PMLS Lab Quiz Flashcards
INFECTION CONTROL
• Nosocomial infection
• Community-acquired infection
• Healthcare-associated
• Hospital-acquired
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
• Develops 48 hours after admission or within
30 days after discharge from a hospital or health care facility
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
Infection picked up prior to admission
Community-Acquired Infection
Infection occurs before 48 hours after admission
Community-Acquired Infection
• Capable of spreading from person to person
Communicable disease
Types of Infection
Local
Systemic
Autogenous
Infection restricted to one area of body
Local
Infection that affects entire body
Systemic
Infection from patientʼs own flora
Autogenous
Source (Chain of infection)
People
Equipment
Water
Portal of exit (Chain of infection)
Excretions
Secretions
Droplets
Means of transmission (chain of infection)
Direct Contact
Ingestion
Fomites
Air
Portal of entry (chain of infection)
mucous membrane
gastrointestinal tract
respiratory tract
broken skin
susceptible host (chain of infection)
immunosuppressed patient
diabetic patient
burn patient
Means of Transmission of Infection
• Contact
• Direct and indirect
• Droplet
• Vehicle
• Airborne
• Vector-borne
must be worn for contact with all body fluids whether blood is visible or not.
Personal protective equipment
Assumes that all blood and most body fluids
potentially infectious.
Standard precautions
- Hand hygiene
- Use of Personal Protective Equipment
Types of Body Fluids
• Amniotic
• Peritoneal
• Pericardial
• Synovial
• Pleural
• Edematous
• Seminal
• Cerebrospinal
Five Points of Standard Precautions
• Wash hands
• Wear gloves
• Wear protective covering
•Wear a mask and eye protection when appropriate
• Use designated sharps containers
Tactics to Reduce Risk of Exposure to Blood- borne Pathogens
• Engineering controls
• Work practices
• Housekeeping
• Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination • Private rooms
• Personal protective equipment
Physical and mechanical devices available to the health care associate to reduce or eliminate the potential to transfer infectious diseases
Engineering Controls
Types of Engineering Controls
• Sharps containers
• Transport bags and containers
• Self-sheathing needles and holders
Work Practice Controls
• Handwashing
• Antiseptic technique
• Proper disposal of sharps
• Avoiding eating, drinking, smoking, handling contact lenses, or applying cosmetics or lip balm in work areas
• Storing food and drink separate from infectious materials
• Clean up spills
• Decontaminate soiled areas immediately with a disinfectant such as 10 percent bleach made up fresh daily
• Avoid picking up broken glass with hands
Housekeeping
• Must be available free of charge to phlebotomist • Effective for more than 15 years in protecting the phlebotomist from contracting the disease or becoming a carrier
• Does not protect the phlebotomist from all types of hepatitis, only hepatitis B
Hepatitis B Vaccination
Reduce possibility of transmission of infection by separating patient with disease from other patients and health care associates
Private Rooms
Personal Protective Equipment
• Masks
• Goggles
• Face shields
• Gowns
• Gloves
Infectious agent (breaking the chain)
bacteria
fungi
parasites
viruses
reservoir (breaking the chain)
humans
animals
insects
fomites
blood/body fluids
portal of exit (breaking the chain)
nose
mouth
mucous membrane
specimen collection
portal of exit (breaking the chain)
nose
mouth
mucous membranes
speciment collection
means of transmission
• Droplet
• Airborne
• Contact
• Vector
• Vehicle
portal of entry
• Nose
• Mouth
* Mucous membranes
• Skin
• Unsterile equipment
susceptible host
Susceptible host
• Patients
・Elderty
* Newborns
• Immuno-
compromised
• Heath-care workers
Category-Specific Isolation
• Strict
• Contact
• Respiratory
• Tuberculosis
• Drainage/Secretion
• Enteric
• Protective or Reverse
Disease-Specific Isolation
• Strict
• Contact
• Respiratory
• Tuberculosis
• Enteric
• Drainage
• Blood and body fluid
Transmission-Based Precautions
• Airborne
• Droplet
• Contact
Meaning of OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards
• Agency of the federal government
• Investigates the possibility of unsafe practices in the work environment
• Develop and promote standards for all occupations
• Develop and issue regulations
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards
Biohazard labels
must be fluorescent orange or orange red with lettering or symbols in a contrasting color.
Health care associate must wear _______ when working with any potentially infectious material
gloves and protective clothing
Information that must be on file to indicate hazards of chemicals used in laboratory
• Does not need to be a paper file
• Most healthcare facilities have these as Internet- assessable forms
Material Safety Data Sheets
Fire extinguishers
• Class A
• Class B
• Class C
• Class D
• ABC type
PASS MEANING
Pull pin
Aim Nozzle
Squeeze trigger
Sweep Nozzle
RACE meaning
R = Rescue individuals in danger.
A = Alarm: activate the fire alarm.
C = Confine the fire by closing all doors and windows.
E = Extinguish the fire with the nearest suitable fire extinguisher.
Chemicals that produce a toxic or irritant vapor must be used only in an approved chemical hood.
