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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation

A

A structure, behaviour, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

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2
Q

Variation

A

Differences between individuals, which may be structural, functional, or physiological.

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3
Q

What determines whether a variation is positive or negative for the individual organism?

A

Interaction with the environment

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4
Q

Describe mimicry

A

A type of structural adaptation. Harmless species physically resemble a Harmless species. Predators avoid the harmless species as much as they do the harmful ones

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5
Q

What is selective advantages?

A

It is a genetic advantage that improves an organisms chances of survival in terms of both survival in a changing environment and reproduction.

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6
Q

Where does selective advantages arise from?

A

Arises from a mutation that has became beneficial, even if it was a disadvantage at first.

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7
Q

Natural selection

A

The characteristics of a population of organisms change over time. This occurs because individuals survive and pass their genetic information on to their offspring.

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8
Q

Selective pressure

A

Environmental conditions that select for certain traits of individuals and select against other traits.

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9
Q

Key points about natural selection

A

-no purpose -no direction -doesn’t produce “better” individuals -it’s situational -wheat her or not a trait is favoured depends on the environment at that time.

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10
Q

Fitness

A

How well an individual can pass on their genetic information to offspring that will survive long enough to reproduce.

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11
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selective pressure exerted by humans to produce desirable traits in populations.

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12
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use of technology to control and determine the traits in organisms.

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13
Q

Charles Darwin

A

-natural selection -survival of the fittest -the preservation of favoured races in the struggle of life

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14
Q

James ussher

A

October 23 4004 B.C

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15
Q

George Buffon

A

Living things change through time

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16
Q

Mary anning

A

Discovered fossils of a plesiosaur, one of the first aquatic reptiles discovered.

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17
Q

George Cuvier

A

Catastrophism (violent events have changed the earth)

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18
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Cuviers catastrophism theory is wrong. Slowly progresses over time. Earth very old, the same natural process for shaping the land occurs today as it did year ago. Creates uniformitarism with Hutton

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19
Q

James Hutton

A

Uniformitarism, current geological processes occur at the same rates today as they did in the past. “The presents the key to the past”

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20
Q

Erasmus Darwin

A

Suggested evolution of life

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21
Q

Jean baptiste Lamarck

A

Acquired traits

22
Q

Fossils

A

Evidence for the history of life

23
Q

Fossils

A

Evidence for the history of life.

24
Q

Transitional fossils

A

Represent links between one organism to another.

25
Q

Vestigial features

A

Limbs that still excise from when an animal transitioned from land to water or opposite.

26
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of past and present geographical distribution of species population

27
Q

What is the evidence of evolution we have?

A

Fossil record, biogeography, from anatomy, from DNA.

28
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures that have the same physical parts but may have different analogous structures.

29
Q

Analogous structures

A

Structures that preform common tasks but don’t share an evolutionary ancestor.

30
Q

What are the factors affecting change of allele frequency?

A

Mutations, gene flow, non-random mating, genetic drift, natural selection

31
Q

Mutations

A

Random changes in the sequence of DNA through unrepaired changes, chromosome breakage and rejoining.

32
Q

Gene flow (migration)

A

The movement of alleles from one population to another through the movement of individuals or gametes.

33
Q

Non random mating

A

This occurs when mates are selected over others

34
Q

Inbreeding

A

Part of non random mating. Self fertilization (plants) or mating with closely related individuals. (This can create negative effects, increases homozygous genotypes).

35
Q

Genetic drift

A

Changes the allele frequency as a result of chance.

36
Q

The founder effect

A

Part of genetic drift. New populations formed by a few individuals leaving the old population (founders).

37
Q

Bottle neck

A

A dramatic, temporary, reductionism population size resulting in significant genetic drift.

38
Q

What are the four types of natural selection?

A

Stabilizing selection, direct selection,disruptive selection, sexual selection.

39
Q

Species

A

Consists of members of interbreeding groups or populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups and evolve independently.

40
Q

Reproductive isolating mechanisms

A

Any behavioural, structural, or biochemical trait that prevents individuals of different species from reproducing successfully together.

41
Q

What are some behavioural isolation for reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent mating?

A

Habitat isolation, temporal isolation, and behavioural isolation.

42
Q

What are mechanical isolations that prevent fertilization?

A

Mechanical isolation and game tic isolation

43
Q

What are the modes of speciation?

A

Allopatric Speciation, and Sympatric Speciation

44
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

The creation of new species due to a physical barrier.

45
Q

How can new species be created from the allopatric speciation?

A

Populations at the periphery or edge of the population can split off. Natural selection can also create new species when they are separated if the environment is different from the old.

46
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Populations can split into two separate gene pools and remain in the same geographic area.

47
Q

How can Sympatric speciation occur?

A

Due to chromosomal changes (plants) and non-random mating (animals) that alter gene flow.

48
Q

What is an example of how Sympatric speciation can happen?

A

Dolyploidy in plants (have one or more diploid number) can create plants with 3 sets of chromosomes. This can create gametes with the diploid #. If two diploid gametes fuse, they will create a tetraploid individual. This can create 2 seperate species.

49
Q

Divergent evolution

A

The process by which a species evolve into 2 or more descendent or different forms.

50
Q

Convergent evolution

A

The appearance of apparently similar structures in organisms of different lines of descent.

Biology (5 decks)

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