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Biology > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the shoot system located?

A

-Above ground

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2
Q

What organs are included in the shoot system? What are there purpose?

A

Leaves, buds, stems.

Structures, support, transport

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3
Q

What important part is in the shoot system?

A

Reproductive parts. Ex.(flowers, fruits) flowers are where photosynthesis occurs.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the roots system?

A
  • Anchors the plants.
  • absorbs water and mineral nutrients
  • storage and transport
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5
Q

What are the differences between plant cells and animal cells?

A

Plant cells have:

  • one large central vacuole (storage)
  • chloroplasts (photosynthesis)
  • cell wall (structure)
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6
Q

What are the three basic types of cells?

A

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the parenchyma cell?

A
  • flexible and thin walled
  • spherical in shape
  • cell wall flattens when packed together
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8
Q

What is the function of the parenchyma cell?

A

-Storage, photosynthesis, gas exchange, protection and tissue repair, and replacement.

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9
Q

What do the parenchyma cells have that produce glucose?

A

They have many chloroplasts which produce glucose via photosynthesis.

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10
Q

What do the parenchyma cells lack?

A

These cells in roots and fruit lack chloroplasts but have large vacuoles to store starch and water.

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11
Q

Where can the parenchyma cells be found?

A

In the bulk of a non-woody plant, such as the fleshy part of an apple.

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12
Q

What does the Collenchyma cell look like?

A

Long stringed cells occurring in strands or cylinder in celery.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the Collenchyma cells?

A

To provide support to surrounding cells.

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14
Q

What process happens in the Collenchyma cell to help it from breaking?

A

The cell wall expands as the cell grows, allows plants to bend and not break.

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the Sclerenchyma cell?

A
  • very thick secondary wall

- contain lignin making cell wall tough and hard

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16
Q

What is the primary function of the Sclerenchyma cell?

A

To support

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17
Q

What happens to the Sclerenchyma cell when the growth is completed?

A

They die, leaving empty box like structures.

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of Sclerenchyma cells?

A

Fibres and sclereids

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19
Q

What are fibres?

A

Cells up to 50cm long and usually occur in strands.

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the sclereids?

A

They have thicker cell walls and may be single cells of groups of cells and give pairs their gritty texture.

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21
Q

What happens in the meristematic tissue?

A

It’s where all other plant tissue develops.

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22
Q

Describe the primary growth of meristem tissue.

A

Located on the tips of roots and stems.

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23
Q

What does the apical meristem cause?

A

The roots and stems to grow longer.

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24
Q

What are the intercalary meristems?

A

Tissues found along the stem at the base of leaf blades.

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25
Q

What does secondary growth do within meristem tissue?

A

Increases circumference of roots and stems, strengthens stem and provides support for taller growth.

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26
Q

What occurs in the secondary growth?

A

Lateral meristems.

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27
Q

What are the two types of lateral meristems?

A
  • vascular cambium

- cork cambium (outer bark trees=protective layer)

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28
Q

What is epidermal tissue?

A
  • Outer layer

- cuticle has a waxy covering which reduces evaporation/predation

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29
Q

What is the peridermal tissue?

A

It’s only in woody plants (bark=dead cells) gives protection and support.

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30
Q

Within specialized epidermal tissue what do the ground cells control?

A

Ground cells control the opening and closing of the stomach for gas exchange.

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31
Q

What are the trichomes within specialized epidermal tissue?

A

Tiny growths on the surface of the epidermis.

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32
Q

What may the trichomes do?

A
  • cool plants and reduce evaporation.
  • secrete sticky or toxic substances that repel herbivores.
  • have spikes that physically puncture the skin of the herbivores.
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33
Q

What are root hairs within the specialized epidermal tissue?

A
  • Tiny extensions of epidermal cells on roots.

- increase the surface area for absorption of water and nutrients.

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34
Q

What cell types are in ground tissue?

A

All 3 cell types: parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

35
Q

What does the ground tissue mostly form?

A

Form most of plants internal and external material.

36
Q

What is the function of the ground tissue?

A

Storage of starch, support, photosynthesis

37
Q

Describe the vascular tissue.

A

Internal system of tubes that run length wise throughout stem to connect roots and leaves.

38
Q

What is the function of the vascular tissue?

A

To transport water and dissolved substances throughout the plant and to support the stem.

39
Q

What are 2 types of vascular tissues?

A

Xylem and phloem

40
Q

What are the 2 basic parts in the plant body?

A
  1. ) Shoot system

2. ) Root system

41
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

To transport water and minerals from roots to leaves.

42
Q

What are the two types of cells to a xylem?

A

Tracheids is and vessel elements.

43
Q

Describe the tracheids

A
  • most vascular plants
  • long, thin, tapered ends
  • water moves cell to cell through pits
44
Q

Describe the vessel elements (xylem)

A
  • wider and shorter
  • perforation in ends
  • water flows through perforation plates
45
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

It transports nutrients (sugars) from source (where they are made) to growth areas (where they will be used) or to the roots for storage.

46
Q

What are the two types of cells for the phloem?

A

Sieve tube elements and companion cells

47
Q

Describe the sieve tube elements

A
  • living parenchyma
  • long narrow cells stacked end to end
  • pores in end walls (sieve plates)
48
Q

Describe the companion cells within the phloem.