Chemical Safety
should be worn if there’s a danger of splashing.
chemical-resistant apron and face shield
Monitoring devices for exposure may include a. to detect exposure to radioactivity.
badge
Phlebotomist may need to be shielded with a (radiation exposure)
special apron or cover gown
Most common electrical equipment a phlebotomist uses are
centrifuge
must be tested for safety and proper operation.
equipment
Other electrical equipment includes
computers, fans, and space heaters.
Physical Hazard
• Avoid running in rooms and always
• Watch for wet floors
• Bend knees when lifting heavy objects • Keep long hair pulled back
• Avoid dangling jewelry
• Maintain clean, organized work area
• Wear closed toe shoes
• Growing concern in healthcare
• Allergic reactions to latex
Latex Allergy
Irritant contact dermatitis resulting in skin irritation
Type IV latex allergy
-More serious
-Immunologic reaction up to anaphylactic shock
Type I latex allergy
Disposal of Infectious Materials
Must be by:
• Incineration
• Chemical treatment • Autoclave
Ordinary combustible: paper, cloth, rubbish, plastic, wood
Water, dry chemical, loaded steam
Fire type A
Flammable liquids: grease, gasoline, paints, oils
Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, halon foam
Fire type B
Electrical equipment and motor switches
Dry chemical, carbon dioxide, halon
Fire type C
Flammable metals: mercury, magnesium, sodium, lithium
Metal X, sand, dry powder; fought by fire fighters only
Fire type D
Detonation (arsenal fires)
Allowed to burn and nearby materials protected
Fire type E
Cooking media: grease, oils, fats
Liquid designed to prevent splashing and cool the fire
K
fires should be handled only by trained personnel
Class D and E
are the most common all-purpose extinguishers
Dry chemical extinguishers
• “Causative agent”
• Agent responsible for causing an infection
INFECTIOUS AGENT
• “source of infectious agent”
• Place where agents can survive, grow or
multiply
• Could be humans, animals, food, water, soil
or contaminated equipment
RESERVOIR
• way for the agent to leave reservoir
EXIT PATHWAY
Most common means of transmission
Contact Transmission
physical transfer of infective material
Direct
transfer of infective material via an
object
Indirect
❑ dispersal of infectious agents that can remain infective for long
periods of time
❑ Can be inhaled
❑ Pathogen containing particles
✓ sneezing , coughing, talking and aerosol producing
activiies
❑ Microbes that float through air
Airborne Transmission
❑ Transfer of infectious agent to the mucous membranes
✓ Mouth , nose , conjunctiva of eyes
❑ Travels less than 10 ft
❑ Does not remain suspended in the air
Droplet Transmission
Transfer through infectious agent such as:
✓ Insect, arthropod, or animal
Vector Transmission
Transfer through infectious agent such as:
✓ Contaminated food
✓ Water
✓ Drugs
Vehicle Transmission
• Way for an infectious agent to enter
susceptible host
• Includes body orifices (openings)
• Invasive procedures may also be a risk
ENTRY PATHWAY
• Decreased ability to resist infection
• Risk factors:
✓ Age
✓ Health
✓ Immune status
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
helps in breaking chain of infection
ISOLATION TECHNIQUES
what are the isolation techniques
- Category - Specific Isolation
✓ determined disease of patient - Disease - Specific Isolation
- Transmission – Based precautions
✓ diagnosed with or suspected of transmissible disease
Contagious dse. such as chickenpox, diphtheria, or pneumonia
strict isolation
Diseases transmittable by direct contact
contact isolation
✓ Disease transmitted through air
✓ Mask must be worn upon entering the room
respiratory isolation
✓ Patient with tuberculosis
✓ Techniques are of similar in respiratory isolation
Tuberculosis Isolation
✓ “ Wound and Skin Precautions”
✓ Oozes from the wound contains infection
✓ Absorbed fluids and any fluid touched provide potential transmission of infection
drainage/secretion precautions
✓ Patients with severe diarrhea due to contagious bacteria
✓ Transmitted through contact of infected px’s stool
Enteric Precautions
✓ Protects patient from health care worker
Protective or Reverse Isolation
the fluid that surrounds your baby during pregnancy
amniotic
the fluid in the peritoneal cavity, a space between the wall of the abdomen and the organs inside.
peritoneal fluid
the buildup of extra fluid in the space around the heart.
pericardial fluid
viscous solution found in the cavities of synovial joints
synovial fluid
lubricate the surfaces of the pleura. This is the thin tissue that lines the chest cavity and surrounds the lungs.
pleural
occurs when tiny blood vessels in the body, also known as capillaries, leak fluid. T
edematous
Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man’s body during orgasm
Seminal
a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows in and around your brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
All procedures involving blood or potentially infectious materials are to be performed to minimize splashing, splattering, or generation of droplets
Laboratory Techniques
non infected waste color
black
contaminated waste (recyclable)
red
anatomical waste color
yellow
sharp waste (recyclable)
blue
sharp waste (needles,broken glass, sharp parts
white
Determine level of compliance with health and safety regulations
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Level fines for noncompliance with health and safety regulations
