mitochondria - lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of a mitochondria

A
  • matrix
  • cristae
  • Inner membrane
  • outer membrane
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2
Q

Structure of the chloroplast

A
  • Stroma
  • Thylakoid
  • Granum
  • Inter membrane space
  • Inner membrane
  • outer membrane
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3
Q

What is the primary function of the mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

ATP synthesis

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4
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

responsible for growth and repair processes

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5
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

release energy needed to drive anabolic reactions

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6
Q

Why is ATP the most common energy intermediate?

A

efficient linking or coupling of energy yielding to energy requiring processes

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7
Q

Where is ATP synthase found?

A

the mitochondrial inner membrane, the chloroplast thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane of eubacteria

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8
Q

How is the large F - type ATPase made up?

A

F0 which is integral in the membrane and F1 which is peripheral

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9
Q

How is ATP synthesised by the Fo and F1 subunits?

A

As protons pass through the F0 prortion from one side of the membrane to the other a stalk rotates. This causes conformational changes in F1 that facilitate the production of ATP.

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10
Q

What is the name of the protein that. rotates to drive the synthesis of ATP?

A

The gamme subunit

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11
Q

What does the proton gradient do between the inter membrane space and the matrix?

A

Made up of two components. 1: Difference in voltage across the membrane (the membrane potential) + 2: the difference in proton concentration (remember pH is a measure of proton concentration).

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12
Q

How many molecules of ATP can be produced per second?

A

100

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13
Q

How many protons are needed to synthesise 1 molecule of ATP?

A

3

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14
Q

How is the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane generated ?

A

High energy electrons are passed along an electron transport chain
These electron transfers release large amounts of energy which is used to pump H+ across the membrane creating an electrochemical proton gradien

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15
Q

Where do the electrons come from in the electron transport chain?

A

The NADH

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16
Q

Where is the NADH generated?

A

citric acid cycle

17
Q

What is NADH short for?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

18
Q

What is the name of the first electron carrier?

A

Ubiquinone

19
Q

What is the role of Ubiquinone?

A

carries electrons from the NADH dehydrogenase to the cytochrome b - c1 complex

20
Q

What is the name of the second electron carrier?

A

Cytochrome C

21
Q

What is the role of the cytochrome c electron carrier?

A

carries electrons from the cytochrome b-c1 complex to the cytochrome oxidase complex

22
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The linkage of electron transport, proton pumping and ATP synthesis

23
Q

How do electrons move along the electron transport chain?

A

By a series of oxidation, reduction reactions

As one reactant is oxidised (loses electrons) another is reduced (gains electrons)

24
Q

What is in the matrix?

A

Enzymes of citric acid cycle,

mitochondrial DNA etc

25
Q

What is the inner membrane?

A

Electron transfer
proteins, ATP synthase, transport
proteins.

26
Q

What is the outer membrane?

A

Has large pores,
lipid synthesis, and conversion of
lipid substrates into forms that can
be metabolised in the matrix

27
Q

What is the inter membrane space?

A

Several
enzymes that use ATP passing out of
the matrixto phosphorylate other
nucleotides