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Cell biology - BB10005 > plants - lecture 1 > Flashcards

plants - lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are plant microbodies?

A
  • peroxisomes

- Glyoxysomes

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2
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes

A

ROS release for plant immunity

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3
Q

What is the function of Glyoxysomes

A

Acetyl CoA production from fatty acids

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4
Q

Why is it necessary for bacteria and plants to have strong cell walls?

A

Bacteria: crucial protection from a hostile environmnent.
Plants: crucial support as sessile organisms.

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5
Q

How do bacteria operate?

A

Operate in large colonies creating biofilms

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6
Q

What is a metzoan?

A

A multicellular organism

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of vegetative parts of a plant (non - flowering parts)?

A
  • roots
  • Stems
  • Leaves
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8
Q

Function of the root system

A

take up of water, minerals e.g. nitrates (transpiration, capillary action, apoplastic and symplastic movement, osmotic pressure) UPWARDS

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9
Q

Function of the stems system

A

support vascular transport BOTH WAYS, prevent lodging

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10
Q

Functions of the leaves system

A

Photosynthesis, making of sugars and proteins

DOWNWARDS

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11
Q

What are the 5 plant kingdoms?

A
  • algae
  • Bryophytes
  • Pteridophytes
  • Gymnosperm
  • Angiosperm
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12
Q

What do angiosperms have?

A
  • fully enclose seeds which are flowering
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13
Q

How are the angiosperms divided into groups?

A
  • Monocots

- Dicots

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14
Q

What are the qualities of monocots

A
  • one cotyledon
  • veins are usually parallel
  • Vascular bundles usually complexly arrange
  • Fibrous root system
  • floral parts usually in multiples of 3
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15
Q

what are the qualities of dicots?

A
  • two cotyledons
  • Veins usually netlike
  • vascular bundles arranged in a ring
  • taproot usually present
  • floral parts usually in multiples of 4s or 5s
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16
Q

What are the 3 functions of a root?

A
  • Anchoring the plant
  • Absorbing water and minerals (e.g nitrates)
  • Storing carbohydrates (sucrose into starch)
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17
Q

What is the primary root?

A
  • first root emerging from a germinating seed
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18
Q

Which plant types have a taproot system?

A
  • most gymnosperms(pines) and eudicot angiosperms
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19
Q

What is a taproot system?

A
  • A taproot, the main vertical root

- Lateral roots, or branch roots, that arise from the taproot

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20
Q

What type of root systems do monocots have?

A
  • fibrous root system
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21
Q

What is a fibrous root system?

A
  • Adventitious roots that arise from stems or leaves

- Lateral roots that arise from the adventitious roots

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22
Q

What are prop roots?

A
  • supporting top heavy trees
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23
Q

What are examples of prop roots?

A
  • Hala trees that grow in sandy soils in the South Pacific
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24
Q

What are Buttress roots

A

Aerial roots that support the tree

25
Q

What are examples of buttress roots?

A

In tropical forests root systems of trees can be very shallow due to competition for resources.

26
Q

What are strangling aerial roots?

A

germinate in the branches of tall trees, send aerial roots to the soil.
Eventually the “host” tree dies through shading

27
Q

What are pneumatophores?

A

negatively geotropic roots to obtain oxygen which is

lacking in thick estuarine mud

28
Q

What are the nodes and internodes in a stem?

A

nodes - the points at which leaves are attached

internodes - the stem segments between nodes

29
Q

What is an axillary bud?

A

bud has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch, tip of the plant

30
Q

What is an apical bud?

A

causes elongation of a young shoot, or part of it can differentiate to give rise to a reproductive organ

31
Q

What is an rhizome?

A

Horizontal shoots that grow just below the the soil surface

32
Q

What are stolons?

A

horizontal shoots that grow along the soil surface and allow asexual reproduction of plantlets at nodules along the stolon

33
Q

What are tubers?

A

Tubers are enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons for storing food

34
Q

What are bulbs?

A

Bulbs such as this onion are vertical underground shoots that store food

35
Q

What do leaves generally consist of?

A

flattened blade and a stalk called the petiole, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

36
Q

How do monocots and edicts differ In the arrangement of the veins?

A

Most monocots have parallel veins

Most eudicots have branching veins

37
Q

What are the 3 types of leaf?

A
  • simple
  • compound
  • doubly compound
38
Q

What are tendrils?

A

Tendrils are modified leaves that plants such as this pea plant use to cling to objects.
Once attached the tendril coils pulling the plant closer to the support.

39
Q

What are spines?

A

Spines are modified leaves and in this cactus.

40
Q

What are reproductive lectures?

A

Reproductive leaves of some succulents such as this Kalanchoe form adventitious plantlets that fall off and take root in the soil

41
Q

What are Bracts?

A

are modified leaves surrounding flowers. Some bracts are brightly colored and attract pollinators.

42
Q

What type of tissue doe each plant organ contain

A
  • Dermal
  • Vascular
  • ground tissues
43
Q

What is dermal tissue?

A

A protective layer

44
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

continuous transport system arranged differently in each organ

45
Q

What is ground tissue?

A

where most metabolic functions take place, macromolecules taken to other parts of the cell

46
Q

What are the two dermal tissue systems?

A
  • non woody

- woody

47
Q

What forms the non woody parts dermal tissue?

A

Epidermis: single tissue
Cuticle (waxy coating): prevents water loss
Trichomes: diverse functions

48
Q

What forms the woody parts of the dermal tissue?

A

Periderm: several tissues
Reinforced cell walls: lignin and suberin
Complex polyphenols

49
Q

What tissues make up the vascular system?

A
  • Xylem

- Phloem

50
Q

What does the xylem do?

A

Upward transport of water and
dissolved minerals
Lignin-reinforced walls

51
Q

What does the phloem do?

A

Transport of organic compounds

52
Q

How are the vascular tissues arranged in roots in eudicts vs monocots?

A
  • Very small in the eudicots compared to monocots
53
Q

How are the vascular tissues arranged in stems in eudicots vs monocots?

A

eudicots- forms a ring of vascular bundles

monocots - stem with scattered vascular bundles

54
Q

What is internal to the vascular tissue?

A

The pith

55
Q

What is external to the vascular tissue?

A

cortex

56
Q

What are the types of ground tissue?

A 
Usually unspecialized cell types
Often give rise to dermal and
	vascular tissues
Groups of cells specialized for:
	Storage, photosynthesis, support
57
Q

What are the 3 major types of ground tissues systems?

A
  • Parenchyma
  • Collenchyma
  • Sclerenchyma
58
Q

What is another function of ground tissue?

A

Ground tissue gives rise to other tissue systems:

  • Water-conducting cells of the xylem
  • Sugar-conducting cells of the phloem

Cell biology - BB10005 (17 decks)

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