Diversity Of Living Things Flashcards
Morphological species concept
These are organisms that share similar body shape, size, and other features.
Biological species concept
This represents organisms that are able to interbreed and create viable offspring.
Phylogenetic species concept
Focuses on the relatedness of organisms based upon DNA analysis.
What does phylogeny mean?
The evolution or ancestors of an organism
What is an advantage to the morphological species concept?
The relative simplicity of this species concept makes it the most widely used, particularly for plants.
What is a disadvantage to the morphological species concept?
The challenge is applying this species concept comes from having to decide how much difference between individuals is too much variation. Almost all populations are made up of non-identical individuals.
What is an advantage to the biological species concept?
This species concept is widely used by scientists.
What is a disadvantage to the biological species concept?
This species concept cannot be applied in all cases. For example when two populations are physically separated they never have the opportunity to interbreed in nature.
What is an advantage to the phylogenetic species concept?
The phylogenetic species concept can be applied to existing species. It also considers information about relationships among organisms learned from DNA analysis, a method scientists are using more.
What is a disadvantage to the phylogenetic species concept?
Evolutionary history’s are not known for all species.
What are the classifications for living things?
Kingdom: Animalia Phylom: chordata Subphylom: vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Primata Family: Hominidae Genus: homa Species: sapiens
Define Taxonomy
A system of classification for all organisms. The system uses binomial nomenclature. Both genus and species names are used.
What does species represent?
Represents organisms that are related in some way.
Morphology
Refers to the body size, shape, and other physical features of organisms. Structure:shape.
Anatomy
Is the study of the structure of organisms. Structure only.
Physiology
Is the study of the functioning of organisms-how they work. Structure, shape, function
Describe phylogeny
-the evolutionary history of a species
-determined by the molecular, physical, and developmental traits of organisms
Ex. All vertebrates each go through the same developmental stage in which they each have gills. ( pigs, cats, humans, fish)
Describe homologous structures
-these are anatomical structures that are very similar.
-the structures may not preform the same function.
Ex. Modifications have occurred in the fore arms of the different species of whale, cat, bat and gorilla.
Describe natural selection
- Charles Darwin created the idea of natural selection in that certain individuals will survive or thrive more so than others due to their appearance or certain genetic traits that are created through sexual reproduction.
- The increased ability of survival of the individuals will increase the chance that these traits are passed down and will result in adaptation and evolution.
What is the phylogenetic tree?
This tree shows evolutionary relationships between different species.
What are the three domains above the kingdom level?
- ) Archaea
- ) Bacteria
- ) Eukarya
What 2 domains are made up of prokaryote cells?
Archae and Bacteria
What are 4 characteristics of prokaryotic “before the nucleus”?
- no membrane-bound nucleus
- simpler internal cell structure
- usually smaller
What are 3 characteristics of the Eukaryotic “true nucleus”?
- membrane-bound nucleus
- more complex internal cell structure
- usually larger (up to 1000x)
What are 4 main characteristics of kingdoms?
- # of cells (unicellular or multicellular)
- cell wall material (if present)
- nutrition (autotrophs or heterotroph)
- primary means of reproduction (asexual or sexual)
Define autotroph.
Captures energy from sunlight/abiotic substances
Define heterotroph.
Obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
Name the 6 kingdoms.
- Animalia
- Plantae
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
What are characteristics of the animal kingdom 1?
-multicellular-heterotroph -no cell walls -divided into vertebrates and non-vertebrates -eukaryote
What are characteristics of the plantae kingdom 2?
-multicellular -cells have cell walls -cell walls are created from cellulose and have chloroplasts -plants are autotroph -eukaryote
What are some characteristics of the Archaebacteria kingdom 3?
-these are prokaryotes (no true nuclei) -no membrane bound organelles -live in extremely harsh environments
Ex. Found living in sulphur vents on the ocean floor.
What are characteristics of the Eubacteria kingdom 4?
- true bacteria -prokaryotes -found everywhere on earth
- it is thought that blue, green should be in a class of their own.
