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Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the cell theory?

A
  • growth of the organism.
  • repair of tissues and organs.
  • maintenance to replace dead cells.
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2
Q

What are the two types of cells in the cell cycle?

A

Somatic cells (body cells) and sex cells (sperm or egg)

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3
Q

What process takes place in somatic cells? what does it help create?

A

Mitosis is the process that occurs in all somatic cells to create a genetically identical copy of the cell.

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4
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle? Briefly describe their main functions.

A

Interphase: growth and intense cell activity. (Takes a long time)
Mitosis: cell’s nucleus and genetic material divide.
Cytokinesis: division of the cell cytoplasm and creation of new cells.

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5
Q

Describe the phases that occur in interphase.

A
  1. ) G1 phase, major growth phase of cell.
  2. ) S phase, synthesis phase (DNA is replicated)
  3. ) G2 phase, more growth occurs here.
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6
Q

What are the 4 phases in mitosis?

A
  1. ) prophase
  2. ) metaphase
  3. ) anaphase
  4. ) telophase
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7
Q

Describe what happens in prophase.

A
  • nuclear envelope disappears
  • chromatin becomes chromosomes
  • spindle fibres are formed from centromeres
  • the chromosomes are attracted at the centromere
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8
Q

Describe what happens in metaphase.

A

Step 2 in mitosis. The chromosomes line up at the centre (or equator) of the cell.

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9
Q

Describe anaphase.

A

Step 3 in mitosis. Centromere splits apart. Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell.

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10
Q

Describe what happens in telophase.

A

Telophase is step 4 in mitosis. The chromosomes begin to unwind and become chromatin. 2 new nuclear membranes form. Spindle fibres break down.

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11
Q

Describe cytokinesis.

A

This is the last part of the cell cycle. Cytokinesis means cell splitting. In animal cells a pinching occurs and a furrow is created that separates the cells. In plant cells a cell plate forms between the 2 daughter cells.

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12
Q

Define genetics.

A

Genetic is the branch of biology that studies heredity and the variation of organisms.

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13
Q

Define heredity.

A

Heredity is the transmission of characteristics between parent and offspring (child).

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14
Q

What a re the main factors that control the transmission of characteristics?

A

Genes.

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15
Q

Where are genes located?

A

Genes are located on chromosomes, which are made up of DNA, which are found in the nucleus of every cell of your body.

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16
Q

How many chromosomes are in the human body?

A

There are 46 chromosomes in the human body or 23 pairs.

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17
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  • all living things are composed of one or more cells.
  • cells are the smallest units of living organisms.
  • new cells come from pre-existing cells.
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18
Q

Chromosome

A

A structure in the nucleus that contains DNA.

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19
Q

Sister chromatids.

A

One of two chromosomes that are genetically identical and held together at the centromere.

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20
Q

Centromere.

A

The region where 2 sister chromatids are held together in a chromosome.

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21
Q

Spindle fibres.

A

A microtubule structure that facilitates the movement of chromosomes within a cell.

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22
Q

Centrosome.

A

A structure that helps to form the spindle fibres.

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23
Q

How is a zygote created and what is this called?

A

Through SEXUAL REPRODUCTION the fusion of a male and female gamete creates a zygote.

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24
Q

Define meiosis.

A

The creation of the male and female gametes. The process where sex cells are created.

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25
Q

What is the creation of the stem called? How many sperm are created during meiosis?

A

The formation of a sperm is called spermotogenesis. 4 sperm are created during meiosis.

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26
Q

What is the formation of a female egg called? What is created?

A

The formation of an egg is called oogenisis. 1 egg and 3 polar bodies are created.

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27
Q

Are the adult male and female both diploid or haploid?

A

The adult male and female are both diploid.

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28
Q

What are the 2 goals of meiosis?

A
  1. ) reduce the number of chromosomes in the gametes.

2. ) recombination, recombine the maternal and the paternal chromosomes so that new forms are created.

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29
Q

What is meiosis different than mitosis?

A
  1. ) meiosis only occurs in sex cells.

2. ) meiosis creates cells that are not genetically identical to the parent cell.

30
Q

What is interphase in meiosis?

A

This is the growth and resting phase before meiosis begins. The chromosomes replicate here.

31
Q

What happens in meiosis prophase 1?

A
  • homologous chromosomes pair up.
  • spindle fibres form
  • recombination occurs as the pairs form tetrads and part of one chromosome breaks off and reattaches to the other chromosome
32
Q

What occurs in meiosis metaphase 1?

A
  • spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes at the centromere.
  • the homologous chromosomes align at the centre of the cell.
33
Q

What is it called yo line up randomly?

A

Independent assortment.

34
Q

What occurs in anaphase 1?

A
  • chromosomes (each with 2 chromatids) move to opposite sides of the cell.
  • the new cells created will have the haploid (half) the number of chromosomes.
35
Q

What occurs in telophase 1 in meiosis?

