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(PM3A) Core Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

Combat infection

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2
Q

What is an infection

A

Parasitism by microbes

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3
Q

What are the body’s barriers to entry against microbes?

A
  • Skin
  • Gastro-intestinal tract
  • Genitourinary tract
  • Respiratory
  • Mucous lining
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4
Q

(1) What groups of drugs are likely to be prescribed for a transplantation?

(2) Why?

A

(1)
- Glucocorticoids
- Anti-proliferatives
- Calcineurin inhibitors

(2) They are immunosuppressants - prevent rejection

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5
Q

(1) What groups of drugs are likely to be prescribed for an autoimmune condition?

(2) Why?

A

(1)
- Analgesics
- Glucocorticoids
- Anti-proliferatives
- Calcineurin inhibitors

(2) Symptom management + immune suppressants
- Reduce undesirable effects of immune response

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6
Q

What groups of drugs are likely to be prescribed for activation of the immune system?

A

(1) Vaccines

(2) Immune stimulators

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7
Q

What groups of drugs are likely to be prescribed for controlling hypersensitivity reactions?

A
  • Antihistamines
  • Glucocorticoids

FOR SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT

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8
Q

What groups of drugs are likely to be prescribed for cancer?

A
  • Checkpoint inhibitors
    ø PD1
    ø CTLA-4
  • Cancer vaccines
  • T cell immunotherapy
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9
Q

What are checkpoint inhibitors?

A

A cancer treatment

Blocks some proteins (called checkpoints) of some immune/ cancer cells

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10
Q

What are the core concepts of immunology?

A

(1) Innate

(2) Adaptive

(3) Antigen specificity

(4) Lymphocytes

(5) Effector mechanisms

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11
Q

(1) How many main types of immunity are there in vertebrates?

(2) What are the main types of immunity in vertebrates?

A

(1) 2 types

(2)
- Innate immunity
- Adaptive immunity

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12
Q

What are examples of the innate immunities present in vertebrates?

A
  • Evolved defence against microbes
  • Barriers: Skin/ stomach acid
  • Sequestration of nutrients
  • Antimicrobials: e.g. lysosome
  • Acute inflammation - tissue & cellular injury
  • Antiviral responses: e.g. interferon
  • Specific innate microbial recognition
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13
Q

What are the main giveaways of an acute inflammatory response? dcrt

A

(1) Dolor - Pain
(2) Calor - Heat
(3) Rubor - Redness
(4) Tumor - Swelling

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14
Q

What triggers/ causes acute inflammation?

A

Tissue/ cellular injury

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15
Q

Is tissue repair and healing part of the immune response?

A

No

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16
Q

How are microbes recognised by the body?

A

PAMP are different

(Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns)

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17
Q

What is a lipopolysaccharide?

A

An endotoxin

LPS

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18
Q

What is Toll-like Receptor 4?

A

The receptor binding site for endotoxins/ lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

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19
Q

What are examples of the adaptive immunities present in vertebrates?

A
  • Learned problems to antigens
  • Memory
  • Lymphocyte responses
  • Expansion of specific T and B cells
  • Production of antibodies
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20
Q

When are antibodies produced?

A

Following infection/ presence of a pathogen stimulating an immune response

Following ‘priming’.

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21
Q

With reference to immunology, what does ‘priming’ mean?

A

Contact of an immune cell with the antigen present on a pathogen/ microbe

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22
Q

What is the basis for adaptive immunity?

A

Antigen recognition

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23
Q

How do antibodies bind to specific antigens?

A

Variable region binds to antigen

Bonding includes:
- Hydrophobic
- Hydrophilic
- Van der waals
- Hydrogen
- Electrostatic

High affinity

Stable

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24
Q

What is an MHC?

