lec questions Flashcards by eureka juneille

ability of the agent to survive

Viability

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degree to which agent is able to cause disease

Virulence

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Anything harmful or potentially harmful to
health

Biohazard

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Biohazard Exposure routes:

 Airborne
 Ingestion
 Nonintact Skin
Percutaneous
 Permucosal

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applied to any infectious microorganism present in the
blood and other body fluids and tissues
 Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Virus
 Hepatitis C Virus
 Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Bloodborne Pathogens

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Targets the liver
• “inflammation of the liver”
• most frequently occurring laboratory acquired infection

HEPATITIS B and D

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best defense against HBV

HBV Vaccination

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done intramuscularly
has an initial dose, second dose (done usually after a
month), third dose (done usually after 6 months)

HBV Vaccination

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HEPATITIS B and D
(Exposure Hazards)

• Present in:
 Blood, Urine ,Semen , CSF , Saliva
• Can survive up to a week in dried blood
• Transmitted through needlesticks and other sharp injuries
• Primarily transmitted through sexual contact

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HEPATITIS B and D
(SYMPTOMS)

esembles flu but last longer
• Fatigue; loss of appetite; mild fever; muscle, joint, and abdominal
pain; nausea; and vomiting
• Jaundice in 25% of cases
• Increased risks of developing cirrhosis of liver and liver cancer

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Most widespread chronic bloodborne illness in US
• No vaccine is currently available
• Chronic Hepatitis

HEPATITIS C VIRUS

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HEPATITIS C VIRUS EXPOSURE HAZARDS

 Saliva and seldom in urine and semen
 Occurs after large/ multiple exposure
 Sexual contact and needle sharing

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HEPATITIS C VIRUS SYMPTOMS

Similar of HBV

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• Attacks the body’s immune system and can eventually cause acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome
• Opportunistic infections are caused by organisms that would not ordinarily be
pathogens to a normal healthy individuals

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS

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HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS EXPOSURE HAZARDS

 Blood, Semen, Saliva, Urine, CSF, amniotic fluid, breast milk, cervical secretions and tissue
infected

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HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS SYMPTOMS

 Incubation phase range from few weeks to a year
Mild to severe flu-like symptoms
 Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – final phase of the infection

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BBP EXPOSURE ROUTES

• The skin is pierced by a contaminated needle or sharp object
• Blood or other body fluid splashes into the eyes, nose, or mouth
• Blood or other body fluid comes in contact with a cut, scratch, or abrasion
• A human bite breaks the skin

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condition of being free of
contamination or germs that could cause
disease

Asepsis

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practice used to reduce
the chance of microbial contamination to
prevent spread of infection

Aseptic Technique

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Maintaining safe working environment is a primary concern
Procedures established to protect the patient from being infected by the healthcare
personnel and vice versa

INFECTION CONTROL

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invades the body, multiplies,
and causes injury or disease

microbe (microorganism)

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causing or capable of causing disease

PATHOGENIC

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normally nonpathogenic microbes
that thrives in our skin and other areas of the body

NORMAL FLORA

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Chain of
Infection

INFECTIOUS AGENT, RESERVOIR, EXIT PATHWAY, MEANS OF TRANSMISSION, ENTRY PATHWAY, SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

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caused by organisms that would not ordinarily be pathogens to a normal healthy individuals

Opportunistic infections

leading science-based, data-driven, service organization that protects the public’s health - pivot our long-standing practices and adapt to pandemics and other public health emergencies

CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC)

ensure safe and healthful working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Single most important way to prevent spread infection

handwashing

Agents that are used to cause inhibition of growth of growth of microorganism on living surfaces • Does not kill bacterial spores

ANTISEPTICS

Most commonly used anteseptics

70%% isopropyl alcohol

Skin preparation for blood cultures or arterial punctures

Tincture of iodine or povidone-iodine

Used for skin preparation for blood cultures

2% Chlorohexidine gluconate + 70% isopropyl alcohol

Alternate skin cleanser

Benzalkonium chloride Zephrin chloride

Alternate for persons allergic to alcohol

Hydrogen peroxide

• Serious concern to all healthcare workers • Proper handling and disposing of contaminated sharps should be practice • Major source of occupationally acquired hepatitis and HIV

PUNCTURES

All needles must be covered with safety device immediately after use - Mandated by OSHA

Needle Safety Act

Agents that eliminates pathogenic organisms but not necessarily all microorganisms, endospores and prions

DISINFECTANTS

Most common disinfectant  Least expensive  Must be made daily

10% household bleach

Must be available at no charge to phlebotomist  Effective for approx. 15 years  Vaccine does not protect from all types of hepatitis virus

HEPATITIS B VACCINE

Used to protect phlebotomist from infectious materials

1. Gloves 2. Masks 3. Gowns 4. Goggles/ Face shields

Donning  Process of putting on PPE

1) Gown 2) Mask 3) Goggles or face shield 4) Gloves

Doffing  Process of removing of PPE

1) Gloves 2) Googles or face shield 3) Gown 4) Mask

 Helps in breaking chain of infection

ISOLATION TECHNIQUES

determined disease of patient

Category - Specific Isolation

diagnosed with or suspected of transmissible disease

Transmission – Based precautions

Contagious dse. such as chickenpox, diphtheria, or pneumonia

Strict Isolation

Diseases transmittable by direct contact

Contact Isolation

 Disease transmitted through air  Mask must be worn upon entering the room

Respiratory Isolation

 Patient with tuberculosis  Techniques are of similar in respiratory isolation

Tuberculosis Isolation

 “ Wound and Skin Precautions”  Oozes from the wound contains infection  Absorbed fluids and any fluid touched provide potential transmission of infection