A
  • the nuclear envelope reforms.

- cytokinesis occurs where 2 cells are formed.

36
Q

What occurs in prophase 2 of meiosis?

A

-the nuclear membrane breaks up and the chromosomes begin to the centre of the cell.

37
Q

What occurs in metaphase 2 if meiosis?

A

-the chromosomes line up along the centre.

38
Q

What occurs in anaphase 2 of meiosis?

A

-each chromosome is pulled toward the opposing poles in the new cells.

39
Q

What happens in telaphase 2 of meiosis?

A
  • The cells through cytokinesis.
  • 4 cells are formed.
  • the cells each have half (haploid) the amount of chromosomes in them as the parent (diploid).
  • in males 4 sperm are created
  • in females 1 egg and 3 polar bodies are created.
40
Q

Who is Gregor Mendel and what idea did he discover?

A

He was a Austrian monk that bread pea plants to discover the ideas that shaped modern genetics.

41
Q

What is the Mendel cross?

A

Pollinated the female plants with pollen from the male plants, he was lucky he used pea plants because pea plants exhibit characteristics that are either one way or the other. (Ex, flower colour usually purple or white).

42
Q

What is true breeding?

A

Mendel crossed true breeding plants with other true breeding plants of the opposite characteristic.

43
Q

What did Mendel find with true breeding?

A

That every time he true bread only one of the traits was seen in the offspring.

44
Q

What is another discovery Mendel made about true breeding?

A

That when he crossed the F1 generation he got some yellow and some green pea plants.

45
Q

Law of segregation

A

Traits are determined by pairs of alleles that segregate during meiosis so that each gamete receives one allele.

46
Q

True breeding

A

Organisms that exhibit the same traits, generation after generation.

47
Q

P generation

A

In breeding, the organisms initially crossed and are typically true breeding.

48
Q

F1 generation

A

The offspring of a cross of the P generation.

49
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross of 2individuals that differ by one trait.

50
Q

Dominant

A

The form of a trait that always appears when an individual has an allele for it.

51
Q

Repressive

A

The form of a trait that only appears when an individual has 2 alleles.

52
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

Is a chart that examines the inheritance of characteristics in a family.

53
Q

In a pedigree what are the generation numbered with? And the individuals in the generation?

A

Generation, Roman numerals

Individuals in generation, numbered using Arabic letters

54
Q

What are the normal female, male and affected female, male symbols?

A

Normal female circle
Affected female coloured in circle.

Normal male square
Affected male coloured square.

55
Q

What can pedigrees exhibit? Define.

A

Autosomal inheritance. This is when a trait is inherited on chromosomes other than sex chromosomes.

56
Q

What are two types of traits?

A
  1. Autosomal dominant

2. Autosomal recessive

57
Q

When do autosomal characteristics show up?

A

If a dominant allele is present.

58
Q

When does incomplete dominance occur?

A

When the heterozygous genotype shows a blending of the traits.

59
Q

What is the offspring if a homozygous red flower is crossed with a homozygous white flower?

A

The heterozygous offspring are pink. The only possible out come for the F1 is C^RC^W, the F1 are 100% pink.
P=C^R C^R x C^W C^W

60
Q

What are the gametes in incomplete dominance for the red and white flower example?

A

The gametes are C^R and C^W

61
Q

What is codominance?

A

When both traits are shown.

62
Q

What is codominance called in bourses and cattle?

A

ROAN, 2 fur colours are present at the same time.

63
Q

In codominance what will display both colours of hair?

A

The heterozygous genotype. White and black (blue roan) or white or red (red roan)

64
Q

In codominance what will the F1 furs have?

A

Furs that are white and ones that are red.

F1=CRCW

65
Q

In codominance what will the F2 offspring result in? Name off ratios.

A

Genotype: 1CRCR:2CRCW:1CWCW
Phenotype: 1 red: 2 roan: 1 white

66
Q

What was discovered about alleles on the same chromosome?

A

Alleles on the same chromosome do not assert independently (some patterns of genes are inherited together).

67
Q

What is the problems with the sweet peas?

A

They don’t give an F2 dihybrid ratio.

68
Q

What is the ratio for sweet peas F1, self fertilizing? What does this ratio indicate?

A

15.6:1:1.4:4.5 not 9:3:3:1 this indicates that alleles on the same chromosome don’t assort independently.

69
Q

What did Thomas hunt Morgan discover? Give an example.

A

That eye colour is linked to gender.

Ex. Male fruit flies will have white eyes dust it doesn’t show up in females.

70
Q

What are sex linked traits in humans?

A

-red-green colour vision deficiency
-duchenne muscular dystrophy
-hemophilia
(These are linked to the X chromosome)

Biology (5 decks)

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