Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What is the metabolism?
All the chemical processes that are carried out in the human body.
What are the 4 macromolecules?
Protein, carbohydrates (CHO), lipids (fat), nucleic acids.
What are the two types of carbohydrates?
The two types of monosaccharides are, disaccharides (simple), polysaccharides (complex).
What is the job of carbohydrates?
To build cell membranes, and provide energy.
For carbohydrates define what a monosaccharide is.
3 to 7 carbon atoms
Ex:glucose, fructose
In carbohydrates define disaccharides.
2 simple sugars.
Ex, table sugar, maltose, lactose
For carbohydrates define polysaccharides.
Many sugars (more than 2) Linked sugars ex: starch, glycogen
What is the structure of lipids?
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Insoluble in water.
What is lipids job?
Insulate and cushion, are the material that to build cell membranes, energy storage.
What are proteins made up of?
Amino acids.
What is proteins job?
Help build and repair tissue, make up enzymes, antibodies, guides structure and support for blood cells, body tissue, muscle.
What is nucleic acids job?
To direct growth and development using chemical codes, DNA and RNA.
What is an example of the carbohydrase enzyme and where does it function?
Amylase: produced in salivary glands and functions in the mouth.
What is an example of the enzyme protease and where does it function?
Pepsin, produced by stomach glands and functions in the stomach.
What is an example of the nuclease enzyme and where does it function?
Pancreatic nuclease: produced in the pancreas and functions in the small intestine.
What is the functions in the human body for the mineral calcium?
- forming bone
- conducting nerve signals
- clotting blood
- contracting muscle
What is the functions in the human body for the mineral iron?
Producing hemoglobin.
What is the functions in the human body for the mineral magnesium?
- supporting enzyme functions
- producing protein
What is the functions in the human body for the mineral potassium?
- conducting nerve signals
- contracting muscle
What is the functions in the human body for the mineral sodium?
- conducting nerve signals
- balancing body fluid
What is the function in the body for vitamin A?
(Carotene)
- good vision
- healthy skin and bones
What is the function in the body for vitamin B1?
(Thiamine) -metabolizing carbohydrates
-growth and muscle tone
What is the function in the body for vitamin C?
(Ascorbic acid) -healthy bones, teeth, gums, and blood vessels
-boosting immune system
What is the function in the body for vitamin D?
- absorbing calcium
- forming bone
What is the function in the body for vitamin E?
-strengthening red blood cell membranes
What are some roles of minerals, vitamins, and water?
- transporting dissolved nutrients into the cells that line the small intestine.
- flushing toxins from cells
- lubricating tissues and joints ex. Blood mucus
- regulating body temperature
- illuminating water materials
What are macromolecules.
(Nutrients). They are very large molecules that are made up of smaller molecules that are linked together. They provide energy to regulate cell activities, and to build and repair tissue. They maintain the bodies metabolism.
What does digestion involve?
- Ingestion, eating food.
- Digestion, chemical and mechanical breakdown.
- Absorption, transport of nutrients into the circulatory system.
- Elimination, removal of undigested food.
What is the digestive tract made up of?
Is a series of hollow organs joined in a tube from the mouth to the anus.
What are the accessory organs?
The liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. Food does not pass through these organs.
Describe the mechanical digestion of the mouth.
Teeth bite off and chew food into a soft pulp that is easy to swallow.
Describe chemical digestion if or the mouth.
Chewing mixes the food with saliva, from salivary glands and around the face and mouth, to make it moist and easy to swallow.
Describe the esophagus and what it does.
Is a muscular tube. It takes food from the throat and pushes it down through the neck, and into the stomach. It moves food by waves of muscle contraction called peristalsis. The epiglottis prevents food from entering the tracheas (wind pipe) and getting into the lungs.m
What is between the esophagus and the stomach? What’s its job?
A valve called the esophageal sphincter (or the cardiac sphincter). This prevents food from coming back into the esophagus from the stomach.
Describe mechanical digestion for the stomach.
The stomach has thick muscles in its wall. These ridges, called rugae, contract to mash the food into a watery soup called cyme.
Describe chemical digestion fro the stomach.
The stomach lining produces strong gastric juices (HCL, salts, enzymes, and mucus).