What are the three shapes of bacteria?
Round, rod and spiral shaped
Name characteristics of the Protista kingdom 5.
- single celled -eukaryotes (have a true nucleus) -some have chloroplasts-believed to evolved from prokaryotic cells.
- these creatures often are parasites -euglena exhibits characteristics of both animal and plants.
Characteristics of the Fungi kingdom 6.
-eukaryotes
-have cell walls like plants (but they are made up of substance called chitin
-fungi can’t create their own food (heterotroph)
Ex, mounds, yeasts, mushroom
Genetic diversity.
Is the variety of heritable characteristics (genes) in a population of interbreeding individuals.
Species diversity.
Is the variety and abundance of species in a given area.
Ecosystem diversity.
Is the variety of ecosystems in the biosphere.
What is a gene pool?
Is the sum of all the versions of all the genes in a population. The larger the gene pool and genetic diversity, the better the chances of species survival despite environmental pressures or changes. Ex, diseases.
What does genetic diversity provide?
- resistance to disease
- allows populations and species to survive changing environmental conditions (resource availability, climate change, change in predator population, introduction of a non-native species.
What does ecosystem diversity refer to?
The variety of ecosystems in the biosphere.
-ecosystems are made up of 2 components, abiotic and biotic factors.
Define abiotic.
Altitude, latitude, geology, soil nutrients, climate, light levels
Define biotic
Interacting populations of species
What are ecosystem services?
The benefits experienced by species (including humans) that are provided by sustainable ecosystems.
What are some examples of ecosystem services?
- atmospheric gas supply
- climate regulation
- water supply -soil erosion control. -nutrients recycling
- food production. -raw materials. -waste treatment
What are some disturbances with ecosystem services and human activity?
- non native species invasion. -disease
- changes in abiotic factor concentrations
- human activity must not lower the species diversity of a ecosystem and consequently lower its sustainability of services.
Why is the virus not included in the 6 kingdoms?
Because it is not considered to be a true living organism. (It is not alive) a virus cannot create its own energy or reproduce on its own.
-viruses require a host cell to replicate. They are dormant if they aren’t inside a host cell.
What don’t viruses have?
Viruses have NO cytoplasm, no membrane-bound organelles, and no cell membrane.
What are viruses made up of?
Capsid (a coat of protein that surrounds the genetic material).
What characteristics do scientists use to classify viruses?
- size and shape of the capsid(protein coat surrounding the genetic material)
- shape and structure of the virus -method or reproduction
- type(s) of diseases the virus causes
- geome (set of genes) and type of genetic material (RNA or DNA)
What are the two lifestyles that are possible for viruses?
- Lyric cycle
2. Lysogenic cycle
Define Lyric cycle.
The virus uses the host cell to create copies of itself. The host cell lyses (or breaks open) and the new viruses are released.
Define how the lysogenic cycle works.
This cycle is different from the lyric cycle in that the DNA from the virus becomes a permanent part of the hosts cells DNA (this creates a provirus).
- the cell will replicate and each new cell will contain the provirus
- the virus may continue in the lysogenic cycle for years until undergoing the damaging lytic cycle.
What are two examples of viruses that undergo the lysogenic cycle?
AIDS (HIV) and herpes.
Define Biotechnology.
Used by chemists, biologists to study or solve problems. Studies the genetic material of viruses and bacteria to determine whether a disease is caused by particular disease producing agents. The research is used to develop diagnostics, detection and treatment.
What type of cell are Achaea and bacteria?
Prokaryotic
What similar shapes are both Achaea and bacteria?
Cocci (spheres), bacilli (rods), and spiral cells
How do the archaea and bacteria get energy?
Species either consume other organisms or use inorganic compounds.
What kind of environment do archaea and bacteria live in?
Extreme environment. Archae live more in extremphoites, bacteria usually live in mesophiles.
How do archaea and bacteria reproduced?
Binary fusion and can exchange genetic content by conjunction.
What are bacteria shaped like?
