BACTERIAL INFECTIONS IN CORE SYSTEMS Flashcards
LOWER UTI, CAUSES RISK FACTORS AND SYMPTOMS
CAUSES: Commonly bacteria
- Usually E. coli in bladder/ urethra from GIT.
RISK FACTORS:
(1) Females - urinary system + GIT in close proximity
(2) Sexual activity
(3) Pregnancy
(4) Genetic predisposition
(5) Post-menopausal
(6) Diabetes
SYMPTOMS:
(1) Increased urination frequency - polyuria
(2) Burning in urination - dysuria
(3) Cloudy urine
(4) Strong-smelling urine
(5) Lower abdominal discomfort
UTI: 1ST LINE TREATMENT FOR WOMEN THAT AREN’T PREGNANT AND 2ND LINE TREATMENT
- Nitrofurantoin
- 100 mg M/R
- BD
- 3 day course (increase duration if pregnant)
2ND
Fosfomycin/ pivmecillinam
CAUSES, SYMPTOMS OF PNEUMONIA
Strep.pneumoniae pneumococal, typically ‘at risk’ groups.
fever, loss of appetite, unwell, shivering, chest pain, others
TREATMENT FOR PENUMONIA and PREVENTION
Depends on severity, organism and type, e.g. CA vs HA oral antibiotics, e.g. amoxicillin, IV antibiotics (hospital/severe).
Vaccine, PPV against pneumococcal
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY and SYMPTOMS OF H PYLORI
Causes damage to the stomach and duodenal epithelial lining via multiple mechanisms. Can cause gastritis (inflammation). Can lead to damage and later ulcers. Inflammation and other effects of H.pylori can also lead to gastric cancer in chronic infection.
Abdominal pain (burning), nausea, bloating, belching.
TREATMENT FOR H PYLORI
PPI + 2 antibiotics: amoxicillin (1000mg/BD) + either clarithromycin (500mg BD) or metronidazole (400mg BD) for 7 days
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS: CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS
Usually bacterial and in pt. with heart valve replacement or damage (rare) caused by commonly s.aureus or strep.
Symptoms: fever, chills, heart murmurs, tiredness/fatigue, cough, headache, shortness of breath, night sweats & others
TREATMENT FOR INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
Depends on no. factoirs, e.g. a penicillin (+gentamicin, s.pyogenes) flucloxacillin (s.aureus). if serious, empiric treatmewnt e.g. ampicillin or (vancomycin, MRSA) duration 2-6 weeks. surgery.
IMPETIGO CAUSES AND DIAGNOSIS
Break in skin, infection with s.aureus or s.pyogenes.
Lesions start, e.g. pustules that release exudate forming a crust (non bullous) or blisters that burst forming crust (bullous)
symptoms: swollen glands, fever, diarrhoea (esp. bullous)
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF INFECTION IN THE GIT and treatment for most GIT infections
Faecal oral transmission, No treatment - normally self-limiting
Stay hydrated
What are the causes and symptoms for BV?
Overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the vagina, symptoms: Discharge:
- White/ pale grey discharge
- Milky discharge
- Fishy-smelling
What is the treatment for BV?
Oral metronidazole 400mg BD, 5-7 day treatment, alternatively
2g single dose of metronidazole gel
similarities and differences in symptoms between BV and Thrush
S: increased vaginal discharge, white discharge
D: BV discharge can be grey, discharge in BV is smooth, thrush is curdled, thrush has no odor, thrush itches and burns
Which skin layer does acne, impetigo & cellulitis affect
acne - epidermis hair follicle
impetigo - epidermis
cellulitis - dermis, subcutaneous fat
treatment for impetigo? localised vs systemic
good hygiene
LOCALISED
- Topical fusidic acid for 5 days
- Topical mupirocin 2% for 5 days if MRSA
SYSTEMIC:
- Oral flucloxacillin 250-500mg QDS for 7 days
- Clarithromycin 250-500mg BD for 7 days (if allergic)
Cellulitis? causes and symptoms?
inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by s.pyogenes most common, or s.aureus in damaged skin
symptoms:(1) Red
(2) Hot
(3) Swelling/ inflammation
(4) Painful
treatment for mild cellulitis vs gram negative cellulitis
mild: flucloxacillin (clarithomycin if penicillin allergy), 500mg QDS for 7 days
gram -ve, broad spectrum antibiotic e.g. amoxicillin
Bacterial conjunctivitis: causes and its symptoms
(1) S. aureus
(2) H. influenzae
(3) S. pneumoniae
symptoms: (1) Thick + yellow discharge (mucopurulent)
(2) Gritty feeling in eye
(3) Pink/ red eye
First line treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis and second line treatment
1st: (1) Self-care
(2) Bathe + Clean
2nd: A
(1) OTC Topical Antibiotics
- Chloramphenicol 0.5% drops
- Chloramphenicol 1% ointment
(2) Self-care
Otitis externa, causes and symptoms?
infection of the outer ear,
causes: mainly bacterial
s.aureus, p.aeruginosa - can also be fungal
symptoms:
pain, itchiness, discharge, temporary/slight hearing loss, feeling of pressure
treatment for otitis externa?
(1) Self-care
- Pain relief
- Localised heat
(2) Clotrimazole if fungal
(3) If bacterial:
- Topical acetic acid 2%
- Topical antibiotic - neomycin
- Corticosteroid - betamethasone
Otitis media? causes and symptoms
Infection of the middle region of the ear, most common cause of ear pain in children
causes:
(1) Usually viral
(2) Can be bacterial:
- S. pneumoniae
- H. influenzae
symptoms:
(1) Ear ache
(2) Fever
(3) Vomiting
(4) Fatigue
(5) Slight hearing loss
Treatment for otitis media?
(1) Self-care
- Pain relief
(2) If severe
- Antibiotics (amoxicillin)
What are the similarities and differences between the symptoms of otitis externa and otitis media?
(1) Similiarities:
- Pain/ ear ache
- Slight hearing loss
(2) Differences:
- externa is itchy, with discharge + feeling of pressure
- media gives fatigue, fever + vomiting
