Evolution

Question 1

Adaptation

Answer 1

A structure, behaviour, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

Question 2

Variation

Answer 2

Differences between individuals, which may be structural, functional, or physiological.

Question 3

What determines whether a variation is positive or negative for the individual organism?

Answer 3

Interaction with the environment

Question 4

Describe mimicry

Answer 4

A type of structural adaptation. Harmless species physically resemble a Harmless species. Predators avoid the harmless species as much as they do the harmful ones

Question 5

What is selective advantages?

Answer 5

It is a genetic advantage that improves an organisms chances of survival in terms of both survival in a changing environment and reproduction.

Question 6

Where does selective advantages arise from?

Answer 6

Arises from a mutation that has became beneficial, even if it was a disadvantage at first.

Question 7

Natural selection

Answer 7

The characteristics of a population of organisms change over time. This occurs because individuals survive and pass their genetic information on to their offspring.

Question 8

Selective pressure

Answer 8

Environmental conditions that select for certain traits of individuals and select against other traits.

Question 9

Key points about natural selection

Answer 9

-no purpose -no direction -doesn’t produce “better” individuals -it’s situational -wheat her or not a trait is favoured depends on the environment at that time.

Question 10

Fitness

Answer 10

How well an individual can pass on their genetic information to offspring that will survive long enough to reproduce.

Question 11

Artificial selection

Answer 11

Selective pressure exerted by humans to produce desirable traits in populations.

Question 12

Biotechnology

Answer 12

The use of technology to control and determine the traits in organisms.

Question 13

Charles Darwin

Answer 13

-natural selection -survival of the fittest -the preservation of favoured races in the struggle of life

Question 14

James ussher

Answer 14

October 23 4004 B.C

Question 15

George Buffon

Answer 15

Living things change through time

Question 16

Mary anning

Answer 16

Discovered fossils of a plesiosaur, one of the first aquatic reptiles discovered.

Question 17

George Cuvier

Answer 17

Catastrophism (violent events have changed the earth)

Question 18

Charles Lyell

Answer 18

Cuviers catastrophism theory is wrong. Slowly progresses over time. Earth very old, the same natural process for shaping the land occurs today as it did year ago. Creates uniformitarism with Hutton

Question 19

James Hutton

Answer 19

Uniformitarism, current geological processes occur at the same rates today as they did in the past. “The presents the key to the past”

Question 20

Erasmus Darwin

Answer 20

Suggested evolution of life

Question 21

Jean baptiste Lamarck

Answer 21

Acquired traits

Question 22

Fossils

Answer 22

Evidence for the history of life

Question 23

Fossils

Answer 23

Evidence for the history of life.

Question 24

Transitional fossils

Answer 24

Represent links between one organism to another.

Question 25

Vestigial features

Answer 25

Limbs that still excise from when an animal transitioned from land to water or opposite.

Question 26

Biogeography

Answer 26

Study of past and present geographical distribution of species population

Question 27

What is the evidence of evolution we have?

Answer 27

Fossil record, biogeography, from anatomy, from DNA.

Question 28

Homologous structures

Answer 28

Structures that have the same physical parts but may have different analogous structures.

Question 29

Analogous structures

Answer 29

Structures that preform common tasks but don't share an evolutionary ancestor.

Question 30

What are the factors affecting change of allele frequency?

Answer 30

Mutations, gene flow, non-random mating, genetic drift, natural selection

Question 31

Mutations

Answer 31

Random changes in the sequence of DNA through unrepaired changes, chromosome breakage and rejoining.

Question 32

Gene flow (migration)

Answer 32

The movement of alleles from one population to another through the movement of individuals or gametes.

Question 33

Non random mating

Answer 33

This occurs when mates are selected over others

Question 34

Inbreeding

Answer 34

Part of non random mating. Self fertilization (plants) or mating with closely related individuals. (This can create negative effects, increases homozygous genotypes).

Question 35

Genetic drift

Answer 35

Changes the allele frequency as a result of chance.

Question 36

The founder effect

Answer 36

Part of genetic drift. New populations formed by a few individuals leaving the old population (founders).

Question 37

Bottle neck

Answer 37

A dramatic, temporary, reductionism population size resulting in significant genetic drift.

Question 38

What are the four types of natural selection?

Answer 38

Stabilizing selection, direct selection,disruptive selection, sexual selection.

Question 39

Species

Answer 39

Consists of members of interbreeding groups or populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups and evolve independently.

Question 40

Reproductive isolating mechanisms

Answer 40

Any behavioural, structural, or biochemical trait that prevents individuals of different species from reproducing successfully together.

Question 41

What are some behavioural isolation for reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent mating?

Answer 41

Habitat isolation, temporal isolation, and behavioural isolation.

Question 42

What are mechanical isolations that prevent fertilization?

Answer 42

Mechanical isolation and game tic isolation

Question 43

What are the modes of speciation?

Answer 43

Allopatric Speciation, and Sympatric Speciation

Question 44

Allopatric speciation

Answer 44

The creation of new species due to a physical barrier.

Question 45

How can new species be created from the allopatric speciation?

Answer 45

Populations at the periphery or edge of the population can split off. Natural selection can also create new species when they are separated if the environment is different from the old.

Question 46

Sympatric speciation

Answer 46

Populations can split into two separate gene pools and remain in the same geographic area.

Question 47

How can Sympatric speciation occur?

Answer 47

Due to chromosomal changes (plants) and non-random mating (animals) that alter gene flow.

Question 48

What is an example of how Sympatric speciation can happen?

Answer 48

Dolyploidy in plants (have one or more diploid number) can create plants with 3 sets of chromosomes. This can create gametes with the diploid #. If two diploid gametes fuse, they will create a tetraploid individual. This can create 2 seperate species.

Question 49

Divergent evolution

Answer 49

The process by which a species evolve into 2 or more descendent or different forms.

Question 50

Convergent evolution

Answer 50

The appearance of apparently similar structures in organisms of different lines of descent.