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Science Grade 10 > Plate Tectonics > Flashcards

Plate Tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

composed primarily of a nickel-iron alloy

A

solid inner core

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2
Q

2 300 km thick

composed of a nickel-iron alloy (but with less iron)

A

outer core

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3
Q

very hot that the metals are in liquid state

A

outer core

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4
Q

2 900 km thick

A

mantle

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5
Q

compromises 70% of Earth’s volume

A

mantle

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6
Q

outer silica-rich, solid crust, highly viscous

A

mantle

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7
Q

outermost layer of the Earth

A

crust

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8
Q

two types of crust

A

continental

oceanic

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9
Q

thick (10-70 km)
buoyant (less dense)
contains some of the oldest rocks on Earth

A

continental crust

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10
Q

thin (-7 km)

dense

A

oceanic crust

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11
Q

what happens when the two types of crust meet?

A

oceanic crust will sink underneath continental crust

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12
Q

deformation of the crust as a consequence of plate interaction

A

tectonic

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13
Q

fill in the blanks: Each type of plate interaction causes a ————- set of —— structures or “————” features

A

characteristic, Earth, tectonic

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14
Q

fill in the blanks: The Earth’s crust is divided into – major ——, moving in various directions

A

12, plates

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15
Q

fill in the blanks: Plates are made of rigid ————–

A

lithosphere

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16
Q

What makes up the lithosphere?

A

crust and upper mantle

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17
Q

asthenosphere

A

below the lithosphere which makes up the tectonic plates

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18
Q

how do plates move?

A

lithospheric plates are moved around by the underlying hot mantle convection cells

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19
Q

fill in the blanks: in the ——–, hot ——— rises towards the lithosphere

A

mantle, material

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20
Q

fill in the blanks: Hot material reaches the base of the ———— where it cools and —- back down through the mantle

A

lithosphere, sinks

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21
Q

fill in the blanks: The —– material is replaced by more hot material forming a large ————- cell

A

cool, convection

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22
Q

fill in the blanks: This —- but incessant movement in the ——- causes the rigid tectonic plates to move (float) around the Earth’s surface

A

slow, mantle

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23
Q

what happens when plates meet?

A

they form plate boundaries

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24
Q

types of plate boundaries

A

divergent
convergent
transform

25
Q

‘spreading ridges’

A

divergent

26
Q

as plates move apart, new material is erupted to fill the gap

A

divergent

27
Q

example of continental rifting

A

Iceland

28
Q

fill in the blanks: Iceland has a ———– plate boundary running through its middle

A

divergent

29
Q

plates move towards each other

A

convergent

30
Q

fill in the blanks: The three styles of convergent plate boundaries are defined by what type of —— is coming together

A

crust

31
Q

styles of convergent plate boundaries

A

continent-continent collision
continent-oceanic crust collision
oceanic-oceanic plate collision

32
Q

forms mountains

i.e. Himalayas, Sierra Madre Mountain Range

A

continent-continent collision

33
Q

how are mountains formed?

A

continental crust pushes against continental crust
neither side of the boundary wants to sink beneath the other side
plates push against each other
crust buckles and cracks pushing up high mountain ranges

34
Q

subduction occurs

A

continent-oceanic crust collision

35
Q

primarily solid sphere about 1 220 km situated at Earth’s center

A

solid inner core

36
Q

where continental crust pushes against oceanic crust and sinks it below the continental crust because of its density

A

subduction zone

37
Q

oceanic crust which descends into the mantle at a rate of centimeters per year

A

subducting slab

38
Q

fill in the blanks: When the subducting slab reaches a —— of around 100 km, it dehydrates and ———– water into the overlying ——- wedge

A

depth, releases, mantle

39
Q

fill in the blanks: The addition of —– into the mantle wedge changes the melting point of the molten material forming new —— material which rises up into the overlying continental crust forming ———-

A

water, molten, volcanoes

40
Q

fill in the blanks: The world’s deepest parts of the ocean are found along ——–

A

trenches

41
Q

trench

A

very deep depression in the ocean floor formed by a bent subducting plate

42
Q

fill in the blanks: When two ——- plates collide, one runs over the other which causes it to sink into the ——– forming a ———– —-

A

oceanic, mantle, subduction zone

43
Q

where plates slide past each other

A

transform plate boundaries

44
Q

How are volcanoes formed?

A

via subduction
via rifting
form at “Hotspots”

45
Q

True or False: Hotspots do not necessarily occur along a plate boundary

A

True

46
Q

hotspot volcanoes

A

can form in the middle of tectonic plates

47
Q

hot mantle plumes breaching the surface in the middle of a tectonic plate
i.e. Hawaiian island chain

A

hotspot volcanoes

48
Q

fill in the blanks: As with volcanoes, ————– are — randomly distributed over the globe

A

earthquakes, not

49
Q

fill in the blanks: At plate boundaries, —— causes them to stick together. ————- occur when built up —– causes them to break

A

friction, earthquakes, energy

50
Q

Earthquakes are NOT randomly distributed around the globe. Why?

A

They occur in linear patterns associated with plate boundaries.

51
Q

shaking of the ground caused by sudden motions along faults or fractures in the Earth’s crust

A

earthquake

52
Q

fracture in the rocks that make up Earth’s crust

A

fault

53
Q

massive rocks that make up the outer layer of the Earth’s surface

A

plates

54
Q

movement along faults triggers earthquakes

A

plates

55
Q

point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts

A

focus

56
Q

hypocenter

A

focus

57
Q

point at the Earth’s surface directly above the focus

A

epicenter

58
Q

waves that transmit the energy released by an earthquake

A

seismic waves

Science Grade 10 (6 decks)

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