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Cell biology - BB10005 > plants - lecture 2 > Flashcards

plants - lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the structure of parenchyma cell walls?

A 
Have thin and flexible primary walls
Lack secondary (lignified) walls
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2
Q

What are the functions of parenchyma cells?

A
  • perform the most metabolic functions
  • are least specialized
  • retain the ability to divide and differentiate
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3
Q

What are the structural features of parenchyma cells?

A
  • large central vacuole
  • in leaves they contain chloroplasts
  • in stems and roots they contain colourless plastids that store starch
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4
Q

What are the functions of collenchyma cells?

A
  • grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot
  • These cells provide flexible support without restraining growth
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5
Q

What are the cell walls of collenchyma cells like?

A
  • they have thicker and uneven cells walls

- They lack secondary walls

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6
Q

What are sclerenchyma cells like?

A

rigid with thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin , they are dead at functional maturity

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7
Q

What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?

A
  • Sclereids

- fibers

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8
Q

What are sclereid cells like?

A

short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls. Found in seed coats, nut shells, and the texture to pear fruits.

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9
Q

What are fiber cells like?

A

long and slender and arranged in threads

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10
Q

What are the two types of xylem cells?

A
  • tracheids

- Vessel elements

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11
Q

What are tracheid cells?

A
  • common to most plants
  • Long, thin, tapered ends
    Pitted walls:
    for lateral movement of water
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12
Q

What are vessel elements in the xylem?

A

Higher plants’ (Angiosperms,
more robust (lignified) vascular tissue
Perforated end walls:
primarily for upward movement

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13
Q

How is there movement in plants for water?

A

Faciliated by transpiration in the day time. Creates a void, osmosis drawn due to this void. Capillary action creates the suction

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14
Q

What is apoplastic movement of water

A

Primary cells walls with no lignin in them at all. Water moves through the cell walls and the middle lamella.

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15
Q

What does casparian strip do?

A

prevents movement of water through the apopplatiwc pathway, via a Suberin coat

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16
Q

What is the symplastic movement of water?

A

through the cells and plasmodesmata

17
Q

What are the cells making up the phloem?

A

Sieve tubes

18
Q

What are meristems?

A

zones of stems cells which are essential for primary (elongation) and secondary (thickness)

19
Q

What are the two types of meristem?

A
  • apical

- axillary/lateral

20
Q

What is the apical meristem for

A

: RAM (root) and SAM (stem)

21
Q

What is the axillary meristem for?

A

SAM (stem)

22
Q

What do apical meristems look like and where do leaves form from?

A
  • A shoot apical meristem (SAM) is a dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip
  • Leaves develop from leaf primordia along the sides of the apical meristem
23
Q

Where do axillary buds develop from and what do they form?

A

Axillary buds develop from meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia
Axillary buds give rise to lateral shoots

24
Q

What are the two layers of mesophyll in eudicots?

A
  • palisade mesophyll

- spongy mesophyll

25
Q

What are the two phases of a plant life cycle?

A
  • vegetative phase

- Reproductive phase

26
Q

What is the vegetative phase of the plant life cycle?

A

indeterminate and determinate growth

27
Q

What is the Reproductive phase of the Plant life cycle?

A

Generation of gametophytes

28
Q

What are cambiums an e example of?

A

secondary growth

- woody

29
Q

What is the shape of apical meristems and what type of growth is it?

A
  • Tips of shoots or roots and is dome shaped
  • vegetative growth;Mediate primary growth
    Mitosis, elongation,
    differentiation
30
Q

What is a SAM

A

A shoot apical meristem

31
Q

How is the reproductive phase triggered in a SAM?

A 
Triggered by specific cues
Multiple, contributory
Redundant 
Some inhibitory
Some activational
Control floral patterning
Sepals, petals, stamens, stigma
32
Q

What phase are RAMS, axillary buds and root hairs in?

A

Always in a vegetative phase

33
Q

Where does secondary growth occur?

A

In roots and stems and rare in leaves

34
Q

In what plant types does secondary growth occur?

A
  • Gymnosperms

- Many eudicots

35
Q

What can thicken the stem?

A

Secondary xylem & phloem thicken the stem

36
Q

What does the cork cambium develop from in secondary development?

A

from parenchyma cells

37
Q

What are vascular rays?

A

radial files of parenchyma connecting secondary xylem & phloem for nutrient & water movement & repair

Cell biology - BB10005 (17 decks)

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