lecture 13 - the Extra cellular matrix Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a definition of the extra cellular matrix?

A

extracellular matrix (ECM) any substance produced by cells and secreted into the extracellular space within the tissues.

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the ECM?

A

ECM provides physical support for cells and a linkage between different cells or tissues

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3
Q

What is another function of the ECM?

A

Cell Motility – it forms a substrate on which cells can move and furthermore it provides cues that guide the direction of movement

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4
Q

What is the basic cellular organisation In animals?

A
  • epithelial tissue

- connective tissue

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5
Q

What is the general composition the ECM?

A
  • consists of scattered cells
  • consists of collagen fibers (protein) cross-linked by accessory proteins in a matrix of proteoglycans (protein + polysaccharides)
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6
Q

What is the scant ECM?

A
  • consists of layers of cells closely bound to one another to form protective sheets
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7
Q

What are the layers of the ECM?

A
  • epithelial cells
  • basal lamina
  • collagen
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8
Q

What is the purpose of the basal lamina?

A

provides a base for the cells to sit on and acts as a molecular sieve and substrate for migrating cells

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9
Q

What is the ECM in plants?

A

The cell wall

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10
Q

What is the composition of the cell wall?

A

consists of cellulose fibers (polysaccharide) cross-linked with hemicellulose in a matrix of highly branched polysaccharides (e.g. Pectin)

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11
Q

How does the ECM differ between plants and animals?

A

plants contain polysaccharide fibres animal ECM has fibres made of protein whilst Animal ECM contains COLLAGEN & ELASTIN

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12
Q

How many genes are in mammals which make up the collagen in the body?

A

42 different genes

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13
Q

What proportion of the body does the % of collagen make up?

A

25%

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14
Q

How is collagen formed?

A
  • single collagen polypeptide chain
  • triple- stranded collagen molecule
  • collagen fibril
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15
Q

What are the 5 steps of collagen formation steps within the cells?

A
    • synthesis of a pro - alpha chain
      2 .- hydroxylation of selected prolines and lysines
    • glycosylation of selected hydroxylysines
    • self assembly of three pro- alpha chains
      5.- pro collagen triple helix formation
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16
Q

What are collagen helical regions composed of?

A

composed of Gly-X-Y repeats, where X and Y can be any AA, but usually Pro and HydroxyPro, and less commonly Lys and HydroxyLys

17
Q

What does elastin do?

A
  • provides elasticity to tissues
18
Q

How is elastin composed?

A

composed of large filaments with lots of random coils that can be compared to springs

19
Q

How is elastin connected?

A

by cross-linked Lysine or hydroxylysines

20
Q

What happens when elastin fibres are relaxed?

A

coiled up

21
Q

How is the ECM similar to the ECM in plants?

A

most of the matrix consists of polysaccharides

22
Q

What is the name of the polysaccharide in plants in the ECM?

A

pectin

23
Q

What is the name of the polysaccharide in animals?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

24
Q

What are the 3 different types of GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS?

A

hyaluronan, chondroitin sulphate, heparan sulphate

25
Q

What is different about hyaluronan?

A
  • does not form covalent cross linking
26
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans made of

A

Disaccharide = glucoronic acid or iduronic acid, and N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine

The disaccharide is repeated along the chain .

27
Q

What do the types of connective tissue exist due to variation?

A

the relative proportion of fibres to cells within the ECM

the number and proportion of different cell types within the ECM

. the proportion and arrangement of the fibres in the ECM

the composition of the non-fibrous component of the ECM

28
Q

Who was Mr Morris and what was his symptoms?

A
  • had very stretchy skin
  • Connective tissue of the dermis is affected
  • The component that stops it stretching too far is collagen. - Collagen is rigid won’t stretch too much
  • The elastin fibres go much further than the collagen
29
Q

Why did Mr Morris’s collagen not form?

A

Failure of conversion of lysine to hydroxylysine by lysyl hydroxylase OR failure to cleave off propeptide termini
=> fibrils and fibres don’t form

30
Q

What does areolar connective tissue do in the body?

A

cushions the organs in out body . Made up of elastin and collagen, helps to encase internal organs

31
Q

What is adipose tissue made up of?

A
  • collagen 3 and reticular fibres
32
Q

What are tendons and ligaments made up of?

A
  • Dominant feature is not the cells but the collagen fibres
33
Q

What is the dermis of the skin made up of?

A
  • collagen fibres and fibroblast nuclei

- collagen must be organised in a more variable way due to the skin being able to move more

34
Q

What is elastic collagen made up?

A
  • elastin fibres
35
Q

What is different about bone?

A

Mineralised matrix , calcium rich cystal matrix that is crucial for bond strength

36
Q

What is the mechanism for scurvy?

A

Scurvy due to lack of Vit C (Ascorbic acid) essential cofactor for propel hydroxyls that make hyrdoxyPro and which needed for crosslinking of collagen fibres

37
Q

What are the symptoms of scurvy?

A

lack of nromal fibrils leads to fragility and bleeding and teeth loss, etc

38
Q

What does Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

do?

A

Muscle and connective tissue like tendons are gradually replaced by bone (ossified