Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PM3A > (PM3A) Parasitic Infection + Anti-Parasitic Drugs > Flashcards

(PM3A) Parasitic Infection + Anti-Parasitic Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

How does a parasite meet its nutritional needs?

A

Prolonged contact with another living organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an example of a unicellular parasite?

A

Protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an example of a multicellular parasite?

A

Helminths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two classes of parasites?

A

(1) Endoparasites

(2) Ectoparasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are examples of endoparasites?

A

(1) Protozoa

(2) Helminths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are examples of ectoparasites?

A

(1) Lice

(2) Leeches

(3) Scabies

(4) Fleas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the main anti-protozoal drugs?

A

(1) Anti-amoebics

(2) Anti-malarials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(1) What is the mechanism of action for pyrimethamine?

(2) What is pyrimethamine?

A

(1) Inhibits DHFR

(2) Anti-protozoal drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(1) What is mechanism of action for sulphadiazine?

(2) What is sulphadiazine?

A

(1) Inhibits DHPS

(2) Anti-protozoal drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the mechanism of action of doxycycline?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis in 30S ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the main anti-helminth drugs?

A

(1) Anti-nematodes

(2) Anti-cestodes

(3) Anti-trematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name 3 common anti-helminth drugs: m p n

A

mebendazole
praziquantel
niclosamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of mebendazole?b ms gu

A

(1) Binds to beta-tubulin in intestinal cells of nematodes

(2) Prevents microtubule synthesis

(3) Leads to block of glucose uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of praziquantel?ca mp

A

(1) Increases membrane permeability to Ca2+

(2) Leading to contraction of muscle and paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of niclosamine?

A

(1) Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation

(2) Prevents ATP synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are protozoa?

A
  • Unicellular
  • Eukaryotic organisms
  • Can use insect/ water vectors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give examples of protozoal infections.

A

(1) Malaria

(2) Intestinal infections - amoebic dystentery/ toxoplasmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is a malaria infection diagnosed?

A

(1) Blood film microscopy

(2) Antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the stages of malaria transmission?

A

(1) Mosquito bites + injects sporozoites

(2) Infects liver cells

(3) Development of a schizont.

(4) Schizont ruptures

(5) Releases merozoites -> Infect erythrocytes -> Immature trophyzoites

(6) Some immature trophozoites mature to develop more schizonts

(7) Some generate gametocytes - which are ingested by mosquitos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a schizont?

A

A protozoan cell which divides to form daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A
  • Fever/ chills/ sweats
  • Headaches
  • Nausea + vomiting
  • Aches
  • Malaiase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can severe malaria cause?

A
  • Cerebral malaria
  • Organ damage
  • Metabolic damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can malaria be prevented?

A

(1) Anti-malarial drugs
(2) Covering
(3) Mosquito nets
(4) Permethrin - insecticide
(5) Vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the main malaria prophylaxis medications in the UK?

A

(1) Doxycycline
(2) Mefloquine
(3) Proguanil + atovaquone (Malarone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is 1st choice treatment for P. falciparum malaria?

A

(1) Clindamycin
(2) Proguanil + atovaquone (Malarone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the 1st line treatment for malaria in pregnancy?

A

Quinine + clindamycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does malaria have widespread resistance to?

A

(1) Chloroquinine

(2) Anti-folates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is amoebic dysentery?

A

Amoebiasis

Infection of amoeba

fecal oral transmission

Causes diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the treatment for amoebic dystentery (amoebiasis)?m

A

Often self-limiting

Metronidazole - for acute invasive amoebiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When can a toxoplasmosis infection be life-threatening?

A

If immunocompromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the treatment for toxoplasmosis?

A

Often self-limiting

Pyrimethamine + sulphadiazine

32
Q

What is cryptosporidiosis?

A

Parasitic infection

Causes diarrhoea

33
Q

How is cryptosporidiosis transmitted?pl fs

A

(1) Swimming pools/ lakes

(2) Contaminated foods + surfaces

34
Q

What are the symptoms of cryptosporidiosis?

A
  • Watery diarrhoea
  • Dehydration
  • Weight loss
  • Stomach cramps/ pain
  • Fever
  • Nausea + vomiting
35
Q

When is cryptosporidiosis life-threatening?

A

If immunocompromised

36
Q

What is the treatment for cryptosporidiosis?n

A

Usually self-limiting and not treated

Nitazoxanide if required

37
Q

What are helminths? How many types are there? What are they?

A

Parasitic worms

3 types

(1) Cestodes
(2) Nematodes
(3) Trematodes

38
Q

How are helminths transmitted?m cw f i

A

(1) Poorly cooked meat
(2) Contaminated water
(3) Faeces
(4) Insects - such as mosquito

39
Q

Where are most species of helminth present?

