PMLS Lab Quiz Flashcards
1
Q
INFECTION CONTROL
A
• Nosocomial infection
• Community-acquired infection
2
Q
• Healthcare-associated
• Hospital-acquired
A
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
3
Q
• Develops 48 hours after admission or within
30 days after discharge from a hospital or health care facility
A
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
4
Q
Infection picked up prior to admission
A
Community-Acquired Infection
5
Q
Infection occurs before 48 hours after admission
A
Community-Acquired Infection
6
Q
• Capable of spreading from person to person
A
Communicable disease
7
Q
Types of Infection
A
Local
Systemic
Autogenous
8
Q
Infection restricted to one area of body
A
Local
9
Q
Infection that affects entire body
A
Systemic
10
Q
Infection from patientʼs own flora
A
Autogenous
11
Q
Source (Chain of infection)
A
People
Equipment
Water
12
Q
Portal of exit (Chain of infection)
A
Excretions
Secretions
Droplets
13
Q
Means of transmission (chain of infection)
A
Direct Contact
Ingestion
Fomites
Air
14
Q
Portal of entry (chain of infection)
A
mucous membrane
gastrointestinal tract
respiratory tract
broken skin
15
Q
susceptible host (chain of infection)
A
immunosuppressed patient
diabetic patient
burn patient
16
Q
Means of Transmission of Infection
A
• Contact
• Direct and indirect
• Droplet
• Vehicle
• Airborne
• Vector-borne
17
Q
must be worn for contact with all body fluids whether blood is visible or not.
A
Personal protective equipment
18
Q
Assumes that all blood and most body fluids
A
potentially infectious.
19
Q
Standard precautions
A
- Hand hygiene
- Use of Personal Protective Equipment
20
Q
Types of Body Fluids
A
• Amniotic
• Peritoneal
• Pericardial
• Synovial
• Pleural
• Edematous
• Seminal
• Cerebrospinal
21
Q
Five Points of Standard Precautions
A
• Wash hands
• Wear gloves
• Wear protective covering
•Wear a mask and eye protection when appropriate
• Use designated sharps containers
22
Q
Tactics to Reduce Risk of Exposure to Blood- borne Pathogens
A
• Engineering controls
• Work practices
• Housekeeping
• Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination • Private rooms
• Personal protective equipment
23
Q
Physical and mechanical devices available to the health care associate to reduce or eliminate the potential to transfer infectious diseases
A
Engineering Controls
24
Q
Types of Engineering Controls
A
• Sharps containers
• Transport bags and containers
• Self-sheathing needles and holders
25
Work Practice Controls
• Handwashing
• Antiseptic technique
• Proper disposal of sharps
• Avoiding eating, drinking, smoking, handling contact lenses, or applying cosmetics or lip balm in work areas
• Storing food and drink separate from infectious materials
26
• Clean up spills
• Decontaminate soiled areas immediately with a disinfectant such as 10 percent bleach made up fresh daily
• Avoid picking up broken glass with hands
Housekeeping
27
• Must be available free of charge to phlebotomist • Effective for more than 15 years in protecting the phlebotomist from contracting the disease or becoming a carrier
• Does not protect the phlebotomist from all types of hepatitis, only hepatitis B
Hepatitis B Vaccination
28
Reduce possibility of transmission of infection by separating patient with disease from other patients and health care associates
Private Rooms
29
Personal Protective Equipment
• Masks
• Goggles
• Face shields
• Gowns
• Gloves
30
Infectious agent (breaking the chain)
bacteria
fungi
parasites
viruses
31
reservoir (breaking the chain)
humans
animals
insects
fomites
blood/body fluids
32
portal of exit (breaking the chain)
nose
mouth
mucous membrane
specimen collection
33
portal of exit (breaking the chain)
nose
mouth
mucous membranes
speciment collection
34
means of transmission
• Droplet
• Airborne
• Contact
• Vector
• Vehicle
35
portal of entry
• Nose
• Mouth
* Mucous membranes
• Skin
• Unsterile equipment
36
susceptible host
Susceptible host
• Patients
・Elderty
* Newborns
• Immuno-
compromised
• Heath-care workers
37
Category-Specific Isolation
• Strict
• Contact
• Respiratory
• Tuberculosis
• Drainage/Secretion
• Enteric
• Protective or Reverse
38
Disease-Specific Isolation
• Strict
• Contact
• Respiratory
• Tuberculosis
• Enteric
• Drainage
• Blood and body fluid
39
Transmission-Based Precautions
• Airborne
• Droplet
• Contact
40
Meaning of OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards
41
• Agency of the federal government
• Investigates the possibility of unsafe practices in the work environment
• Develop and promote standards for all occupations
• Develop and issue regulations
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards
42
Biohazard labels
must be fluorescent orange or orange red with lettering or symbols in a contrasting color.
43
Health care associate must wear _______ when working with any potentially infectious material
gloves and protective clothing
44
Information that must be on file to indicate hazards of chemicals used in laboratory
• Does not need to be a paper file
• Most healthcare facilities have these as Internet- assessable forms
Material Safety Data Sheets
45
Fire extinguishers
• Class A
• Class B
• Class C
• Class D
• ABC type
46
PASS MEANING
Pull pin
Aim Nozzle
Squeeze trigger
Sweep Nozzle
47
RACE meaning
R = Rescue individuals in danger.
A = Alarm: activate the fire alarm.
C = Confine the fire by closing all doors and windows.
