PML 1 Flashcards
What is the motor programming approach?
Internal representations. Motor programs represent motor commands for muscle activity that forms the movement pattern.
Learning - Motor programming approach
forming or refining internal representations
What is the Adam’s closed-loop?
Forminig a perceptual trace for each single movement.
What is the Schmidt’s schema-theory?
Learning a scheme for a class of movements
What are the 2 traces in the Adam’s closed loop model?
memory trace
perceptual trace
what is the memory trace? (of the Adam’s closed-loop)
selects and initiates movement
What is the perceptual trace? (Adam’s closed loop)
memory of correct feedback from previous movements
What is intrinsic feedback? (give also examples)
Feedback from the inside, learner’s perceptual system.
visual, auditory, tactile, proprioceptive
What is extrinsic feedback?
Feedback from the outside. A coach, video. augmented feedback.
What are the 2 extrinsic feedback forms?
Knowledge of performance
knowledge of result
What is self-controlled feedback?
The learner directs the schedule
What are the risks of extrinsic feedback?
- becoming part of movement production
- no reference of correction (intrinsic feecback) is build
What is the model of self-regulation of Zimmerman about?
The degree learners are metacognitively, motivationally and behaviorally active in their own learning
What are the 3 phases of the model of self-regulation of Zimmerman?
- Performance phase
- Self-reflection phase
- Forethought phase
What is self-efficacy?
The believe in one’s capability to produce a task
Name 2 strong and 2 weak points of the Adams closed-loop model?
strong:
- new theories
- principles for extrinsic feedback
Weak:
- Limited for slow movements
- Errors are harmful but is that true?
What are the 2 scheme’s in Schmidt’s Schema Theory?
Recall and recognition
What is the recall schema?
for movement production
What is the recognition schema?
For movement evaluation
What is the challenge point framework?
Challenges create errors that provide information for learning
What are the 3 principles of optimal learning?
- new information
- optimal challenge relative to the capabilities
- capabilities of the learner can handle the amount of new information
What is contextual interference (CI)?
Occurs during practicing different tasks.
What is functional difficulty?
Difficulty on the task relative to the skill of the athlete
What is ‘Transfer’?
Practice specific with the circumstances for the matches
What are the 3 practice goals?
Maintain, learn, transfer
Transitional information
Instruction how to change the next attempt
What are the 3 benefits of self-regulated feedback
- enhances perception of self-control
- deeper information processing
- enhanced retention of information
What is a Yoke group?
Is not able to determine when to ask for feedback
What’s Blocked practice + 1 pro
Task is practiced at the time
1-1-1
2-2-2
- pro: the representation remains availabe in the working memory
What’s Random practice + 4 pro’s
- forces to think more
- more analysing the task movement
- easier to remember
- become better in problem solving
Is this KR or KP -Build a reference of correctness?
KR
Subjective reinforcement
Self-generated error signal based on comparing feedback against the reference of correctness. only used in later stages of learning.
What is a Gerneralized motor program?
Memory of characteristics of a class of movements before the production of one individual movement.