Pyramids, cubes, or rods with star-crossed sections
What shape do archaea come in?
Plates or rectangular rods.
What process are bacteria?
Photosynthesis
What process are archaea?
Methangenetic ( produce methane gas as an anaerobic by-product)
Where do bacteria live?.
Anaerobic ally in human guts.
Where can archaea live?
In cattle guts
What are three types of extremophites?
Thermophites, Acidophites, Halophites
Describe thermophites.
Live in hot springs and deep sea vents, enduring temperatures over 100 degrees Celsius.
Describe Acidophites.
Live in volcanic craters and mine drainage lakes. Enduring pH levels lower than 3. Ex, Archaea Picrohilus.
Describe Halophites.
Live in salt lakes and in land seas, enduring salt concentrations above 20% Ex Archaea Halococcus
Endospore
A dormant bacterial cell able to survive for long periods during extreme conditions.
How are eukaryotes believed to have evolved?
From the combining of prokaryotic organisms.
What is believed for the evolution of the prokaryotic cell?
They were engulfed by other organisms and the cells merged their functions.
What is endosymbiosis?
Was the idea that prokaryotic organisms invaded other prokaryotic organisms and both benefitted from the arrangement.
What are two organelles that prove the idea of endosymbiosis?
Chloroplasts and mitochondria
Describe chloroplasts for the evidence of the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Have genes that are very similar to other prokaryotes. (Like Cyanobacteria-blue green algae). There are other similarities that make this idea plausible.
Describe the proof of the idea of endosymbiosis for mitochondria.
This also displays characteristics that make it likely that it was once a free living organism. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular chromosomes which makes them similar to prokaryotes.
How many cells do most protests have?
Unicellular
Are the animal like protests (protozoons) heterotrophic or autotroph? What do they consume?
Heterotrophic and consume prokaryotes, other protists, or organic wastes. Some are parasitic and consume nutrients from the organism they live in.
What are the 4 phyla for the animal like protists?
Phylum cercozoa
Phylum ciliaphora
Phylum zoomastigna
Phylum sporozoa
Briefly describe the 4 animal like protists.
Phylum cercozoa: includes the amoebas, using pseudopods (false feet) they change shape to move and engulf food. Environments, fresh water, salt water, and humans.
Phylum ciliaphora:surface of the cell has hair like projections called cilia that are used for locomotion and food sweeping.
Phylum zoomastigna, contains species with hard protective coverings over their membrane.
Phylum sporozoa:alternate between asexual and sexual reproduction
What do fungus like protists do?
Absorb nutrients from living organisms, dead organisms, and wastes. They are heterotrophic. Cell wall structure is different than fungi.
What are the 3 phyla associated with fungus like protists?
Phylum myxonycota
Phylum acrasionmycota
Phylum oomycota
What are the two categories fungus like protists are in?
Slime moulds and water moulds.
Briefly describe the three phyla associated with fungus like protists.
Phylum myxonycota, known as the plasmodial slime moulds, visible to eye as tiny slugs.
Phylum acrasionmycota, aka cellular slime moulds. Cells contain one nucleus. Behave like amoebas.
Phylum oomycota, water moulds that consume organic matter.
What do unicellular plant like protists include?
Diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids. They all contain photosynthesis pigments in their chloroplasts , many contain chlorophyll.
What are the 3 phyla associated with unicellular plant like protists?
Phylum chysophyta
Phylum pyrraphyta
Phylum euglenophyta
Briefly describe the phyla for unicellular plant like protists.
Phylum chrysophyta, aka phyloplankton. Aquatic diatoms that are important source of food for many marine organisms. Rigid cell cell with outer layer of silica.
Phylum pyrraphyta, aka dinoflagellates. 2 flagellates extending at right angles on the organism, produce a spinning movement during locomotion.
Phylum euglenophyta, mostly fresh water species, tend to be autotrophs in the sun and heterotrophs in the dark. They have chloroplasts for making food by day and can absorb nutrients at night.
What is evidence that green algae and land plants are related?