A

Adjacent to even sieve tube element.

49
Q

Describe the function of the root.

A
  • take in and transport water and dissolved minerals
  • anchor the plant
  • store carbohydrates made during photosynthesis
50
Q

What is the purpose of a root cap?

A

Protects the growing root, secretes a slimy substance to reduce friction while growing.

51
Q

What are the three parts of the root structure?

A
  • epidermis
  • cortext
  • endodermis
52
Q

Describe the epidermis within the root structure.

A

They are root hairs that maximize the surface area that absorbs water.

53
Q

What does the cortext do within the root structure?

A

Transports substances between the vascular tissue and epidermis.

54
Q

What is the Endodermis surrounded by?

A

A waterproof band that controls the absorption of water and minerals.

55
Q

What are the stems functions?

A
  • supports the upper part of the plant
  • transports water and minerals to the leaves
  • transports sugar to the roots
  • serves as storage site for food
  • production of new living tissue (stems have cells called meristems that annually get new tissue).
56
Q

What are the functions of leaves?

A
  • trap light energy for photosynthesis
  • production of sugar from photosynthesis
  • exchange of gases
  • oxygen and carbon dioxide
57
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ——- C6H12O6 + 6O2

58
Q

What is the difference between monocots and dicots in flowers?

A

Monocots: flowers are in 3 parts, or multiples of 3
Dicots: flowers are in 4 or 5 parts, or multiples of 4 or 5.

59
Q

What is the difference in the roots for monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots: roots are typically fibrous
Dicots: roots are typically taproot

60
Q

What is the difference in leaves between monocots and dicots

?

A

Monocots: veins are usually parallel to each other along the length of the leaf.
Dicots: veins are palmate or pinnate.

61
Q

What is the difference in the stems between monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots: roots have vascular tissue arranged in a ring. Vascular bundles in stem are scattered throughout ground tissue.
Dicots: roots have vascular tissue arranged in a star shape. Vascular bundles in stem are arranged in a distinct ring.

62
Q

What is the difference in the number of embryos between monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots: one
Dicots: two

63
Q

What are two important processes that mus happen for plants survival?

A
  • water and dissolved minerals are taken from the ground and brought to all cells by the xylem
  • sugars made by photosynthesis are carried to all cells by the xylem.
64
Q

In root pressure what causes water to move upward?

A

As water enters the roots, it creates a positive pressure which pushes the water upward.

65
Q

What is the underlying cause of root pressure?

A

Osmosis because the high concentration minerals(low concentration of water) causes more water to move in.

66
Q

Where do the water and minerals move by root pressure? What does this increase?

A

The water and minerals movie into the stem and eventually enter the leaves, moving through the veins. This increases the positive pressure and pushes water up against gravity to the rest of the plant.

67
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Adhesion is waters ability to stick to the sides of the xylem due to the polar nature of water.

68
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The ability of water molecules to stick to each other, again due to their polar nature.

69
Q

How do the water molecules stick together in cohesion?

A

Their ability to attract each other is due to the special bonding capacity of water called hydrogen bonds.

70
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When water evaporates from the leaves or stems of a plant and more water moves up from the roots through the xylem to replace it.

71
Q

Describe translocation.

A
  • is the transport of sucrose (made from the glucose product of photosynthesis) through the phloem.
  • Sucrose moved down to the roots for winter, storage and backup to the trunk and branches in the spring.
72
Q

What does the pressure flow theory demonstrate?

A
  • How sucrose moves from a source (where sugars are produced) to a sink (where sugars are used or stored).
  • due to the difference in pressure in the phloem cells at the source and the sink, sugars will be forced down the phloem along this pressure gradient.
73
Q

What are the five internal growth regulators?

A
  1. ) Auxins
  2. ) Gibberellins
  3. ) Cytokinis
  4. ) Ethylene
  5. ) Abscisic Acid
74
Q

What is the function of the auxins?

A
  • Primarily involved in cell elongation.
  • stimulates apical bud growth, growth and ripening
  • synthetic auxins cause unwanted plants to grow very fast so they exhaust their carbohydrate supply and die.
75
Q

What does gibberellins do?

A
  • promote cell division and elongation

- used commercially to stimulate seed growth

76
Q

What is Cytokinis?

A
  • Hormones that stimulate cell division and leaf mesophyll growth.
  • used synthetically in biotechnology
77
Q

What does ethylene don’t?

A

Role in fruit ripening

78
Q

Describe Abscisic acid.

A
  • inhibitor of growth

- promotes the closure of the stomata, including seed and bud dormancy, and provides resistance to water stress.

79
Q

What are the four external growth factors?

A
  1. ) geotropism
  2. ) phototropism
  3. ) thigmotropism
  4. ) gravitropism
80
Q

What does geotropism do?

A

-regardless of the orientation of the seed, the seedling root grows downward and the seedling shoot grows upward.

81
Q

Explain phototropism.

A

The bending of plants towards the light.

82
Q

What is thigmotropism?

A

A growth response to mechanical stimuli such as touch or contact ex.wind

83
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

A growth response to gravity. Roots show a positive gravitropism (downward) to help anchor the plant and bring the new roots in closer contact to water and minerals. A stem shows negative tropism by growing away from the force of gravity.

Biology (5 decks)

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