Coordinated Functions Flashcards
functions of the reproductive system
- production and transport of gametes
- production of sex hormones
- organ system responsible for the perpetuation of a species or production of a new organism
produces egg cells (ova) and sex hormones
ovary
conducts the egg cell (ovum) toward the uterus
fallopian tube (oviduct)
houses the developing fetus
uterus
opening of the uterus
cervix
tube that links the ovary to the uterus
fallopian tube (oviduct)
the specific site where fertilization of the human egg takes place
fallopian tube (oviduct)
receives the penis during copulation and serves as the birth canal
vagina
system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction
reproductive system
basic units of female reproductive biology, each of which is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary
ovarian follicles
lining of the uterus
endometrium
stage of growth and maturation that produces a mature egg cell
(follicle grows to full maturity)
follicle stage
ripe follicle releases an ovum
ovulation
secretes progesterone (and estrogen) which thickens the uterine lining in preparation for the implantation of the embryo
luteal stage
lining of the uterus is sloughed off and flows out of the body
menstrual flow stage
menstrual cycle SIMPLE timeline
Follicle Stage
Ovulation
Luteal Stage
Menstrual Flow Stage
Release of FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (Lutenizing hormone) -> — matures
egg
Follicle secretes estrogen -> uterine lining ——–; – increases
thickens; LH
Presence of LH (Lutenizing hormone) -> follicle ruptures and releases mature egg
ovulation
increase in LH -> ——– enlarges and fills with blood vessels (become —— —— or “yellow body”)
follicle; corpus luteum
———— -> further thickening of uterine wall
progesterone
If fertilization does not occur (an egg is not fertilized), what disintegrates and degenerates?
corpus luteum (“yellow body”)
If fertilization does not occur (an egg is not fertilized), what collapses?
uterine lining
discharge of dead tissue and unfertilized egg
menstruation
the follicle becomes this structure once the egg cell is released from the ovary
corpus luteum (“yellow body”)
Low FSH and LH levels -> low ————- and ——– levels
progesterone; estrogen
what controls hormonal secretion?
(+) positive feedback
(-) negative feedback
a mechanism that STIMULATES further secretion of hormones
(+) positive feedback
arising concentration of a secreted hormone STIMULATES further secretion
(+) positive feedback
arise in the concentration of a secreted hormone INHIBITS (prevents) further secretion
(-) negative feedback
hormone that triggers the release of FSH and LH by another structure
pituitary hormone
structure that PRODUCES the pituitary gland that triggers the release of FSH and LH by another structure
hypothalamus
why is menstruation important?
to know if the mother is fertile or infertile (by her menstrual cycle)
organs that produce the male and female gametes
gonads
GnRH
Gonadotropic- Releasing hormone
Pituitary hormone effects
LH and FSH stimulates spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion by the testes
Testes hormone effects
Testosterone and inhibin inhibit the secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus and LH & FSH by the pituitary
produces sperm cells and sex hormones
testis
counterpart of the ovary in the male reproductive system
testis
site of sperm (temporary) storage and sperm cell maturation
epididymis
conducts sperm from the testis to the urethra
vas deferens
sperm cells travel through this structure and are mixed with secretions
urethra
secretes MILKY fluid for acid neutralization of the pathway for sperm and urine
prostate gland
secretes THICK fluid containing nutrients for sperm use
seminal vesicle
the testis is housed by the ——-
scrotum
directly beside the testis
epididymis
secretes VISCOUS fluid for lubrication; holds basic semen (protective fluid)
cowper’s gland
conducts semen and urine
urethra
copulatory organ in the male reproductive system
penis
undescended testes -> ———– of the male person
infertility
sperm cells die at how many degrees?
37
system of organs linked to the nervous system which controls secretion of hormones and other chemicals by various glands
endocrine system
for BOTH male and female, there are —– major endocrine glands
8
8 major endocrine glands
pituitary gland (hormone) thyroid gland adrenal gland testis pineal gland thymus pancreas ovary
T or F: The testis and the ovary are part of the endocrine system and reproductive system
T
T or F: The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes FSH, LH, and prolactin
F
anterior lobe
T or F: The epididymis protects the testis and maintains a lower temperature than the rest of the body
F
scrotum
Complete the information
Pituitary lobe: ?
Secretions: OCT
Main Targets:
1. ? - induces milk movement into secretory ducts
2. ? - induces uterine contractions during child birth
Posterior
Mammary glands
Uterus
this hormone targets the mammary glands and induces milk movement to the secretory ducts
OCT (Oxytocin)
Complete the information Pituitary lobe: Anterior Secretions: ? Main Targets: 1. mammary glands - stimulates and sustains milk production
PRL (prolactin)
Complete the information Pituitary lobe: ? Secretions: Lutenizing hormone (LH) Main Targets: 1. ? - In F, stimulates progesterone secretion, ovulation, corpus luteum formation 2. testes - In M, stimulates testosterone secretion, sperm release
Anterior
ovaries
Complete the information Pituitary lobe: Anterior Secretions: ? Main Targets: 1. ovaries - In F, stimulates estrogen secretion, egg maturation 2. ? - In M, stimulates sperm formation
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
testes
stores and secretes hormones that were SYNTHESIZED in the hypothalamus
posterior lobe of pituitary
produces and secretes its OWN hormones
anterior lobe of pituitary
Gonadotropin
recreating hormone
T or F: Both sex have estrogen and testosterone at different “levels”
T
(from gamein “to marry”) a cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization in organisms that sexually reproduce
gametes
gametes = ?
sex cells
sex cells have how many chromosomes?
23
how many chromosomes do humans have?
46
how come humans have 46 chromosomes?
In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46.
22 of these pairs, (called autosomes), look the SAME in both males and females.
The 23rd pair, (called the sex chromosomes), DIFFER between males and females.
Humans have a total of – chromosomes in EACH body cell; 44 of these are ———. You get 1 set of – autosomes from your mom and another set from your dad.
46
autosomes
22
a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds (M or F)
sex chromosome
GnRH stimulates (causes) the pituitary gland to produce the HORMONE responsible for starting follicle (egg) development which is?
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) causes the primary female sex hormone to rise which is?
estrogen
primary male sex hormone
testosterone
This hormone aids in egg maturation and provides the hormonal trigger to cause ovulation and the release of eggs from the ovary
Lutenizing hormone (LH), the other reproductive pituitary hormone
fertilized egg
embryo
What gland produces testosterone?
(this important hormone is produced mainly in the testes in males)
adrenal glands
