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Bacterial cell > Plasmids + Transformation > Flashcards

Plasmids + Transformation Flashcards

Describe how bacterial chromosomes are organised, how they evolve, how they differ between species and how they are compressed to fit within the bacterial cell. Also understand the role of accessory elements, horizontal gene transfer and gene depletion in chromosome evolution Explain the general features of plasmids Understand plasmid nomenclature Describe a range of biological functions that plasmids provide Understand how plasmids are structured Understand the modes of plasmid replication Disp

1
Q

What is meant by a wildtype?

A

The natural appearance of a species within the wild

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2
Q

What is meant by a phenotype?

A

An observable property of a strain

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3
Q

What is meant by a genotype?

A

The genetic composition of an organism

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4
Q

What is transformation?

A

Introduction of naked DNA into a strain (From the environment)

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5
Q

What is transposition?

A

Movement of genes from one place inside the cell to another

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6
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Transfer of DNA from one strain into another

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7
Q

What is Transduction?

A

Use of bacteriophages to move mutations from strain to strain

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8
Q

What is the function of the methyl base?

A

To protect the DNA against endonucleases

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9
Q

What % of the bacterial chromosome is coding regions?

A

90%

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the non coding regions within the bacteria?

A

Promoter/operator regions

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11
Q

Why might a bacteria have multiple chromosomes?

A

Allows for faster replication

Specilisation of chromosome

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12
Q

What was the minimal genome project?

A

Create the smallest genome possible for an organism

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13
Q

What is meant by Synteny?

A

Related bacteria have common backbones, with a majority of the genes having the same order

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14
Q

What is the nomenclature for genetic phenotypes?

A

First letter capitalised
+ Shows it’s ability to synthesize
- Shows it cannot

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15
Q

What is the nomenclature for genetic genotypes?

A

All letters italicised/underlined
^R if resistant to AB
^S is sensitive to AB

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16
Q

What do plasmids usually confer?

A

Genes required for growth under specific environmental conditions

17
Q

What are replicons?

A

DNA molecules which can replicate autonomously

18
Q

Where does the replication of a plasmid begin?

A

The oirigin of replication site

19
Q

What items does the plasmid create for replication?

A

Protein required for initiation at ori site

20
Q

What does a plasmid need from the host in order to replicate?

A

DNA polymerase
Ligases
Helicases

21
Q

How does theta replication work?

A

Initiation: OriV site
Proceeds either bidirectionally (until the two forks meet)
Or unidirectionally (until it reaches origin site)

22
Q

How does rolling circle replication work?

A

RepA binds to origin and nicks 5’ end
3’ end attracts dna polymerase 3 which replicates the strand

The 5 prime falls off and is replicated too

23
Q

What is a host range?

A

Types of bacteria which a plasmid can replicate in

24
Q

Give an example of a bacteria with a narrow host range

A

E.coli

25
Q

Why would a plasmid have a narrow host range?

A

Requirement of host-specific regulatory elements or machinery

26
Q

Give an example of a bacteria which has high host ranges

A

RK2

27
Q

What usage is there for a bacteria with a high host range

A

Can be used in cloning

28
Q

What is copy number?

A

The number of plasmids per cell

29
Q

Why would a cell not want a high copy number?

A

Would cause overcrowding

30
Q

What controls the copy number?

A

the plasmid-encoded components (E.g high initiation replication will increase copy number)

31
Q

What is curing?

A

When a bacteria loses it’s plasmids

32
Q

What is the multimer-resolution system?

A

Ensures that the plasmid multimers are converters to monomers (aka 2 -> 1)

33
Q

What is plasmid partitioning?

A

Ensures that both daughter cells will contain a copy of the plasmid

34
Q

When is plasmid partitioning typically used?

A

In a low copy-number cell

35
Q

What is plasmid addiction?

A

A plasmid which encodes a protein which will kill the cell if it becomes cured

36
Q

How does plasmid addiction kill a cell?

A

Addition plasmids encode an antidote protein constantly, which prevents the toxin from building up

37
Q

What is plasmid incompatability?

A

Where a cell cannot have two of the same plasmids from an incompatability group

Bacterial cell (10 decks)

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