lec questions Flashcards
ability of the agent to survive
Viability
degree to which agent is able to cause disease
Virulence
Anything harmful or potentially harmful to
health
Biohazard
Biohazard Exposure routes:
Airborne
Ingestion
Nonintact Skin
Percutaneous
Permucosal
applied to any infectious microorganism present in the
blood and other body fluids and tissues
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Bloodborne Pathogens
Targets the liver
• “inflammation of the liver”
• most frequently occurring laboratory acquired infection
HEPATITIS B and D
best defense against HBV
HBV Vaccination
done intramuscularly
has an initial dose, second dose (done usually after a
month), third dose (done usually after 6 months)
HBV Vaccination
HEPATITIS B and D
(Exposure Hazards)
• Present in:
Blood, Urine ,Semen , CSF , Saliva
• Can survive up to a week in dried blood
• Transmitted through needlesticks and other sharp injuries
• Primarily transmitted through sexual contact
HEPATITIS B and D
(SYMPTOMS)
esembles flu but last longer
• Fatigue; loss of appetite; mild fever; muscle, joint, and abdominal
pain; nausea; and vomiting
• Jaundice in 25% of cases
• Increased risks of developing cirrhosis of liver and liver cancer
Most widespread chronic bloodborne illness in US
• No vaccine is currently available
• Chronic Hepatitis
HEPATITIS C VIRUS
HEPATITIS C VIRUS EXPOSURE HAZARDS
Saliva and seldom in urine and semen
Occurs after large/ multiple exposure
Sexual contact and needle sharing
HEPATITIS C VIRUS SYMPTOMS
Similar of HBV
• Attacks the body’s immune system and can eventually cause acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome
• Opportunistic infections are caused by organisms that would not ordinarily be
pathogens to a normal healthy individuals
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS EXPOSURE HAZARDS
Blood, Semen, Saliva, Urine, CSF, amniotic fluid, breast milk, cervical secretions and tissue
infected
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS SYMPTOMS
Incubation phase range from few weeks to a year
Mild to severe flu-like symptoms
Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) – final phase of the infection
BBP EXPOSURE ROUTES
• The skin is pierced by a contaminated needle or sharp object
• Blood or other body fluid splashes into the eyes, nose, or mouth
• Blood or other body fluid comes in contact with a cut, scratch, or abrasion
• A human bite breaks the skin
condition of being free of
contamination or germs that could cause
disease
Asepsis
practice used to reduce
the chance of microbial contamination to
prevent spread of infection
Aseptic Technique
Maintaining safe working environment is a primary concern
Procedures established to protect the patient from being infected by the healthcare
personnel and vice versa
INFECTION CONTROL
invades the body, multiplies,
and causes injury or disease
microbe (microorganism)
causing or capable of causing disease
PATHOGENIC
normally nonpathogenic microbes
that thrives in our skin and other areas of the body
NORMAL FLORA
Chain of
Infection
INFECTIOUS AGENT, RESERVOIR, EXIT PATHWAY, MEANS OF TRANSMISSION, ENTRY PATHWAY, SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
caused by organisms that would not ordinarily be
pathogens to a normal healthy individuals
Opportunistic infections
leading science-based, data-driven, service organization that
protects the public’s health
- pivot our long-standing practices and adapt to pandemics
and other public health emergencies
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (CDC)
ensure safe and healthful working conditions for workers by
setting and enforcing standards and by providing training,
outreach, education and assistance
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Single most important way to prevent spread
infection
handwashing
Agents that are used to cause inhibition of growth of growth
of microorganism on living surfaces
• Does not kill bacterial spores
ANTISEPTICS
Most commonly used anteseptics
70%% isopropyl alcohol
Skin preparation for blood cultures or arterial punctures
Tincture of iodine or povidone-iodine
Used for skin preparation for blood cultures
2% Chlorohexidine gluconate + 70% isopropyl alcohol
Alternate skin cleanser
Benzalkonium chloride
Zephrin chloride
Alternate for persons allergic to alcohol
Hydrogen peroxide
• Serious concern to all healthcare workers
• Proper handling and disposing of contaminated sharps
should be practice
• Major source of occupationally acquired hepatitis and
HIV
PUNCTURES
All needles must be covered with safety device immediately after use
- Mandated by OSHA
Needle Safety Act
Agents that eliminates pathogenic organisms but not
necessarily all microorganisms, endospores and prions
DISINFECTANTS
Most common disinfectant
Least expensive
Must be made daily
10% household bleach
Must be available at no charge to phlebotomist
Effective for approx. 15 years
Vaccine does not protect from all types of hepatitis virus
HEPATITIS B VACCINE
Used to protect phlebotomist from infectious materials
- Gloves
- Masks
- Gowns
- Goggles/ Face shields
Donning
Process of putting on PPE
1) Gown
2) Mask
3) Goggles or face shield
4) Gloves
Doffing
Process of removing of PPE
1) Gloves
2) Googles or face shield
3) Gown
4) Mask
Helps in breaking chain of infection
ISOLATION TECHNIQUES
determined disease of patient
Category - Specific Isolation
diagnosed with or suspected of transmissible disease
Transmission – Based precautions
Contagious dse. such as chickenpox, diphtheria, or pneumonia
Strict Isolation
Diseases transmittable by direct contact
Contact Isolation
Disease transmitted through air
Mask must be worn upon entering the room
Respiratory Isolation
Patient with tuberculosis
Techniques are of similar in respiratory isolation
Tuberculosis Isolation
“ Wound and Skin Precautions”
Oozes from the wound contains infection
Absorbed fluids and any fluid touched provide potential transmission of infection
Drainage/Secretion Precautions
Patients with severe diarrhea due to contagious bacteria
Transmitted through contact of infected px’s stool
Enteric Precautions
Protective or Reverse Isolation
Protects patient from health care worker
• Develop and promote health and safety standards
for all occupations
• Develop and issue regulations
• Determine level of compliance with health and
safety regulations
• Level fines for noncompliance with health and
safety regulations
OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND
HEALTH
ADMINISTRATION
STANDARDS
any pathogenic microorganisms that is present in
blood
Can cause disease to exposure of blood containing
pathogens
Blood Borne Pathogens
refers to blood components such as: plasma,
platelets, and serosanguineous fluids
Components derived from blood: immune globulins,
albumin, etc.