Why doesn’t the stomach digest itself?
- Mucus lining the stomach
- Gastric juice is secreted only when food is present.
- The protein digesting enzyme (pepsin) is only active when HCL is present.
Where does the food pass out of the stomach into?
The food passes out of the stomach through the pyloric sphincter (and into the small intestine)
What are the three sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
What do villi do?
Increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. Microvilli increase it even more.
What is the pancreatic fluid made up of?
Made up of enzymes that break down food and bicarbonate ions that maintain a healthy ph of about 8
What is the function of the liver?
Creates bile.
Where is bile stored?
Gall bladder
What is the purpose of the large intestine?
To absorb the useful nutrients that weren’t absorbed in the small intestine, then put them back into the blood. The remains are formed in feces.
What is crohns disease? Name symptoms.
Inflammation of the digestive system. Mostly occurs in young children.
Symptoms: abdominal pain and diarrhea, bleeding rectum, weight loss, joint pain, skin problems, fever
What is a peptic ulcer?
Stomach acid damages the walls of the stomach or duodenum. Caused by infection with in the bacterium helicobacter pylori.
What are some treatments for peptic ulcers?
Medicines to block stomach acids, antibiotics to kill ulcer causing bacteria, surgery may help ulcers that don’t heal.
Describe what occurs in heart burn/acid reflex.
Stomach acid moves to esophagus, because the sphincter muscle doesn’t close properly.
What are some treatments for acid reflex?
Antacids, eat smaller amounts of food slower, avoid lemons, caffeine, hot drinks, chocolate, fat, milk, soda
What is wrong when you have diabetes?
Blood glucose levels are too high, due to problems with hormone insulin.
Describe the two types of diabetes.
Type 1: your body doesn’t make insulin
Type 2: body doesn’t make or use insulin well
What does the respiratory system do?
- supplies oxygen to the cells and removes carbon dioxide.
- defends the body against micro organisms
- produces sound for speaking
- controls the pH of the body
What is ventilation/breathing?
Process of inhalation and exhalation. Takes oxygen into the body removes carbon dioxide.
What happens in external respiration?
The exchange of gases across the respiratory surface between the alveoli and the blood. Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the bodies cells.
What occurs in internal respiration?
The exchange of gases between the blood and the individual cells or tissues that oxygen is transferred. Oxygen diffuses out of the blood and the carbon dioxide diffuses in.
Where does cellular respiration take place? What is oxygen used for?
Occurs in the mitochondria. Oxygen is used to obtain energy in the form of ATP.
How is the air filtered in the nasal cavity?
By hair like structures like cilia on the surface of these passages.
Describe the pharynx.
It is shared by the digestive and respiratory system. Connects the trachea and esophagus. The epiglottis moves between the larynx and the esophagus.
What is the larynx?
Voice box or Adam’s apple. Air pushed past the vocal chords will create sound.
Describe the trachea.
Air goes into the trachea. It is a tube lined with cartilage rings. Lined with cilia that move debris and dirt out of trachea. Lined with mucus to move dirt and debris out of trachea.
Bronchi
These structures connect with the trachea and branch into the left and right lung.
Bronchioles.
The bronchi branch into the bronchioles. Lined with cilia and mucus.
Alveoli.
The bronchioles branch and end with aveoli. Structures that are one cell thick, this allows diffusion to occur. Exchange gas with the capillaries through diffusion.
What is the circulatory system made of?
Blood (transport medium), heart (pump), transport vessels (capillaries, arteries, viens)
What are the 4 functions of the circulatory system?
- Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide (from respiratory tract to the body tissue)
- Distributes nutrients (from digestive tract to body tissues)
- Maintain body temp
- Circulates hormones.
What are the two parts of the circulatory system?
- Pulmonary circuit (low pressure) carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated back to the ❤️.
- Systematic circuit (high pressure) carries oxygenated blood to the tissues and brings deoxygenated blood back to the ❤️
What are the four different parts blood is made up of?
- Plasma
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
Describe plasma.
55%. A straw coloured fluid that allows nutrients and gases to be dissolved.
