plants Flashcards
primary succession
begins without pre-existing organic materials/soil
- the establishment of a community in an area after an ecological disturbance has left exposed rock that doesn’t have any topsoil
ex: sandy beach, bare rock
secondary succession
begins with organic material/soil
- the recolonization of an area after an ecological disturbance that has left soil intact
ex: after a forest fire
apical vs. lateral meristems
APICAL: located at the tips of roots and shoot
LATERAL: cylindrical regions which increase the diameter of roots and shoots
photosynthesis
occurs in chloroplasts of plant cells
angiosperms
flowering plants, type of flower that reflects required pollinator:
- large and colourful to attract birds and insects
- small and inconspicuous when pollinated by wind
gymnosperms
- seeds are not in an enclosed structure
- needle/scale-like leaves with waxy coating to reduce water loss during dry winters
- roots are shallow and extend over large areas to grow well in area where soil is thin
ex: coniferous shrubs/trees such as pine, cedar
vascular system
plants have tubes called “xylem” and “phloem” used to transport materials through bodies
xylem
distributes water and dissolved minerals upward throughout plant starting from roots
phloem
transports photosynthesis from leaves to storage organs, and vice versa
stoma
(stomata is plural)
- pores found on leaves of plants
- allows gas exchange between inner leaf tissues and outer environment (O2, CO2, H2O)
- found on both epidermal surfaces of leaf > concentrations are higher on underside
- 2 guard cells surround each stoma- they open and close stoma
guard cells
- 2 per stoma; firmly attached to each other at the ends
- only epidermal cells that contain chloroplasts
- monocots; dumbbell shaped
- dicot; kidney bean shaped
- swell to control size of stoma
- as cells swell, the radially oriented microfibrils caused them to buckle outwards and cause a gap