A

Intestinal tract

40
Q

What are subtypes of cestodes?

A

(1) Cestodaria - less common

(2) Eucestoda - more common

41
Q

What is a scolex?

A

The head of a cestode

42
Q

What are proglottids?

A

Body segment of a cestode

43
Q

What are the common symptoms of a cestode infection?a ad d

A

(1) Upper abdominal discomfort

(2) Diarhhoea

(3) Loss of appetite

Often asymptomatic - Worm segments can sometimes be seen in stool

44
Q

How is a cestode infection treated?

A

(1) Niclosamide

(2) Praziquantel

45
Q

What is the cause of a threadworm infection?

A

Usually transmission of eggs

Faecal-oral

Eggs in faeces

46
Q

How is a threadworm infection diagnosed?

A

(1) Seeing worms in perianal region

(2) Scotch tape test
- Sellotape around anus in morning
- Attaches worms & eggs to tape

47
Q

How is a threadworm treated?

A

Mebendazole

Good hygiene

48
Q

What is a threadworm?

A

Type of nematode

Type of helminth

Parasite

49
Q

What is a hookworm?

A

Type of nematode

Type of helminth

Parasite

50
Q

What are the symptoms of a hookworm infection?i d n i

A

(1) Iron-deficient anaemia

(2) Diarrhoea

(3) Nausea & vomiting

(4) Severe local irritation - from larvae in skin

51
Q

What is the treatment for a hookworm infection?

A

(1) Cryotherapy

(2) Mebendazole - 100mg - BD - 3 days

52
Q

How is a whipworm infection caused?

A

(1) Eggs hatch in the small intestine

(2) Eggs develop in the wall of the intestine

53
Q

How length can a whipworm grow to?

A

50mm

2 inches

54
Q

What are the symptoms of a whipworm infection?a bd

A

Light infestations - asymptomatic

Heavy infestations - bloody diarrhoea & iron-deficiency anaemia

55
Q

How is a whipworm infection diagnosed?

A

Stool examination

Infestation is detectable in stool

56
Q

What is the treatment for a whipworm infection?

A

Mebendazole - 100mg - BD - 3 days

57
Q

What is another name for a roundworm?

A

Ascaricides

58
Q

How many people worldwide are infected by roundworms?

A

1 billion

59
Q

How long is a roundworm?

A

Up to 50cm long

60
Q

What are the symptoms of a roundworm infection?a t p nd

A

(1) Often asymptomatic
(2) Peritonitis/ Inflammation/ Visceral damage
(3) Enlargement of liver/ spleen
(4) Toxicity
(5) Pneumonia
(6) Nutritional deficiency

61
Q

What are complications of a roundworm infection?

A

(1) Obstructed bowel - by a bolus of worms

(2) Obstruction of bile duct

(3) Obstruction of pancreatic duct

62
Q

What is the treatment for a roundworm infection?

A

(1) Mebendazole - 100mg - BD - 3 days

(2) Mebendazole - 500mg single dose

63
Q

What are the general treatments for nematodes?

A

(1) Good hygiene

(2) Anti-helminthics
- Mebendazole 100mg

64
Q

What are the different types of fluke?

A

(1) Blood flukes

(2) Tissue flukes
- Liver fluke
- Lung fluke

65
Q

Praziquantel can be used to treat

A

tissue fluke
blood fluke
lung fluke

66
Q

What is/ are another name(s) for a blood fluke infection?

A

(1) Schistosomiasis

(2) Bilharziasis

67
Q

What is different about schistosomicides to other trematodes?

A

Male and female

Other trematodes are not

68
Q

What are the symptoms of schistosomiasis (bilharziasis)?

A

(1) Transient dermatitis - swimmer’s itch

(2) Dermatitis - abdominal pain - bloody stool - periportal fibrosis - hepatosplenomegaly - CNS effects

69
Q

What is peri-portal fibrosis?

A

(1) Chronic disease

(2) Late-stage complication of schistosomiasis

(3) Due to presence of eggs in portal venules

70
Q

What is hepatosplenomegaly?

A

(1) Disorder of spleen and liver

(2) Swelling of organ beyond normal size

71
Q

What is a portal venule?

A

A division of the hepatic portal vein

72
Q

What is the treatment for schistosomiasis (bilharziasis)?

A

Praziquantel - 20mg/kg - BD/ TDS

73
Q

What is scabies?

A

Contagious skin condition where mites burrow into the skin

74
Q

What is/ are the treatment(s) for head lice? How does it/ they work?

A

Dimeticone lotion/ liquid
- Suffocates lice - physical treatment

Wet combing
- Mechanical removal

75
Q

What is the treatment for scabies?

A

Permethrin 5% cream - (Topical)

Ivermectin (Oral)

PM3A (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions