(PM3A) Vaccines Flashcards by Nikki Gurung

What immune response does a vaccine activate?

Pathogen specific, adaptive immune response

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What immune response do recombinant cytokines stimulate?

Activation of inflammation

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What immune response do synthetic innate stimulatory drugs stimulate?

Activation of inflammation

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What effect do immune stimulators have?

Deliberately trigger inflammatory response

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What factors, including vaccination, decreased childhood mortality since the early 20th century?

(1) Vaccination
(2) Improved nutrition
(3) Improved sanitation
(4) Antibiotics

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What is currently the most problematic issue with vaccines?

Public attitudes

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How do vaccines protect against a known pathogen?

(1) A specific T or B cell (lymphocyte) recognises pathogenic peptide or antigen

(2) Lymphocyte clonal expansion

(3) Millions of T and B cells (lymphocytes) and antibodies that recognise pathogen microbes

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How are dendritic cells activated?

Innate signalling

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Which immune cells reside in the lymph nodes?

(1) B cells
(2) T cells
(3) Dendritic cells

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What is a live oral vaccine? How is it incorporated into the blood?

Vaccine administered orally

Taken up by immune cells within intestine

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What are vaccines made from?

Antigens
Immune stimulatory element
Preservatives/ stabilisers

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What are the major types of vaccine? Give an example for each.

(1) Live attenuated - e.g. polio/ BCG

(2) Inactivated - e.g. influenza

(3) Subunit + adjuvant - e.g. Hep B

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Define adjuvant.

A pharmacological/ immunological agent which boosts the immune response of a vaccine

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What is BCG?

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis

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What major type(s) of vaccine is commonly given in injected vaccines?

(1) Inactivated
(2) Split

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What major type(s) of vaccines is commonly given in nasal vaccines?

Live attenuated

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What is the main purpose of vaccination strategy?

Herd immunity

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Who are the priority targets for general vaccinations?

(1) Children

(2) Elderly

(3) At risk patients

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What are the most common adverse effects from vaccination?

(1) Transient mild fever

(2) Pain at injection site

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Define transient mild fever.

Intermittent fever

Type of fever - interval where temperature is elevated for several hours followed by an interval when temperature drops back to normal

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How are the most common adverse effects of vaccination managed?

(1) Paracetamol/ analgesia

(2) REASSURANCE

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What type of microbes do vaccines contain?

Non-pathogenic microbes

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Define pathogen.

Disease causing microbe

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What are important annual vaccinations that protect against emerging infections?

Biannual influenza vaccines

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What is an immune stimulator?

An external source which stimulates the immune system e.g. vaccines

What are 2 types of immune stimulator?

(1) Antigen specific - vaccines (2) General

When does the potential therapeutic benefit of general immune stimulatory drugs outweigh the risk?

- Chronic infections - Cancer

What is/ are the types(s) of general immune stimulatory drugs? Give example(s).

(1) Synthetic microbial component - e.g. imiquimod (2) Recombinant cytokine - e.g. recombinant interferon

What are interferons?

Family of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines

What are recombinant cytokines (e.g. interferon) used to treat?

Chronic Hepatitis virus infections

What are synthetic microbial components (e.g. imiquimod) used to treat?

Genital warts In Aldara cream

What is Aldara?

Branded imiquimod (general immune stimulant)

How is influenza administered in a vaccine? (TYPE OF VACCINE)

Killed/ inactivated

How is polio administered in a vaccine? (TYPE OF VACCINE)

Attenuated

When is interferon therapy used?

Treatment of chronic Hepatitis infection

What is interferon therapy?

Injection of recombinant interferon (type of cytokine) Stimulates an inflammatory (immune) response

What is cold chain storage?

A temperature-controlled supply chain

What is a peptide antigen?

Broken up protein fragments from the surface of a microbe

What do MHC molecules do?

Present peptide antigens to T lymphocytes

What is an antigen receptor?

Unique receptoron on T cells Recognises ONE specific peptide bound to a MHC

What are some of the potential effects of therapeutic proteins (polypeptides) when bound to an antigen target?

- Block (inhibit) - Bind - Activate - Kill

What are examples of live attenuated vaccines?

- Polio - BCG (for TB) - Influenza (more recently)

What are examples of killed (inactivated) vaccines?

- Influenza - Oral cholera

What are examples of subunit vaccines?

- Hepatitis B - Tetanus toxin - Typhoid fever

What type of vaccine is used for influenza?

Usually killed (inactivated) Can be live attenuated - more recent change

What is an example of an adjuvant?

Alum (Aluminium salts)

What are polysorbates?

Type of stabiliser used in vaccines

What is an example of a preservative, in a vaccine?

- Thimerosal (containing mercury) - Formaldehyde

What are the general components of a vaccine?

(1) Antigen (2) Adjuvant (3) Stabiliser (4) Preservative

What are the general types of antigen used in a vaccine?

(1) Whole organism - entire microbe (2) Protein/ polysaccharide - from microbe

What is the purpose of putting a specific antigen in a vaccine?

Generates immune response Protects from future infection

What is the purpose of putting an adjuvant in a vaccine?

Promotes an immune response Triggers inflammation

What is the purpose of putting a stabiliser in a vaccine?

Prevents chemical/ physical degradation of antigen VITAL for complex antigens

What is the purpose of putting a preservative in a vaccine?

Prevents microbial growth

When is formaldehyde used as a preservative for vaccines? Why?

ONLY in inactivated/ killed vaccines Formaldehyde kills the microbe

How are vaccines currently delivered?

(1) IM injection (2) Oral - inc. nasal, e.g. live attenuated influenza

What are the experimental vaccine delivery methods?

ø Needle-free injections ø Micro-needle patches ø Oral

How many doses of vaccine are commonly needed?

≥2 vaccine doses

Describe interactions between concurrent vaccination.

Minimal interactions

Define multivalent.

(of an antigen or antibody) Having several sites at which attachment to an antibody or antigen can occur

What is a multivalent vaccine?

A multivalent or polyvalent vaccine is designed to immunise against two or more strains of the same microorganism, or against two or more microbes

What would be the purpose of a micro-needle patch vaccine?

- Avoid dermis penetration - painless - Simple administration

What MOLECULAR components, other than polypeptides, are in vaccines?

- POLYPEPTIDES - Lipids - Nucleic acids

What is one of the most significant contributors to cost in vaccination programs?

Cold chain storage

When is cold chain storage primarily used?

For storage of vaccines and other biologics/ biomacromolecules