Drainage/Secretion Precautions

 Patients with severe diarrhea due to contagious bacteria  Transmitted through contact of infected px’s stool

Enteric Precautions

Protective or Reverse Isolation

 Protects patient from health care worker

• Develop and promote health and safety standards for all occupations • Develop and issue regulations • Determine level of compliance with health and safety regulations • Level fines for noncompliance with health and safety regulations

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION STANDARDS

 any pathogenic microorganisms that is present in blood  Can cause disease to exposure of blood containing pathogens

Blood Borne Pathogens

 refers to blood components such as: plasma, platelets, and serosanguineous fluids  Components derived from blood: immune globulins, albumin, etc.

Blood

Non-intact skin that is in risk of infection

Exposure Incident

solate or remove blood-borne pathogen hazards

Engineering Controls

Provide alternative to needles for specified procedures

Needleless System

 Reasonably anticipated contact of potential infectious agents  Substantiation of occupational exposure like incidents

Occupational Exposure

 Devices that make injury involving contaminated sharps less likely  Includes needles with guards or sliding sheaths, retractable needles

Sharps with Engineered Sharps Injury Protections

stablished and written exposure prevention program • Designed to eliminate or minimize employee hazards • Requires annual review and update • Requires employers to identify employees who will receive training, PPE, vaccinations and other protection standards

EXPOSURE CONTROL PLANS

EXPOSURE CONTROL PLANS Employer must do the ff:

1. Consider new developments 2. Document use of commercially available safer devices 3. Review plan annually 4. Involve nonmanagement workers in evaluating and selecting 5. Maintain injury log

Any occupational injuries to employees must be documented 1. Type and brand of device 2. Location of incident 3. Description of incident

RECORD KEEPING

PHYSICAL SAFETY GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY STANDARS:

Minimize splashing, splattering or generation of droplets Mouth pipetting or mouth suctioning is prohibited Pens, pencils and fingers are not to be place in the mouth Wear proper PPE Practice proper grooming

RESPONSE TO ACCIDENTAL BIOHAZARD EXPOSURE Eyes

flush with large amounts of water/ sterile saline for minimum 10 mins.

Receive treatment for high-risk category

prophylactic

Absorb spill with absorbent material  Clean with disinfectant

SMALL SPILLS

 Use a special clay- or chlorine-based powder to absorb or gel the liquid  Scoop or sweep up absorbed or thickened material  Wipe the spill area with appropriate disinfectant

LARGE SPILLS

Moisten the spill with disinfectant  Absorb the spill with paper towels or similar material  Clean the area with appropriate disinfectant

DRIED SPILLS

 Wear heavy-duty utility gloves  Scoop or sweep up material  Discard it in biohazard sharps container  Clean the area with appropriate disinfectant

SPILLS WITH BROKEN GLASS

CHEMICAL SAFETY GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY STANDARS:

Always wear proper PPE Always use proper chemical cleanup materials Never store chemicals above eye level Never add water to acid Never store chemicals in unlabeled containers

• Indicates hazards of chemicals used • Contains general and precautionary information • Must be kept on file all the time • Must be readily accessible to all personnel

material safety data sheet (MSDS)

MSDS Contents

1. Identification 2. Hazard Identification 3. Composition and Information on Ingredients 4. First aid measures 5. Fire Fighting & Accidental Release Measures 6. Handling and Storage 7. Exposure Controls 8. Physical and Chemical Properties 9. Stability and Reactivity 10. Toxicological Information

 Located within a 10 second walk (approx. 55 ft)  Affected parts should be flushed with water for 15 minutes followed by ER evaluation

Safety Showers and Eyewash Stations

Developed a hazardous material labeling system

NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSCOCIATION

 Present in nuclear medicine, radiology and patients with radioactive implants Phlebotomist must be aware of the institution’s radiation safety procedures  Phlebotomist must be shielded with a special apron or cover gown

RADIATION EXPOSURE

 Avoid the use of extension cords  Do not overload electrical circuits  Do not touch electrical equipment in patient’ s rooms  Know the location of the circuit breaker  Unplug and do not use equipment that is malfunctioning

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

If electric shock occurs:

Shut off the source of electricity  Call for medical assistance Start CPR Keep the victim warm

Sharps , needles, syringe, broken glass vials , capillary tubes

RED W/ BIOHAZARD SYMBOL

Pathological waste such as human or animal body tissues

YELLOW W/ BIOHAZARD SYMBOL

YELLOW W/ BLACK BAND

Pharmaceutical and chemical waste

GREEN

Wet biodegradable waste , non-biological hospital waste

Dry non-biodegradable waste, non-biological hospital waste

BLACK

radioactive waste

ORANGE

Types of medical waste

1. Infectious waste – 2. Pathological waste – 3. Sharps 4. Pharmaceutical waste 5. Chemical waste 6. Heavy metals – 7. Pressurized containers 8. Radioactive waste

potentially contaminated with pathogens

Infectious waste

consist of tissues, organs, body parts, blood and body fluids

Pathological waste

materials that are highly toxic (ex. Broken thermometer)

Heavy metals