A

Cell of the immune system of vertebrates

Major histocompatibility complex

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25
Define epitope.
The part of an antigen that the antibody binds to
26
What are lymphocytes? Give examples of lymphocytes.
Type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system ø B cells - produces antibody ø T cells - respond to peptides
27
Where do lymphocytes reside?
- Blood - Lymph nodes - Bone marrow
28
How do B cells (B lymphocytes) recognise antigens?
Directly bind to antigen via receptor on pathogen cell surface
29
What is a B lymphocyte?
B cell Produces antibodies Matures into plasma cells
30
How do T cells (T lymphocytes) recognise antigens?
Bind the antigen peptide (epitope) to MHC on surface of dendritic cell
31
What is a T lymphocyte?
T cell Type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system
32
What is a dendritic cell?
Antigen presenting cell
33
(1) How many life stages do lymphocytes have? (2) What are they?
(1) 3 (2) Generation: - Enable body to recognise anything Priming + Replication + Clonal expansion: - Learn what to respond to - Memory Effector function: - Recognise and kill microbes/ pathogens
34
where are lymphocytes derived?
Derived from bone marrow cells Selected based on safe and effective function
35
How do lymphocytes learn what to respond to?
Each one only recognises one specific peptide in new pathogen/ microbe
36
How many times does a single T cell replicate?
≥20 times In first 2-3 weeks
37
What are lymphocytes primed by? dc
Innate stimulation of dendritic cells
38
With reference to immunology, what are effector cells?
T cells (lymphocytes) B cells (lymphocytes)
39
What do effector T cells differentiate to?
(1) Helper T cells (2) Killer T cells
40
What are the types of T lymphocyte?
(1) Killers: Direct killing of virally infected cells (2) Helpers: ø Cytokine release -> Inflammation ø Control B cell antibody response
41
(1) What effect do antibodies have on bacterial toxins? (2) What type of antibody has this direct effect on bacterial toxins
(1) Inactivates them (2) Binding and blocking antibodies - IgG - IgA
42
Which specific antibodies can bind and inactivate toxins?
- IgG - IgA
43
What mechanism of action do IgG and IgA antibodies have on viral infections?
Binding and blocking antibodies Directly block viral infection
44
What happens to a pathogen when IgG and IgM bind to an antigen on its surface?
Activates on antigen Punches holes into cell wall Directly kills
45
Name some types of histamine antibodies.
Mast cells
46
What antigen do mast cells have on the surface?
IgE
47
What does recognition of IgE antigens trigger?
Histamine release
48
What receptor do histamines recognise?
IgE
49
What is IgE?
Immunoglobulin E Histamine antibody
50
What is IgG?
Immunoglobulin G Phagocytosis, direct killing & binding and blocking antibody
51
What is IgA?
Immunoglobulin A Binding and blocking antibody
52
What is IgM?
Immunoglobulin M Direct killing antibody
53
What are the types of T lymphocyte?
(1) CD8 Killer cells - Directly kill virally infected cells (2) CD4 Helper cells - Trigger inflammation
54
What is the mechanism of action for an MHC?
Binds to a peptide in the virally infected cell Takes the peptide to a CD8 killer T cell receptor where it is recognised
55
What is the mechanism of action of a CD8 killer T cell?
Binds to a peptide from an infected viral cell Recognises and directly kills virally infected cells
56
What is the mechanism of action of CD4 helper T cells?
Macrophage phagocyte encounters bacterial pathogen MHC (on B cell) presents peptide from bacterial pathogen to CD4 helper T cell Recognition of bacterial peptide triggers pro-inflammatory mediator release Triggers large-scale antibody release from B cells
57
What is the condition that destroys all CD4 T cells?
HIV - causes AIDS
58
What is experimental gene therapy?
Experimental technique Uses genes to treat or prevent disease
59
What is SCID?
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare disorders - caused by gene mutations in immune cells
60
What is the intention of experimental gene therapy? ic
To increase activation of immune cells (lymphocytes)
61
What is the basic mechanism of action of vaccines? ps ir
Activation of pathogen specific immune responses
62
What is the effect of recombinant cytokines?
Activate inflammatory response
63
What is the effect of synthetic innate stimulatory drugs?
Activate inflammatory response
64
What are the types of antigen on a pathogen/ microbe?
(1) Structural antigens (2) Short-peptide antigens

PM3A (36 decks)

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