Erythrocytes
RBC, made in bone marrow, stored in spleen. Lifespan of 120 days. No nucleus. Donut shaped. Contains hemoglobin (molecule that binds oxygen). Transports oxygen remove carbon dioxide from the cells.
Leukocytes
WBC. Made in bone marrow. Bigger that RBC. Fight infection. Destroy and consume invading bacteria and damaged cells. Elevated WBC can indicate infection.
Platelates
Involved in clotting blood. Break open when they encounter damaged blood vessels, releasing clotting factors. Produce fibrin.
What is fibrin?
A protein mesh or clot that traps escaping blood cells closed the wound. A scab contains fibrin, Platelates and blood cells.
What are the transport veins?
Arteries, veins, capillaries Also arterioles (small arteries) and venules (small veins)
What do arteries do?
Take blood away from ❤️. Blood travels in small spurts. No valve present. Thick muscle walls. High pressure. Most arteries carry oxygenated blood.
What do veins do?
Take blood to the ❤️. Blood travels smoothly. Valves present. Thin muscle walls. Low pressure. Most carry deoxygenated blood.
What is the path of blood from heart to body cells and back?
❤️-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins-❤️
Since veins and arteries are too thick for gas exchange, where is the material exchanged instead?
Capillary network
What is the heart made of?
4 chambers, valves and blood vessels. Two side. (Left and right)
What are the types of tissue in the heart?
Epithelial tissue (endocardium), muscle tissue (myocardium), nervous tissue that stimulate ❤️ rate.
What happens in the ❤️?
Deoxygenated blood is brought to the right side and pumped to the lungs to get oxygen. Oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the ❤️ and is pumped to the body cells.
Describe the cycle of the pulmonary circuit.
Blood enters right atrium- blood flows to right ventricle- blood flows through pulmonary semi lunar valve into pulmonary trunk- blood is pumped to both lungs by pulmonary arteries- blood picks up oxygen in the lungs and returns it to the ❤️ by pulmonary veins into left atrium.
What are the transport veins?
Arteries, veins, capillaries Also arterioles (small arteries) and venules (small veins)
What do arteries do?
Take blood away from ❤️. Blood travels in small spurts. No valve present. Thick muscle walls. High pressure. Most arteries carry oxygenated blood.
What do veins do?
Take blood to the ❤️. Blood travels smoothly. Valves present. Thin muscle walls. Low pressure. Most carry deoxygenated blood.
What is the path of blood from heart to body cells and back?
❤️-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins-❤️
Since veins and arteries are too thick for gas exchange, where is the material exchanged instead?
Capillary network
What is the heart made of?
4 chambers, valves and blood vessels. Two side. (Left and right)
What are the types of tissue in the heart?
Epithelial tissue (endocardium), muscle tissue (myocardium), nervous tissue that stimulate ❤️ rate.
What happens in the ❤️?
Deoxygenated blood is brought to the right side and pumped to the lungs to get oxygen. Oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the ❤️ and is pumped to the body cells.
Describe the cycle of the pulmonary circuit.
Blood enters right atrium- blood flows to right ventricle- blood flows through pulmonary semi lunar valve into pulmonary trunk- blood is pumped to both lungs by pulmonary arteries- blood picks up oxygen in the lungs and returns it to the ❤️ by pulmonary veins into left atrium.
What is heart rate?
The # of beats your heart takes in a one minute interval.
How can you take your heart rate?
Radial pulse (wrist), carotid pulse (trachea), popliteal artery (behind knee)
What is systolic pressure?
Max pressure during ventricular contraction.
What is diastolic pressure?
Lowest pressure before the ventricles contract.
120/80, 80 is diastolic
How does your heart beat?
The muscle tissue in the heart (called sinotrial node) stimulates the muscle to contract and relax.
What do purkinje fibres cause?
The contraction of the left and right ventricles.
Where is the S.A node located?
In The wall of the right atrium.
What is the lub sound in your heart cause by?
The closing of the AV valve (blood moves from atria to ventricles.
What is the dub sound in the heart?
From the semi lunar valves closing (blood moves out of ventricles)
Cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped by the heart (ml/min) measure of fitness. Stroke volume x heart beat
Stroke volume
Amount of blood forced out of heart with each beat.