-both chlorophylls a and b. -both have cellulose based cell walls. -both store food as starch. -have shown genetic similarities. -green algae use a number of reproductive strategies, such as, sexual sporic reproduction that some plants use as well. -the first terrestrial plants were small, limited by the speed of diffusion to transfer water and dissolved substances throughout the plant.
What are features required to become plants that algae must have?
-protection from drying out. -system to transport water and dissolved substances from the outside environment to cells within the plant body. -systems to support the body of the plant, lifting it up into light and air.
What are the three groups in the plant kingdom?
Non vascular, seedless, seed producing
What are the three phyla that make up the non vascular plant group?
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
What are the 3 phyla that make up the seedless group of the plant kingdom?
Club mosses, horse tails, feins
What are the phyla that make up the seed producing group of the plant kingdom?
Gymnosperms, angiosperms.
Describe the three phyla in the nonvascular plant kingdom.
grow in disturbed areas. Have no roots.
Liverworts, horizontal
Hornworts, tree trunks/river banks.
Describe the three phyla in the seedless group of the plant kingdom.
Club mosses, produce spores
Horse tails, scale leaves
Feins, roots, stems, leaves.
Describe the two phyla in the seed producing group of the plant kingdom.
Gymnosperms, evergreen. Reproduce using cones. Males cones produce pollen, female cones produce eggs.
Angiosperms, flower producing plants. 1.monocots 2.dicots
What process do fungi use to consume energy?
Heterotroph.
What are the three structures fungi are made up of?
Hyphae, mycelium, fruiting bodies
What are hyphae?
Are the filaments that make up the fungus structure.
Describe mycelium.
It’s when the hyphae branch and weave together.
What are the fruiting bodies?
They are seen above the group. They are the reproductive structure of the fungus.
What are fungi created from?
Chitin
What are the five groups of fungi?
Phylum Deutormycota Phylum chytridomycota Phylum zygomycota Phylum ascomycota Phylum basidiomycota
Lichens
They can survive in places with very high temperatures. Used as dye for wool and to create litmus paper.
How do fungi digest?
They digest externally by releasing enzymes and then absorbing the digested nutrients.
Parasitic
Fungus lives inside host and absorbs nutrients from living cells.
Predatory
Mycelia have specialized structures for trapping prey.
Mutualistic
In a relationship called mycorrhiza, mycelia cover and increase the absorptive surface of a plants roots.
Saprobial
Fungus feeds on dead organisms or organic waste.
Fragmentation.
Is asexual. A piece of mycelia breaks off and forms a new individual.
Budding
Is asexual. Involves a smaller cell that develops while attached to the parent cell and is eventually pinched off to a new individual.
What are two main types of animal groups? And what is more common?
Invertebrates and vertebrates. 95% of animals are invertebrates (they don’t have a back bone)
Describe animals body system.
They are all created from cells that create tissue that create an organ that create an organ system that create an organism.
What are the three layers of skin that all animals have? What animals are an exemption?
- Ectoderm, outer layer
- Mesoderm, middle layer
- Endoderm, inner layer
Jelly fish and sponges don’t have these.
Name the different arranges of body plans.
- Asymmetrical (like sponges)
- Radial symmetry
- Bilateral symmetry, symmetrical ex lobster
What is a coelom?
A body cavity.
What does a fluid filled body cavity allow?
For more muscle development and for more complex organ systems.
Some animals show segmentation. What is segmentation?
The division of the body into different sections. If a section is damaged the others can continue to function normally. The body segments also move independently.
What type of reproduction do animals use to reproduce?
Animals use mainly sexual reproduction to reproduce but occasionally asexual.
For animals what does sexual reproduction involve?
Involves 2 haploid gametes creating a diploid zygote (spermicide fertilization is either internally or external).
Name key points that animals are.
-eukaryotic -mobile -multicellular -reproduce sexually and produce an embryo -heterotrophic -bodies organized in different levels -have a # of different body layers -have symmetry in their body plan -have a body cavity -have segmentation -move and reproduce