Blood
Non-intact skin that is in risk of infection
Exposure Incident
solate or remove blood-borne pathogen
hazards
Engineering Controls
Provide alternative to needles for specified
procedures
Needleless System
Reasonably anticipated contact of potential
infectious agents
Substantiation of occupational exposure like
incidents
Occupational Exposure
Devices that make injury involving contaminated
sharps less likely
Includes needles with guards or sliding sheaths,
retractable needles
Sharps with Engineered Sharps Injury
Protections
stablished and written exposure prevention
program
• Designed to eliminate or minimize employee
hazards
• Requires annual review and update
• Requires employers to identify employees who
will receive training, PPE, vaccinations and other
protection standards
EXPOSURE
CONTROL PLANS
EXPOSURE
CONTROL PLANS
Employer must do the ff:
- Consider new developments
- Document use of commercially available safer devices
- Review plan annually
- Involve nonmanagement workers in evaluating and selecting
- Maintain injury log
Any occupational injuries to employees
must be documented
1. Type and brand of device
2. Location of incident
3. Description of incident
RECORD
KEEPING
PHYSICAL SAFETY
GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY STANDARS:
Minimize splashing, splattering or generation of droplets
Mouth pipetting or mouth suctioning is prohibited
Pens, pencils and fingers are not to be place in the mouth
Wear proper PPE
Practice proper grooming
RESPONSE TO ACCIDENTAL BIOHAZARD EXPOSURE Eyes
flush with large amounts of water/ sterile saline for minimum 10
mins.
Receive treatment for high-risk category
prophylactic
Absorb spill with absorbent material
Clean with disinfectant
SMALL SPILLS
Use a special clay- or chlorine-based powder to absorb or gel the liquid
Scoop or sweep up absorbed or thickened material
Wipe the spill area with appropriate disinfectant
LARGE SPILLS
Moisten the spill with disinfectant
Absorb the spill with paper towels or similar material
Clean the area with appropriate disinfectant
DRIED SPILLS
Wear heavy-duty utility gloves
Scoop or sweep up material
Discard it in biohazard sharps container
Clean the area with appropriate disinfectant
SPILLS WITH BROKEN GLASS
CHEMICAL SAFETY
GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY STANDARS:
Always wear proper PPE
Always use proper chemical cleanup materials
Never store chemicals above eye level
Never add water to acid
Never store chemicals in unlabeled containers
• Indicates hazards of chemicals used
• Contains general and precautionary information
• Must be kept on file all the time
• Must be readily accessible to all personnel
material safety data sheet (MSDS)
MSDS Contents
- Identification
- Hazard Identification
- Composition and Information on Ingredients
- First aid measures
- Fire Fighting & Accidental Release Measures
- Handling and Storage
- Exposure Controls
- Physical and Chemical Properties
- Stability and Reactivity
- Toxicological Information
Located within a 10 second walk (approx. 55 ft)
Affected parts should be flushed with water for
15 minutes followed by ER evaluation
Safety Showers and Eyewash Stations
Developed a hazardous material labeling system
NATIONAL FIRE
PROTECTION
ASSCOCIATION
Present in nuclear medicine, radiology and patients
with radioactive implants
Phlebotomist must be aware of the institution’s
radiation safety procedures
Phlebotomist must be shielded with a special apron or
cover gown
RADIATION EXPOSURE
Avoid the use of extension cords
Do not overload electrical circuits
Do not touch electrical equipment in patient’
s rooms
Know the location of the circuit breaker
Unplug and do not use equipment that is malfunctioning
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
If electric shock occurs:
Shut off the source of electricity
Call for medical assistance
Start CPR
Keep the victim warm
Sharps , needles, syringe, broken glass vials , capillary
tubes
RED W/ BIOHAZARD
SYMBOL
Pathological waste such as human or animal body tissues
YELLOW W/ BIOHAZARD
SYMBOL
YELLOW W/ BLACK
BAND
Pharmaceutical and chemical waste
GREEN
Wet biodegradable waste , non-biological hospital waste
Dry non-biodegradable waste, non-biological hospital
waste
BLACK
radioactive waste
ORANGE
Types of medical waste
- Infectious waste –
- Pathological waste –
- Sharps
- Pharmaceutical waste
- Chemical waste
- Heavy metals –
- Pressurized containers
- Radioactive waste
potentially contaminated with pathogens
Infectious waste
consist of tissues, organs, body parts, blood and body fluids
Pathological waste
materials that are highly toxic (ex. Broken thermometer)
Heavy metals
