are necessary for normal clotting.
Megakaryocytes
❖Spins blood in upright position
CENTRIFUGATION
❖Speeds up separation of components
CENTRIFUGATION
➢ separates according to weight
➢ heavier cellular components tend to settle at
the bottom
CENTRIFUGATION
tend to settle at
the bottom
heavier cellular components
❖Must be in a balanced position
CENTRIFUGATION
Blood must be allowed to clot for at least ______ before centrifugation
30 minutes
Conversion of liquid blood into a semisolid gel
called
clot
Conversion of liquid blood into a semisolid gel
called “clot”
Coagulation
Critical component of hemostasis
COAGULATION
ability of the body to arrest or stop bleeding
hemostasis
Requires activation of coagulation factors
COAGULATION
❖Primary hemostasis
Vasoconstriction
Platelet aggregation
Platelet adhesion
damaged vessels constrict
to limit bleeding
Vasoconstriction
formation of platelet
clump
Platelet aggregation
adherence of clumps to
injured area
Platelet adhesion
needed for more serious injuries
❖Secondary hemostasis
❖Secondary hemostasis involves formation of
fibrin clot
complex series of coagulation cascade
❖Secondary hemostasis
vascular injury
Intrinsic Pathway
tissue injury
Extrinsic Pathway
Once injury is repaired, ________ occurs
fibrinolysis
are substances that remain in your bloodstream after your body dissolves a blood clot
Fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Blood tubes with anticoagulants prevent the
coagulation cascade from progressing
COAGULATION
Important in preventing collected blood from
clotting in the tubes
COAGULATION
❖To prevent from clotting, the tube contains
chemical anticoagulants
works by removing calcium or
by inhibiting prothrombin to thrombin
❖Anticoagulants