E = Extinguish the fire with the nearest suitable fire extinguisher.
48
Chemicals that produce a toxic or irritant vapor must be used only in an approved chemical hood.
Chemical Safety
49
should be worn if there’s a danger of splashing.
chemical-resistant apron and face shield
50
Monitoring devices for exposure may include a. to detect exposure to radioactivity.
badge
51
Phlebotomist may need to be shielded with a (radiation exposure)
special apron or cover gown
52
Most common electrical equipment a phlebotomist uses are
centrifuge
53
must be tested for safety and proper operation.
equipment
54
Other electrical equipment includes
computers, fans, and space heaters.
55
Physical Hazard
• Avoid running in rooms and always
• Watch for wet floors
• Bend knees when lifting heavy objects • Keep long hair pulled back
• Avoid dangling jewelry
• Maintain clean, organized work area
• Wear closed toe shoes
56
• Growing concern in healthcare
• Allergic reactions to latex
Latex Allergy
57
Irritant contact dermatitis resulting in skin irritation
Type IV latex allergy
58
-More serious
-Immunologic reaction up to anaphylactic shock
Type I latex allergy
59
Disposal of Infectious Materials
Must be by:
• Incineration
• Chemical treatment • Autoclave
60
Ordinary combustible: paper, cloth, rubbish, plastic, wood
Water, dry chemical, loaded steam
Fire type A
61
Flammable liquids: grease, gasoline, paints, oils
Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, halon foam
Fire type B
62
Electrical equipment and motor switches
Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, halon
Fire type C
63
Flammable metals: mercury, magnesium, sodium, lithium
Metal X, sand, dry powder; fought by fire fighters only
Fire type D
64
Detonation (arsenal fires)
Allowed to burn and nearby materials protected
Fire type E
65
Cooking media: grease, oils, fats
Liquid designed to prevent splashing and cool the fire
K
66
fires should be handled only by trained personnel
Class D and E
67
are the most common all-purpose extinguishers
Dry chemical extinguishers
68
• “Causative agent”
• Agent responsible for causing an infection
INFECTIOUS AGENT
69
• “source of infectious agent”
• Place where agents can survive, grow or
multiply
• Could be humans, animals, food, water, soil
or contaminated equipment
RESERVOIR
70
• way for the agent to leave reservoir
EXIT PATHWAY
71
Most common means of transmission
Contact Transmission
72
physical transfer of infective material
Direct
73
transfer of infective material via an
object
Indirect
74
❑ dispersal of infectious agents that can remain infective for long
periods of time
❑ Can be inhaled
❑ Pathogen containing particles
✓ sneezing , coughing, talking and aerosol producing
activiies
❑ Microbes that float through air
Airborne Transmission
75
❑ Transfer of infectious agent to the mucous membranes
✓ Mouth , nose , conjunctiva of eyes
❑ Travels less than 10 ft
❑ Does not remain suspended in the air
Droplet Transmission
76
Transfer through infectious agent such as:
✓ Insect, arthropod, or animal
Vector Transmission
77
Transfer through infectious agent such as:
✓ Contaminated food
✓ Water
✓ Drugs
Vehicle Transmission
78
• Way for an infectious agent to enter
susceptible host
• Includes body orifices (openings)
• Invasive procedures may also be a risk
ENTRY PATHWAY
79
• Decreased ability to resist infection
• Risk factors:
✓ Age
✓ Health
✓ Immune status
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
80
helps in breaking chain of infection
ISOLATION TECHNIQUES
81
what are the isolation techniques
1. Category - Specific Isolation
✓ determined disease of patient
2. Disease - Specific Isolation
3. Transmission – Based precautions
✓ diagnosed with or suspected of transmissible disease
82
Contagious dse. such as chickenpox, diphtheria, or pneumonia
strict isolation
83
Diseases transmittable by direct contact
contact isolation
84
✓ Disease transmitted through air
✓ Mask must be worn upon entering the room
respiratory isolation
85
✓ Patient with tuberculosis
✓ Techniques are of similar in respiratory isolation
Tuberculosis Isolation
86
✓ “ Wound and Skin Precautions”
✓ Oozes from the wound contains infection
✓ Absorbed fluids and any fluid touched provide potential transmission of infection
drainage/secretion precautions
87
✓ Patients with severe diarrhea due to contagious bacteria
✓ Transmitted through contact of infected px’s stool
Enteric Precautions
88
✓ Protects patient from health care worker
Protective or Reverse Isolation
89
the fluid that surrounds your baby during pregnancy
amniotic
90
the fluid in the peritoneal cavity, a space between the wall of the abdomen and the organs inside.
peritoneal fluid
91
the buildup of extra fluid in the space around the heart.
pericardial fluid
92
viscous solution found in the cavities of synovial joints
synovial fluid
93
lubricate the surfaces of the pleura. This is the thin tissue that lines the chest cavity and surrounds the lungs.
pleural
94
occurs when tiny blood vessels in the body, also known as capillaries, leak fluid. T
edematous
95
Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm
Seminal
96
a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows in and around your brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
97
All procedures involving blood or potentially infectious materials are to be performed to minimize splashing, splattering, or generation of droplets
Laboratory Techniques
98
non infected waste color
black
99
contaminated waste (recyclable)
red
100
anatomical waste color
yellow
101
sharp waste (recyclable)
blue
102
sharp waste (needles,broken glass, sharp parts
white
103
Determine level of compliance with health and safety regulations
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards
104
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Level fines for noncompliance with health and safety regulations
